Existing Drainage Channels Research Articles

Design of Sustainable Road Drainage System Model

The existing drainage system of roads proposed to manage the quantity of runoff from the road only, while the quality remains uncontrolled. In fact the pollutants and waste originated from the road surface contains hazardous substances. Sustainable drainage system (SUDS) concept offers various structures to solve both quantity and quality problems of surface runoff from roads. One of the potential drainage structure is filter drain or infiltration trench develope along the right side and left side of road. It could be developed by retrofitting the existing drainage channel of the road. The objective of this paper proposes the design model of road drainage based on the concept of a sustainable urban drainage system. The model consists of U-ditch channel, reservoir, an infiltration well. The bottom of U-ditch channel completed with a number of holes to make it porous. The channel filled with aggregate to filter the runoff from the road before flow down into the reservoir beneath. The water is then discharged to infiltration well. The model was developed based on rainfall data and other physical characteristics in Ambarawa City, Semarang Regency, Central Java.The channel dimensions and the depth of aggregate filter were designed base on runoff volume. The relationship among rainfall, runoff volume, area ratio, and drainage dimension are obtained. The results concept of sustainable road drainage is obtained in addressing the quality and quantity of rainwater.

Rancangan Sumur Resapan Air Hujan sebagai Upaya Pengurangan Limpasan di Kampung Babakan, Cibinong, Kabupaten Bogor

Land use change due to housing construction can indirectly damage the water catchment area. This resulted in a decrease in the area of rainwater absorption that caused rain water collected on existing drainage channels. This study aims to analyse the number and dimensions of infiltration wells in reducing the volume of inundation and determine the value of effectiveness reduction of runoff. The infiltration wells was used to collect rainwater and absorb it into the soil. Based on the calculation in Babakan Village area of 2.42 ha, with runoff coefficient of 0.4 for village character, and design rainfall of 97.36 mm/day, the estimated flood volume based on SNI 03-2453-2002 was 805790.30 liter or 805.79 m3. Based on the calculation, Babakan Village needed 115 infiltration wells and 76 trenches. With the infiltration wells and trenches, the total flood volume can be reduced 620.62 m3 or 77.02% of the total runoff.Keywords: design rainfall, infiltration wells, runoff, trenches

Kajian Sistem Drainase di Daerah Jalan Pemuda Kota Bogor

Flood was a problem that often occurs in the big cities of Indonesia. High rainfall, increasing population and unappropriate urban drainage system were the factors that cause the flood problems. The purpose of the research were to identify the condition of the existing drainage channels and to analyze the amount of runoff and comparing the run off to drainage channels in Pemuda Street. The analysis was carried out with simulations using EPA SWMM 5.1. Based on field observations, the drainage system in Pemuda Street was quite good with a rectangular cross section and were constructed using concrete. Based on the simulation results, the peak discharge runoff were around 0.017 - 2.119 m3/s, and water flow in channels C5, C40, and C49 almost meet the channel capacity with a discharge of 1.49 m3/s, 0.46 m3/s, and 0.23 m3/s respectively and would be potential to become flood. To reduce the flooding potential at Pemuda Street, dimension changes were needed on C5 and C49 channels with the final dimensions of 1.02 m x 0.77 m and 0.5 m x 0.59 m. But, because of the C5 dimension was changed, so waterflow in C40 were appropriate with channel capacity and would not need dimension change.Key words: drainage, EPA SWMM 5.1, rainfall, runoff

Analysis of Drainage Capacity and Rehabilitation Subjected to Rainfall and Reverse Flow of Marengan River as a Main Drain in Sumenep City, Indonesia

Land use changing in Sumenep city in recent years has caused runoff in several locations. Therefore, rehabilitations of existing channel to suit the surface runoff are needed. This paper presents capacity determination of existing drainage channels subjected to rainfall with 5-year flood discharge plan and consideration of sea tides effect to Marengan River which crossed Sumenep city. The proposed flood control methods in Sumenep city area was also discussed. The catchment of specified rural area was modelled using SWMM instrument to compare channel conditions before and after rehabilitation. Channel size and height of water level in channel due to rainfall together with the effect of backwater occurred in Marengan River caused by the sea tides was observed during the time. From the analysis, it was found that most of existing secondary drainage channels are uncapable to accommodate rainfall with 5-year flood discharge plan. From the available eight secondary drainage channels outlets, the last three outlets were subjected to reverse flows effect in Marengan River due to sea tides. In order to reduce the occurance of surface runoff inundation, secondary drainage channel rehabilitation was planned at each outlet, and these proven capable to accommodate rainwater runoff and reverse flow as well

ANÁLISIS NEOTECTÓNICO EN EL PIEDEMONTE ORIENTAL DE CORDILLERA FRONTAL, ANDES CENTRALES. SAN JUAN, ARGENTINA

El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo dar a conocer evidencias de actividad neotectónica sobre el Piedemonte Oriental de Cordillera Frontal, Andes Centrales, Argentina. La geomorfología de la región es compleja, producto de la interacción entre procesos sedimentarios, climáticos y tectónicos, predominando en los piedemontes de los principales cordones montañosos, sistemas de abanicos aluviales de edad pleistocena. La morfología de los sistemas aluviales ha sido modificada por la actividad tectónica vinculada al Sistema de Falla Colangüil (SFC); el cual generó durante el Cuaternario, anomalías en la red de drenaje y un conjunto de escarpas a contra pendiente que afectan distintos niveles aluviales. Se diferenciaron 4 niveles aluviales; siendo Q1 el más reciente y coincidente con los actuales cauces y Q4 el más antiguo, el más elevado topográficamente y el menos preservado. En el tramo sur de este sistema se identificaron dos exposiciones naturales, denominadas Trinchera I y Trinchera II que permitieron conocer la cinemática de las fallas y los depósitos afectados. El análisis paleosismológico de las mismas indicaría la ocurrencia en el sector de al menos dos eventos sísmicos, el último de ellos con una edad inferior a ~ 37.000 años. Finalmente no se descarta un tercer evento durante el Holoceno.

Drainage system evaluation and control of inundation in campus and housing areas of ITS, Surabaya

The campus area of Sepuluh November Institute of Technology (Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember/ITS) and its housing complex are usually inundated during heavy rain. It is because the slope of the land of the campus area is generally flat. Moreover, some of the existing drainage channels also contain sediment thus reducing the optimum capacity of the channels. Hence, an evaluation of ITS’s drainage system needs to be conducted. This evaluation was undertaken in stage with the following steps: identification of the existing problems, collection of primary and secondary data, literature review, calculation of the capacity of the existing channels, calculation of run-off, and analysis of the existing retention ponds. The primary data included the flow direction, the slope and dimensions of the channels, and thickness of sediment in the channels. The secondary data comprised rainfall intensity, ITS master plan, and land use. The calculation included the engineering design, the bill of quantity (BOQ), and budget. A standard operating procedure for drainage system maintenance to make the channels optimum was also suggested. From the analysis, it is shown that the maximum daily rainfall is 136.09 mm/day for a 5 year-rainfall return period and 159.19 mm/day for a 10 year-rainfall return period. Inundation around ITS is resulted from some channels which are not connected to each other making drainage water unable to flow easily to the receiving water body (river). Another cause of such inundation is the slope of some channels that were not made properly. The inundation of some roads occurs because of the absence of street inlets, resulting in the water unable to flow to the side channels. It can be concluded that in some areas, the number of secondary channels and box culverts needs to be added, the slope of some channels needs to be rearranged, and a total of 288 street inlets must be constructed along the planning area.

Studi Sistem Drainase Resapan di Wilayah Karang Anyar Kota Tarakan

Tarakan City is one city that is often flooded during the rainy season it is in because of the narrow drainage system and due to the accumulation of garbage other than one of the factors that affect flooding is tidal. For the central Tarakan Region, specifically in the region of Karang Anyar Central Tarakan that is Seroja , Kenanga and mawar street flood that occurred due to the drainage system which is not good. And population growth is rapidly increasing and the growth of residential construction and industry as well as other supporting facilities are not balanced with the development of the drainage system. Increase the number of discharges that come out due to the increase of housing and other buildings are often already do not meet the capacity of its maximum capacity on existing drainage channels. The research is conducted by doing a survey in the field to obtain primary data and secondary data which will then be processed using the method ISO No. 03- 2459-2002 about general and technical requirments infiltration wells, this standard is a revision of ISO No. 03-3459-2991. The result of the field trial showed that the infiltration rate as measured by the single ring infiltrometeron seroja street at 6cm/hour, on kenanga street by 6 cm/hour, and mawar street by 9cm/hour. Each infiltration wells are planned at each house is capable of reducing flood discharge as much as 0.00254m3/sec at seroja street, kenanga street 0.00282 m3/sec and 0.0034m3/sec on mawar street. Under the assumption 70 % of homes in the study area using infiltration wells.

The assessment of Urban Storm Inundation

A Sustainable and integrated plan in order to solve urban storm inundation problem, is an urgent issue in Indonesia. A reliable and complete datasets of urban storm inundation area in Indonesia should become its basis to give clear description of inundation area for formulating the best solution. In this study, Statistics Indonesia data in thirty three provinces were assessed during 2000 until 2012 providing data series of urban flood area, flood frequency and land cover changes. Drainage system condition in big cities should be well understood to ensure its infrastructure condition and performance. If inundation occurred, it can be concluded that there is drainage system problem. Inundation data is also important for drainage system design process in the future. The study result is provided estimation of urban storm inundation area based on calculation of Statistics Indonesia data. Moreover, this study is preceded by analyzing and reviewing the capacity of existing drainage channel, using case study of Mataram, West Nusa Tenggara. Rainfall data was obtained from three rainfall stations surround Mataram City. The storm water quantity was calculated using three different approaches as follows: 1) Rational Method; 2) Summation of existing inundation and surface run off discharge; 3) Discharge calculation from existing channel dimensions. After that, the result of these approaches was compared. The storm water quantity gap was concluded as quantity of inundation.The result shows that 36% of drainage channel in Brenyok Kanan River sub system could not accommodate the storm water runoff in this area, which causing inundation. The redesign of drainage channel using design discharge from Rational Method approach should be performed. Within area with the lowest level topography, a construction of detention or storage pond is essential to prevent inundation in this area. Furthermore, the benefits and drawbacks of the statistics database are discussed. Recommendations include utilizing more refined urban land use typologies that can better represent physical alteration of hydrological pathways

PERENCANAAN SISTEM DRAINASE BERWAWASAN LINGKUNGAN (ECODRAINAGE) DI KELURAHAN JATISARI, KECAMATAN MIJEN, KOTA SEMARANG

Application of conventional drainage systems in densely populated areas can result in inundation upstream or downstream flooding. The purpose of this project is to determine the rainfall, the capacity of the existing drainage systems, drainage systems and environmental planning (Ecodrainage) in the study area. Planning is starting from the evaluation of the existing drainage channel in the study area through analysis of rainfall with Log Person III method in which rainfall data obtained from the Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics (BMKG) Prov. Central Java, and the Department of Water Resources Management (PSDA) Prov. Central Java, then planned Ecodrainage system by implementing rain water infiltration buildings that may be applied in the study area, as well as comparing with the existing drainage system, especially on the capacity of drainage and discharge, discharge well absorbed, as well as the rest of the over flow water discharge into the drainage channel. Of planning done showed that after applying Ecodrainage, many channels that were not initially meet to hold all the water runoff, be fulfilling. By comparison discharge to the existing drainage system: water runoff into the channel: 8.643 m3 / s and no discharge of water is absorbed, while for Ecodrainage, rain runoff water discharge: 8.643 m3 / s, the flow of water absorbed 4.419 m3 / s, and discharge the rest goes into the channel: 4.224 m3 / s.

Decentralized System of Greywater Recycling for Sustainable Urban Water Source (Case Study: Surakarta City-Indonesia)

Fresh water resources have been depleted and polluted globally. Many developed countries have encouraged in using grey water recycling as an alternative water resource. Many developing countries are however very slow to adopt the need for the alternative. Surakarta City is the second largest city in Central Java Province, Indonesia. The city is experiencing in drought and flooding. Rivers and groundwater have been polluted as well. This paper recommended decentralized urban greywater management strategies with two greywater treatment systems i.e. Two-stage and Subsurface constructed wetland systems. The application of the systems could provide householders getting significant water saving, reducing the amount of wastewater entering the existing drainage channels, and improving surface and groundwater quality.

Flood Control and Drainage System of Espana Boulevard in Metro Manila

The study of drainage system in Metro Manila specifically along Espana Boulevard will bring major benefits. As the improvement of the drainage system, it reduces the damages to the houses and public facilities. Minimize the loss of public and private properties will contribute greatly to the improvement and standard of living to the stabilization of people’s livelihood and the serious congestion resulting from the long flooding in Metro Manila. Flooding is a perennial problem in Metro Manila, various flood and drainage system projects have been implemented in Metropolis in the last two decades, but it seems only a little have been gained because the flood problems will persist. Flood control and drainage system has yet effectively address due to the inadequate capacity of existing drainage channels in conveying storm water to the dumping stations. The drainage improvement measure has been hampered by the very limited information in the present conditions of existing drainage channels.

Evaluation of Drainage Channels Capacity in Ambon City: A Case Study on Wai Batu Merah Watershed Flooding

Failure of urban drainage capacity to flow surface runoff due to rainfall is possibly to be a factor from many other factors causing flood in urban areas. Big floods in Ambon in 2013 which caused economic loss and loss of human life are the background to conduct a research which is presented in this paper. Ambon is the capital of Maluku Province located in Eastern Indonesia. Recently, the area of the city is developed into settlement area. The research is specifically conducted in Wai Batu Merah Watershed, a watershed in Ambon which severely damage due to floods in 2013. The analysis emphasizes on evaluation of capacity of existing drainage channels (natural and human-made). Daily rainfall data from Pattimura station during 2004 – 2013 is used to be the main data to estimate design rainfall and design flood. Design rainfall is the main data of rainfall-runoff model which is done using Synthetic Unit Hydrograph of SCS. While the fluctuation of water level along the main river is simulated using unsteady flow analyses with an input of 50-year design flood. The result of the simulation shows that one existing tertiary drainage channel cannot accommodate discharge of overland flow and from the upstream to the downstream of Wai Batu Merah River is overflow. Particularly on flood event in 2013, consecutive rainy days occurred since in the beginning of July until mid-August with total depth of rainfall more than triple of 50-year return period of maximum daily rainfall. At that state, flood certainly cannot be avoided in the adjacent area of the river.

Transforming an open dump into a sanitary landfill: a development effort in waste management

Upgrading a crude dump site into a sanitary landfill is a very challenging task; Matuail landfill site in Dhaka posed just such a challenge. From the very beginning, the existing disposal site had been used for the crude dumping of solid wastes. All types of solid wastes were haphazardly disposed of all over the site. The existing drainage channels of the dumping ground were not operational due to blockage by indiscriminate waste dumping. A large amount of leachate oozing out from the waste mixed with storm water and made the site esthetically very displeasing and environmentally unsound. This adverse situation sometimes caused disruption of the waste vehicular movement. Step-by-step improvement measures have been taken in the open dump to make it controlled and sanitary by adopting simple and locally available materials, technical guidelines, and construction techniques.

Landslides and their mitigation in Gangtok, Sikkim

A study of landslides was carried out around Gangtok, the capital city of Sikkim. Apart from a general survey of the area, detailed investigations were made at Chanmari and Tathangchen as well as along the National Highway 31A. Among various landslides, rockslides predominate and they fail mainly along the foliation planes dipping parallel to the hillside. For example, the Burdang Landslide and Tathangchen Landslide are basically rockslides on schist or phyllite.
 To monitor the ground movement at the Chanmari Landslide, six control points were set along the existing drainage channel. The movement of the points is recorded twice a month. Also, four piezometers are se t above the landslide scarp to measure the pore water pressure. A similar system with four control points and two piezometers is also established along the main road at the Chanmari Village.
 As rainfall is the main triggering factor, control of surface and subsurface runoff is the most important protection measure. The recommended mitigation measures include the construction of drains and retaining walls. It is also recommended to enforce the Government Building Regulations in the landslide-prone areas.

The 1971 and 1973 eruptions of Volcán Fuego, Guatemala, and some socio-economic considerations for the volcanologist

Volcan Fuego erupted ash and ash flows during September 1971 and February–March 1973. The ash flows were restricted to existing drainage channels. Most damage was due to subsequent mud flows and floods. A catastrophe can be expected if the ash flows or mud flows increase in volume and overflow their channels in future eruptions. The only practical remedial measure is temporary evacuation, a formidable social and economic undertaking for an underdeveloped nation. Conscious of this, the geologist at the scene is unsure at what point to recommend evacuation. Probably the volcanologist can make his most useful direct contribution to society by cooperating in studies on the effect of volcanism on agriculture. The lives and wealth saved by even a slight increase in agricultural productivity would vastly outweigh losses due to volcanic disasters.

Drainage Planning in the Cities of Bangladesh: Case Study of Drainage and Water Logging in Chaktai Commercial area, Chittagong

For quite some time, professional planning is being practiced in our cities. Unfortunately, drainage planning is the most neglected component of our city planning and management activities. Drainage engineering is done mostly on an ad hoc basis, often overtaking drainage planning. To understand the drainage problem of our cities, Chittagong in particular, Chaktai Commercial Area was identified as the case study area for further exploration and analysis. This case study examines the existing situation, assessing causes behind the problems, inquiring about the likings and disliking of the stakeholders, and identifying possible solutions as an essential input towards arriving at appropriate planning decisions. It identifies the guiding principles relating to the effective integration of a drainage network in the land use plan for the city. Considering physical characteristics, topography, catchment area and the routes of existing drainage channels, the urban area has been divided into 10 drainage areas. The Master plan sets out a staged development program of storm water, drainage and flood control works of the above drainage area up to the year 2015 to meet the Storm Water Drainage and Flood Control problems. Chaktai is the major seat of trade and commerce in Chittagong. It is observed that though Chaktai has lost its past glory as a national business centre controlling food business in the whole country, still it has retained its importance as a regional business hub and is continuing to contribute significantly to the national economy. The study thus helps us understand the nature, type and magnitude of the drainage and water logging problems faced by the city dwellers. The policy proposals and recommendations that are provided in the paper could be considered while preparing a land use plan for a city.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbip.v2i0.9556 Journal of Bangladesh Institute of Planners Vol. 2, December 2009, pp. 49-60