Existing Lighting System Research Articles

Retrofitting Solutions for Energy Saving in a Historical Building Lighting System

The study evaluates the potential energy saving achievable by replacing the existing lighting system in a historical building.The analysis focused on an office in the Abbey of San Lorenzo ad Septimum, that is located in Aversa (southern Italy) and houses the Department of Architecture and Industrial Design of the Second University of Naples.The influence of various actions, such as different types, different arrangement and different mounting height of luminaires and different walls reflectance values were evaluated in terms of Lighting Energy Numeric Indicator LENI and illuminance uniformity. Finally, the influence of three different types of windows were considered.

Design of an Effective Illumination System for an Opencast Coal Mine

The scientific work documented in this article was carried out, as a part of the research investigation sponsored by a major coal company, to create a safe visual working environment for a mechanized opencast coal mine by designing an effective illumination system. It included an illumination survey of the existing lighting system in various working areas of the mine in which, the existing illuminance levels were found inadequate in most of the work places and hence an effective and modified design of the illumination system was necessary. The improvement measures were carried out by analysis of the problem, which leaded to the design of illumination system using DIALux software. DGMS standard for opencast mine lighting was used for both assessment and design of illumination systems. Haul road lighting design was performed as per CIE EN 13201 standard, which is internationally used for road lighting. The design model resulted in significant improvement over the existing system and all the standards were met as per the DGMS guidelines.

Stabilization system for illumination of the working area

The existing lighting system offices usually perform tasks relay control - turn on/off lights. More intelligent systems allow you to set the desired light level, but require expensive equipment. The system continuously maintain the level of illumination on the basis of cheap component base.

Design of Haul Road Illumination System for an Opencast Coal Mining Project—A Case Study

This article presents a design of an effective haul road illumination system for a mechanized opencast coal mining project. It included an illumination survey of the existing lighting system of the haul road followed by analysis and improvement measures, which include a suitable design plan for an illumination system using DIALux software. The illumination survey was conducted to assess the existing illumination level of the haul road. The methodology involved calculation of horizontal illuminance in a grid fashion, which involved a maximum number of measuring points for achieving better accuracy. A model of haul road illumination system was designed in the DIALux and simulated that gave improved results compared to the existing system of haul road illumination. The model was designed according to CIE 140/EN 13201 illumination standard and the existing design was as per Directorate General of Mines Safety (DGMS) standards. The luminaires used for the design were 400 W high pressure sodium vapor (HPSV) lamps. The simulation was performed by varying the luminaires’ parameters; that is, pole distance, height, inclination, light overhang, etc. The result of the simulation showed that uniformity of light could be achieved by maintaining the effective pole height at 15 m and inclination of luminaires at 15°, by keeping the pole spacing at 40-m intervals. The average to minimum value of the illuminance (uniformity ratio) was obtained from the design. It was also noted that a wet surface resulted in a lower uniformity ratio (0.03) compared to a dry surface (0.10).

Comparative Study of Replacing Fluorescent Lamps by CFL and LED Lamps in Schools and Universities and Its Impact on the Environment and the Economy of the Country

In countries of the third world such as Lebanon (case of this paper), the organizations, schools, institutes, universities, etc. are searching to economize as possible the price of installation of electrical systems such as light sources, equipment and other electrical devices without taking into consideration the high impact of the electrical bill for such installations and without taking into consideration the environmental impact such as the emission of the CO2, toxic gases, mercury and the high fuel cost. This mentality is widely spread in Lebanon because the majority of owners and investors want to install the cheapest materials in order to reduce as possible the investment cost without taking into consideration the future impact of such installations even if they know that these installations have bad impact on the electrical bill and the environment. In this paper, the authors will discuss the installation of Fluorescent lamps particularly in schools and Original Research Article British Journal of Applied Science & Technology, 4(16): 2358-2381, 2014 2359 universities and how is it possible to replace these lamps by other lamps with high efficiency such as CFL and LED lamps. A comparative study is developed and the authors proposed solutions for such buildings and this study can be applied on a bigger scale for all building sectors in Lebanon. This study is the first study that compares different lighting technologies applied on a real building which is a school in Lebanon and it can be applied and generalized to all buildings in all sectors. Aims: The aim of this study is to compare different technologies used for lighting system such as fluorescent, Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL), and LED installed in schools and universities in the third world especially in Lebanon and their impact on the economy of the country and the environment. This study emphasizes the important of the installation of LED technology in such buildings and its positive impact on the economy of the country and for many reasons developed in this paper. Study Design: This study is developed using the software Dialux for lighting calculation and comparison between different technologies. Place and Duration of Study: This study was made by the first author in a technical school (public school) in Hammana in Lebanon during the year 2014 using real measurements on site and using lighting software “Dialux” in order to compare different types of technologies. Methodology: Real measurements were taken for the lighting load from private generator 60kVA and from power authority (EDL) for the existing lighting system (In the public school). The first author studied the distribution of lighting points for other technologies for the same lux level in each room. The calculation of the predicted load is done and a comparative table that shows different indicators for each technology and final the study is generalized for all schools and universities in Lebanon. The generalized study shows important results on the scale of the country in which the replacement of fluorescent lamps by LED lamps is enough to close 1.5 thermal power plants of the size 35MW in Tyre (south Lebanon) and to economize 2.16% of the total power consumption on the Lebanese scale. Results: The replacement of fluorescent lamps (2x36W) by LED lamps as indicated in this paper will reduce the total power consumption on the Lebanese scale of 48.81 MW (2.16% from total power generated in Lebanon), the saved Energy is 52712.85 MWh/year, saved emission of CO2 from Fuel Oil is 35317.71 Ton of CO2/year, saved fuel consumption from private generators is 36990 liters/day (6,658,200 liters/year), saved cost of maintenance is 767,181$/year, Reduced Cost of electricity and maintenance is 8,955,141$/year, etc. Conclusion: In this paper, the first author presents a comparative study between four different types of lamps (fluorescent 2x36W, CFL of type Philips, CFL of type Arcluce, LED of type ASTRA). This study emphasize the important of doing calculation using “DIALUX” software before selecting any type of lamps even if we consider this lamp is energy-saving. Moreover we have to take into consideration many indicators which are presented in this paper before buying any type of lamps. This study is a sample that helps all investors, owners, clients... to compare many types of lamps using indicators presented in this paper before buying them. We have to take also into consideration the impact on the environment such as the emission of the CO2, toxic gases, mercury... In conclusion, the best choice of lamps in these days is the LED and of course a good quality and not of bad quality.

Transforming “The National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM)” Into a Lighthouse-Project of Sustainability

UNAM is the oldest and one of the most prestigious universities in the Americas. The main campus of the university is home of about 300 000 students and covers an area of about 4 square-kilometres in the south of Mexico City. UNAM is also one of the biggest electricity consumers in Mexico-City. More than 70 Million kWh electricity are consumed yearly, producing about 49 000 tons of CO2 emission. Within the paper we will show that this could be changed with a high financial and educational profit.As UNAM has no heating and only a few cooling systems, lighting is by far the biggest use of electricity. The existing lighting system is extremely inefficient while providing unsatisfactory illumination in some places. The UNEP Centre on Sustainable Production and Consumption (CSCP) together with Büro Ö-quadrat devised a project which demonstrates how UNAM can benefit from an upgrade to a highly efficient lighting system. What makes the project unique is that the results are not based on theoretical calculations but were corroborated by implementation results of a highly efficient lighting system in four different areas (a foyer, classrooms, a library and a workshop) and the measurement of the electricity savings. Within these four areas the average electricity saving was 84% and the combined pay-back time was 2.7 years. Based on the empirical results and an analysis of 10 UNAM-buildings a master plan was developed for the entire university campus. Here the objective was to establish the broad strategic principles for a successful lighting system upgrade, as well as the necessary budget and savings that could be achieved. The results demonstrate that an initial investment of US$ 14 million would result in electricity costs savings of US$ 68 million over the 20 year lifetime of the upgraded lighting system. About thirty per cent of the electricity consumed in UNAM today could be saved with a high profit on investment.In a second step we show that most of the remaining electricity consumption could be produced by solar energy. The Feed-in Tariff system in Germany has led to a high capacity of PV-production and lowered the cost for PV-systems: In May 2013 a 40kW PV system, including all parts for the mounting, can be bought in Europe for a price of about 800 Euro/kW. Assuming that on 2% of the UNAM-area PV-systems would be installed, these systems could produce about 23 GWh with lower costs compared to the electricity price UNAM has to pay.Combining the investment for efficient lighting and PV-systems, about 60% (or about 29 000 tons) of the CO2-emissions of UNAM could be saved with a high rate of return.Best of all: What would be a more convincing way to educate 60 000 students every year about sustainability than a practical example of highly efficient lighting system and powered by solar energy? UNAM could be a light house for many other universities and schools.

식물공장을 위한 회전형 조명시스템 시제품의 광합성유효광양자속 분석

Rotational lighting system for plant factory is the way to decrease high installation cost of the existing lighting system. A few of LEDs are used at the rotational lighting system in comparison with the existing lighting system to supply artificial lights to crops. At rotational lighting system, the manufacturing cost becomes very low by comparing with the existing lighting system. In this paper, the photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) is investigated in order that plants may grow. And PPF is analyzed with the rotational speed of blade and LED output by using the rotational lighting system prototype and quantum sensor. It is confirmed that constant PPF value of is supplied with the blade rotation speed of 20rpm and LED output of IN 73%, CENTER 37% and OUT 50%. By comparing with the lighting system of existing plant factory, there is no difficulty to supply the light needed to grow plants by rotating a few of LEDs.

마이크로컨트롤러를 이용한 Power LED 구동용 정전류형 DC-DC컨버터 구동에 관한 연구

본 연구에서 LED는 에너지 소비가 큰 기존의 조명 시스템인 형광등과 백열등을 대체할 수 있는 새로운 조명 시스템으로 주목받고 있으며, 파워 LED 구동기인 DC-DC 컨버터에 관한 연구이다. 다양한 직류전원을 활용 할 수 있는 승압형 DC-DC 컨버터로 설계사양을 통한 인덕터 L과 커패시터 C의 값을 산출하여 PSPICE를 통한 최적의 값을 추정하였다. 컨버터의 스위칭 주파수는 50[kHz]로 최초 듀티비는 10[%]에서 출력전압의 검출 값에 따라 점차적으로 증가시키도록 하였다. 그 결과로 승압형 파워 LED 구동기를 시뮬레이션한 특성은 설계사양과 비교하여 5[%]이하의 오차로 근사적으로 나타났다. 또한, 입력전압 15[V]를 인가하여 안정된 24[V]의 안정된 출력전압을 얻었으며, 디밍제어를 통한 밝기 조절 및 소비전류의 조정이 가능한 결과를 얻을 수 있었다. In this paper, Power LED(Light Emitting Diodes) is studied to driver as a new lighting system in the spotlight, replacing a large existing lighting system with fluorescent and incandescent lighting. To take advantage a variety of DC power as the boost DC-DC converter design specifications through the inductor L and capacitor C through PSPICE to calculate the best estimate of the value. Converter's switching frequency is 50[kHz], the first Duty Rate was made to increase gradually depending on the value of the detection were, 10[%] in the output voltage. As a result, the simulated Boost Power LED driver characteristics is in comparison with the design specifications, 5[%] or less as the error was approximated. So, when input 15[V] were offered, a stable output 24[V] were obtained, and Dimming Control through the adjustment of brightness and current consumption were obtained to possible result.

End user impacts of automated electrochromic windows in a pilot retrofit application

Automated electrochromic (EC) windows, advanced thermally improved window frames, and a dimmable lighting system were installed in a single, west-facing conference room in Washington DC. The EC windows were commercially available, tungsten-oxide switchable devices, modulated automatically between either fully clear or fully tinted transparent states to control solar gains, daylight, and discomfort glare. Occupants were permitted to manually override the automated EC controls. The system was monitored over a 15-month period under normal occupied conditions. The last six months were used in the analysis. Manual override data were analyzed to assess the EC control system design and user satisfaction with EC operations. Energy and comfort were evaluated using both monitored data and simulations. Of the 328 meetings that occurred over the six-month period, the automatic system was manually overridden on 14 or 4% of the meetings for reasons other than demonstration purposes. When overridden, occupants appeared to have switched the individual zones with deliberation, using a combination of clear and tinted zones and the interior Venetian blinds to produce the desired interior environment. Monitored weekday lighting energy savings were 91% compared to the existing lighting system, which was less efficient, had a higher illuminance setpoint, and no controls. Annual performance was estimated using EnergyPlus, where the existing condition met the ASHRAE 90.1-2007 prescriptive requirements except for a higher window U-value. Annual energy savings were 48% while peak demand savings were 35%.

Evaluating daylighting potential and energy efficiency in a classroom building

In this paper, we analyze the possibility of using daylight as the main source of light for learning and teaching activities in a classroom building of the Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, in Curitiba, Brazil. Beginning with a survey on light bulb and luminaire types used in the building and on the potential of daylighting in such environments, six different classroom types with different solar orientations were selected for analysis. The research methods included the estimation of daylighting potential from obtained daylight coefficients (DCs) for periods of the year and sky conditions, other than those of the onsite measurements; the evaluation of conformity of the lighting system to the Brazilian RTQ Code (Regulamento Técnico de Qualidade), an energy consumption rating system, aimed at reducing electric energy consumption in office buildings; the estimation of electric energy demand for a combined use of daylighting and lighting system; the proposal of an efficient lighting system; and cost assessment using payback analysis. Results suggest energy savings of up to 94% when integrating daylight with the artificial lighting system, a payback within the range of 22–60 months for a complete substitution of the existing lighting system for a more efficient one.

Economic and environmental analysis of retrofitting a large office building with energy-efficient lighting systems.

An evaluation of the economic and environmental costs and benefits that would result if the Zorinsky Federal Building, located in Omaha, Nebraska, USA, converted its current lighting system to a more energy-efficient system (i.e., joined the EPA's Green Lights Program) was conducted. Lighting accounts for 20-25 percent of all electricity sold in the United States. Costs considered in the study included the cost of retrofitting the building's existing lighting system and the cost of disposal of the current lamps and ballast fixtures. Benefits included a reduction of electric utility costs and a reduction of emissions of SO2, NOx, CO2, and CO from electric utility power plants. Environmental and health issues for air pollutant emissions were also addressed. The results showed that significant reductions in utility bills as well as reductions in air emissions would result from a major building converting to a more energy efficient lighting system. The results showed that conversion of this large building would reduce SO2 emissions by 14.6 tons/yr and NOx emissions by 6.3 tons/yr. In addition, the conversion would reduce annual energy costs by approximately $114,000.

The Energy Oriented Economics of Lighting Systems

Since the onset of the energy crisis, energy cost (and its attendant contribution to the cost of a lighting system) has become the predominant factor in evaluating an existing lighting system and in determining the choice of a new or replacement system. The total cost of lighting can be computed by assembling all the factors of both fixed and operating charges that apply to any particular installation. Using the analysis forms recommended by the IES and/or other lighting publications, one can readily make economic comparisons of two or more methods being studied for a given lighting system. The discussions of the factors influencing costs of lighting systems are covered, and examples of cost comparisons of several typical lighting systems, are cited.