Existential Situation Research Articles

Disrupted self, therapy, and the limits of conversational AI

ABSTRACT Conversational agents (CA) are thought to be promising for psychotherapy because they give the impression of being able to engage in conversations with human users. However, given the high risk for therapy patients who are already in a vulnerable situation, there is a need to investigate the extent to which CA are able to contribute to therapy goals and to discuss CA’s limitations, especially in complex cases. In this paper, we understand psychotherapy as a way of dealing with existential situations and position CAs in the context of the therapeutic experience of patients. This experience is determined by the patient’s unique personal context and specific therapy goals. We suggest that psychotherapy is a fundamentally dialogical activity, because it crucially involves work on the self and one’s self-narrative. This brings us to our central question: is it possible for CAs to engage in a productive therapeutic dialogue, given their limitations as epistemic agents? We will discuss several of those limitations, show how these undermine the possibility of engaging in a therapeutic dialogue, and illustrate those limitations through discussions of the cases of grief and abuse.

Образ и маска в живописи Франсиско Гойи — онтологические и аксиологические аспекты

It is widely recognized that F. Goya’s development of a picturesque manner is in the vein of his great predecessors — El Greco and D. Velázquez. However, with all the importance of the experimental novelty of this Spanish master’s technique, the uniqueness of his creativity should be sought elsewhere. Goya managed to decidedly push the established boundaries of the European art expanding its range with the themes and problems that had previously been rarely and poorly represented. Anticipating an existential and anthropological shift that was evident back in the last decades of the 19th century and being almost a century ahead of it, those themes, plots, and problems were aimed at exteriorizing the inner world of man on the scale that appears to have never existed before. Goya systematically examines the human psyche in extreme existential situations when the conscious and the subconscious intertwine in a whimsical way. The specific feature of this perspective is an interest not in the individual and individuality but in the collective consciousness and the collective unconsciousness, as C. Jung would later justify it. The master’s true goal is to break through to where the archetypal components of the psyche, thinking, and behaviour rest. In this sense, the images of the mentally disturbed and the imprisoned become semantically significant, the atmosphere of madhouses and prisons, the world of human imagination that engendered the sphere of the irrational. Goya seeks the truth about man scrutinizing him in extreme situations and critical states. The artist often approaches the visualization of all this through a theatrical element — through masks, role-playing, and games. He is interested in that harsh inversion where a person, put into inhuman, unbearable conditions, can no longer to remain rational and turns into a dreadful, meaningless human mask. The main characteristics of the artist’s approach are explored in comparison with thematically similar works by William Hogarth, Henry Fuseli, and Théodore Géricault.

(Con)spirituality as a curriculum of immortality

If we are listening to marketing hype, it seems that—with enough money—we can live longer, healthier lives. These products, however, are often no more than consumerist swindling steeped in pseudo-science and pseudo-spirituality. When viewed through the lens of terror management theory (TMT), mitigating the harms of (con)spiritual grifts is more than a problem of a lack of scientific literacy, anti-consumer education, and media literacy. Those who are marketing items that claim to improve health and extend life are tapping into death anxiety. On their own, a lack of consistency, logic, evidence, or other criteria are not enough to halt (con)spirituality. Emotionality impacts consumerism, including conscious and unconscious desires linked to our existential situation. Considering (con)spirituality as a curriculum of immortality helps us to further understand the ways in which materialities of certain types of consumerism impact our deep anxieties about death (and vice versa), and thus moves beyond (con)spirituality as an informational problem.

A Study of Female Alienation in The Year of the Flood From the Perspective of Fromm's Alienation Theory

The Year of the Flood is the second book in Margaret Atwood's MaddAddam Trilogy. As a Canadian literary queen, Margaret mainly explores the issue of women's situation and prospects in the society. She depicts the current situation of women with delicate strokes, and The Year of the Flood is a typical example of this. This novel depicts the post-apocalyptic scenario faced by mankind after a waterless flood. The work delves into the postmodern society's over-reliance on technology and material development. People blindly pursue development rather than to fulfil real needs. In this background, the novel reveals the alienating effects of the egoistic tendencies of the society on women's existential condition. This paper applies Fromm's Alienation Theory to analyse the existential situation faced by women in the novel in a capitalist society. The society tends to take economic growth and technological progress as the criteria for measuring social progress, while ignoring the carrying capacity of the ecological environment and the spiritual needs of human beings. This single path of pursuing development not only causes damage to nature, but also alienates women's state of being. Margaret Atwood's works aim to provoke thinking and self-reflection, calling attention to the interactive relationship between man and nature, and man and society. She tries to establish a social order full of respect, equality and social responsibility. Only by truly liberating women and paying attention to the natural environment can mankind achieve true freedom and liberation.

The protein nutritional status affects hope of patients in the terminal phase of cancer

Progressive destruction of the patient’s body in the terminal phase of cancer intensifies the breakdown of muscle tissue proteins, producing neurotoxic ammonia and urea. These metabolites negatively affect the brain function and are more difficult to remove from the cancer-ravaged body than from better-nourished patients. Developing cachexia impairs the functioning of all body organs, including the excretory function of the kidneys, including the removal of neurotoxic metabolites. Elevated concentrations of ammonia and urea in the brain leads to cerebral dysfunction involving a spectrum of neuropsychiatric and neurological symptoms. This may negatively affect the perception of patient’s existential situation, and the experience of hope. Improving the protein nutritional status of patients in the terminal phase of cancer may decrease the muscle tissue breakdown, improve the functioning of internal organs and the efficiency of removing neurotoxic metabolites from the body. According to this, we hypothesize that the hope of patients in the terminal phase of cancer may significantly depend on their protein nutritional status. Patients less malnourished with protein experience greater hope and cope better with their existential situation than those more malnourished. We propose a clinical trial to investigate the relation between protein nutritional status and hope experience in patients in the terminal phase of cancer. The verification of this hypothesis may contribute to better and more holistic patients’ care, both professional and non-professional, which may improve the quality of their life in the last days.

Dickensian Dimensions: A Transatlantic Dialogue

Abstract: “Dickensian Dimensions” makes use of Dickens’s manuscript revisions to uncover the extra dimensions of emotional depth and temporal complexity that his sentences acquire in the immediate midst of composition. When the effects of those little changes were offered to a group of serious ordinary readers in the UK, their responses to selected passages from David Copperfield showed how much the tiny revisions could matter emotionally. The second part of the essay considers revised passages from Dickens’s next first-person narrator, Esther Summerson of Bleak House . We suggest that Esther’s apparently coy evasions can be more sympathetically read as writing problems stemming from her existential situation as a virtual non-person.

Towards a planetary coalition (a Preamble)

When ‘megafires’ and ‘superstorms’ proliferate, who is the real sovereign of the Anthropocene: anthropos, or nature become monstrous? In the Teracene (‘tera’ meaning ‘monster’), I argue that sovereignty should mean the right to refuse that which turns our existential situation into a horror film, in order to defend what preserves life’s endangered conditions of possibility. To build this right, I first need to deconstruct the concept of sovereignty and to reveal its groundlessness. Acknowledging this groundlessness, I propose an ‘ecopolitics without guarantees’ in which the otherness at the core of possible new Constitutions would not engender an alternative sovereign subject (a subject that would just replace anthropos or the ruling class), but rather an unconditional requirement and the rights that it legitimates. I explain that this unconditional requirement concerns the necessity of caring not only for future generations but also for past ones. I finish my article with a political fiction: the outline of a Preamble for a Constitution able to give voice to the damned of the Teracene. To acknowledge the existence of those suffering from the ongoing exploitation and colonization of the Earth and of those who wither from a future erased in advance, this speculative Preamble is centered not around the present but around the heteronomous, divergent temporality of that which never existed enough and that which threatens to fall out of existence entirely.

The Return of Memory: Architecture and Landscape in Wienfried Georg Sebald’s Austerlitz and in the Autobiographical Stories of Lithuanian Exiles

In the 1930s and 1940s, the mass destruction of ethnoses and deportations of populations, which shattered the fates of states and people, shock Eastern Europe. In contemporary theories of trauma and memory studies, in addition to the political evaluation of those events, the study of place-based memory has been gaining attention, turning the research of cultural and individual memory back to the fundamental conflict provoked by the loss of place—the erosion of the connection with the land (place), which forms the base of person’s identity. In this article, I analyze the narratives of different national experiences—Sebald’s novel Austerlitz and the egodocumentary of Lithuanian exiles—from the perspective of place, tracing the impact of landscape and architecture on the memory processes of genocide survivors, as expressed in the specific literary works and testimonies. By reasoning that the criteria of the historicity and documentary character and the qualities of the narratives as transmitting traumatic experiences validate the comparison of the novel and testimonies, I ask why the compositional role of the reflection of the place, i.e., landscape and architecture, in organizing the novel’s narrative has been missing in the autobiographical texts of exiles, who have experienced similar complications of their displacement and identity. Different assessments of the existential situation (the novel emphases the hopelessness and abnormality of the genocide, whereas the memoirs of the exiles focus on the effort to make the situation as normal as possible), which I treat as identifiers of the meaningfulness of the experiences, do not obscure the similarities in the narratives, that is, the subjects’ complicated relationship to and the symbolic meaning-making of the place, and the search for alternative topoi, which are evident throughout the stories. The metaphor of the abyss, used in Sebald’s novel to manifest the irretrievability of the past, can be recognized in the descriptions of the social abyss that appear in the memories of the exiles.

Contribuições de Paulo Freire para a melhoria da relação médico-paciente

ABSTRACT A ‘good’ doctor-patient relationship is essential for effective clinical practice in the Unified Health System. Communication problems, authoritarianism and a certain disregard for the patients’ existential situation and agenda are common in clinical practice. Paulo Freire addressed similar issues in education, and his ideas were less used for teaching and practice of conducting medical care. This essay aimed to synthesize the contributions of Freire’s ideas for building/improving the doctor-patient relationship in an outpatient clinical context. Methodologically, a literature review was performed coordinating doctor-patient relationship aspects and Freire’s ideas. The analysis consisted of reading and free synthesis of selected works on the clinical relationship and the ideas contained in Freire’s main books, considered relevant to this theme (first and second topics of the article), was followed by a synthesis of Freire’s contributions, organized into five themes: reinforcing the challenge of avoiding patient objectification; emancipatory, critical and participatory conception of the doctor-patient relationship and its educational aspects; importance of the patient’s lifeworld; centrality of opening and maintaining dialogue; handling power dynamics well. Freirean ideas are still very relevant and contribute to the teaching and improvement of outpatient clinical practice.

A criticism of the notions of Nwansa and Nwanju in the conversational approach to African philosophy

This paper undertakes a critical exposé of the nature of the notions of Nwansa and Nwanju in the conversational approach to African philosophy. Conversational thinking is a philosophical method that allows individual thinkers to engage with each other philosophically on phenomenological issues. It is a formal, intellectual exercise orchestrated by philosophical reasoning in which critical and rigorous questioning creatively unveils new concepts from old ones. I reveal the limitations of this approach as articulated by Jonathan Chimakonam in his contribution to the methodological issues in African philosophy. In doing so, I demonstrate that these limitations are present, in part, in Chimakonam's unclear distinction between conversationalism on the one hand, and Socratic-Hegelian dialectics on the other hand. I also show that Chimakonam's claim that the engagement between Nwansa and Nwanju in conversational relationship does not result in a synthesis but, rather, perpetuates the reshuffling of thesis and anti-thesis, raises questions on the conversational nature of conversationalism, and poses a challenge when applied to existential situations. I argue that conversational philosophy should be perceived as a reconstruction of Socratic-Hegelian Dialectics or a tacit improvement of it. For this reason, I conclude that despite its limitations, a conversational approach through the dynamics of Nwansa and Nwanju is still significant in the development of contemporary African philosophy and in the management of some ideological issues confronting the African philosophical project.

The Rise of Art Bookstores and Their Influence on Urban Cities in China

In recent years, China have seen a increase in culture and art spaces that happen to drastically change peoples lifestyle, socialization and work habits. Among them, art bookstores are one of the most trending among young people that also provides positive cultural vibe in urban societies.Therefore, this paper discusses art bookstores history, development and roles in urban planning, by examining past examples as well as their existential situations and business mode. This paper examines the status quo of art bookstores development and successful examples of art bookstores domestic and abroad, incorporates the damage that Covid-19 and its after math have inflicted on art bookstores, then explores art bookstores integrated approach of combing different consumer experience into one cultural space, the main advantage and disadvantages of art bookstores business modes, their influences on urban planning and peoples lives, current flaws in their business mode and potential innovation and development suggestions for art bookstores in the post-pandemic period.

Understanding nursing personnel's health while working in end-of-life care-A hermeneutical study.

This study aimed to explore nursing personnel's health while working in end-of-life care. End-of-life care is challenging both for nursing personnel and for the healthcare organisation, as retaining nursing staff is difficult. Although end-of-life care involves the risk of burnout, it also encompasses protective factors that can lead to personal and professional development and satisfaction, and that can enable personnel to encounter their own inner selves. In order to focus on the health of nursing personnel we chose the theory of caritative caring as our theoretical perspective. A qualitative inductive research design with a hermeneutical approach was chosen to explore nursing personnel's health while working in end-of-life care. Two assistant nurses and six registered nurses with experience in end-of-life care at a palliative care unit participated. The study was approved by a Regional Ethical Review Board. The results are presented on three levels: rational, structural and existential. In the rational level, fellowship and togetherness with colleagues, as well as being able to distinguish between private life and work were important for nursing personnel's strategies for maintaining their health. At the structural level, social togetherness, sharing emotions and being involved in each other's emotions were important for nursing personnel's health. The existential level showed that the nursing personnel's own existential situation was affected when their inner self was emotionally affected by the patients' suffering. The awareness of suffering, life and death made the nursing personnel feel inner security, both as nursing professionals and as human beings. A common perspective based on a theory of caritative care may be helpful for retaining nursing personnel. While the study highlights nursing personnel's health while working in an end-of-life care context, the results may also be applicable to nursing professionals' health in other contexts.

SOLVING OF SENSE PROBLEMS IN THE LIFE COMPETENCE OF PERSONALITY

The purpose of the article: to show that the personality life competence is determined by the development of the personality ability to pose and solve sense problems that arise in complex, unpredictable life situations. Life competence is interpreted as a personality property that provides a productive solution of life problems. Those problems arise before a person throughout his life. It requires interpretation, analysis and comprehension of situations in which a person finds himself. First of all, we are talking about critical, traumatic and unpredictable situations. This leads to an awareness of the situations problematic nature and the transformation of certain problem situations into a problem, first of all, a sense problem. One of the important prerequisites for a person independent formulation of a sense life problem is the creation of a psychological situation, that is, the transfer of the external situation into the internal plan by means of its analysis, interpretation and understanding. The most typical problems that appear before a person, causing the emergence of certain psychological situations, are the problem of the life sense and life perspective, which causes the emergence of an existential situation; a personality problem and, accordingly, a personality psychological situation and a situation of interaction with others, which prompts the emergence of a social situation. The specified problems appear in the form of external and internal obstacles that complicate the activity, prevent the achievement of the goal, satisfaction of needs, etc. The stages of transformation of a problematic situation into a problem itself are characterized - from a problematization to a solution, even if the solution is not completely effective and requires from a person to continue to analyze the situation and to pose independently new life problems.

Triad of Art Interpretation

the object of the study is the problem of art interpretation. In the process of interpreting the work, three codes intersect: from the sender, in the message and from the addressee. Each of the three codes is unique and intricate, which entails the complexity of the interpretation process and gives rise to many interpretations of the message. Thus, the artistic text embodying the idea is filled with symbols and carries the author’s messages. The above leads to the appearance of an aura felt by the addressee. When writing a work of art, the author encodes in it not only his own self and existential situations, but also embodies the invisible with the help of intuition. The addressee, immersed in a work of art, transfers the artistic world to his life, which helps him to understand himself. The listed coded systems contribute to the emergence of many interpretations.

Spatial Turn and Situational Approach: Ethical Dimension

The article is devoted to the explanation of the basic principles of the situational approach in the light of the modern "spatial turn", presented to the scientific community by the ideas of such world-famous modern theorists as D. Harvey and A. Lefebvre. Our main focus is the ethical dimension of the outlined problem field. The starting point is the ancient presumption of the etymological and semantic unity of ethos and space. The authors of the article conceptualize this synthetic unity, offer a set of certain principles and theoretical assumptions. The main result of the study is the interpretation of the situation as a space of a responsible individual act, a field of equal interaction of the individual with the external environment, circumstances, conditions, as well as a state of existence of a “specific material a priori/ a priori scene”. The authors formulate the following principles of situational vision: a) the primacy of the individual, the existential situation and the secondary nature of any external circumstances and conditions; b) the principle of “primary historicity”; c) the principle of “limit situation” as a transcendental-immanent unity; d) the principle of the situation as a mode of “a priori scene”. The most important constitutive procedures of the situation as a topos of the act of individuation are described: interiorization and immanentization, namely, situational and personal interiorization of the meaning of the main civilizational cultural-historical conflicts and immanentization of general ethical norms in one's own individual semantic field. The thesis is substantiated that the spatial-situational discourse has significant heuristic resources for the analysis of current socio-cultural and political processes in the modern world.

ПСИХОЛОГІЧНА МЕТОДОЛОГІЯ ПЕРФОРМАНСУ В ОСВІТНЬОМУ ПРОЦЕСІ ВИЩОЇ ШКОЛИ

The article substantiates the nature and perspective of performance theory in psychology within the educational process of a higher school, which assumes the presence of three aspects: performance as an existential situation of trust, performance as an active and dynamic interaction between participants, and performance as a common field for creating values and meanings. The author states that the application of performance theory in psychology changes not only the course of education in higher education, but also provides an opportunity to turn the educational process into an experience necessary for further professional and individual socialization. Also, looking at learning as a performance opens up psychological possibilities for a special kind of therapy, when participants together invent new roles and scenarios, going beyond the boundaries of trauma and disorders. The article shows that performance as an existential situation of trust is a necessary step in creating a comfortable environment for further interaction between students (group) and teacher (moderator). The concept of mimetic inversion is proposed as a bodily-emotional imitation of role models for the purpose of reproducing certain scenarios. The next step is an active and dynamic interaction between the participants of performance, which involves a special kind of thinking and physical activity. Demonstration and ritualization of performative actions is fundamental in the performative activity between the participants of the educational process. The third component involves the performative assimilation of both professional and life values and meanings, bringing the educational process as close as possible to life. The main conclusions of the article are that the psychological methodology of performance not only changes the type of activity, but also the nature of thinking and understanding. The educational process as a performance completely changes the approach to learning and the role of participants, where the main thing is how knowledge is invented and transmitted. The performative role of the teacher is to dialectically (experimentally and normatively) involve students in a special type of performative activity that imitates life experience through imitation and repetition. A promising direction of research is the implementation of the psychological methodology of performance in the processes of understanding, in particular at the cognitive, metacognitive level and the «moderator-group-process» and «moderator-personality-process» systems.

Habitus as a subject matrix of a social game

The vital functions of modern human take place in the conditions of postmodern influence of informative society. On a gamification background of social processes, to availability of the impressions of various orientation and highly emotional force, wide variantness of social reference-points a brindle and obtrusive repetition of influences become the main signs of such influence. It results in supersaturating of cultural space different social models, roles and standards. Also actualize probability of human ecological destabilization, imposing artificial role models, human motive to the inheritance of erroneous social standards. A loss can become the result of it by the human of identity, development of depersonalization, panopticonization of social practices, distortion of democratic public principles. At the same time of practice, which are based on the role models of co-operative vital functions, show the public benefit and stipulate human existential success. Such success is determined by quality of mastering and translation by the subject of the role models purchased during life – standards of interaction, which have game genesis, game organization and maintenance. In the conditions of social game a habitus is formed and develops is fundamental mental individual education which comes forward as a 1) universal, matrix, general psychodynamic structure of subject, 2) psychological basis of individual, productive investigation of socialization, interiorization of social roles, referential role models, 3) subject matrix of social game as a public dynamics and vital co-operation 4) model which does possible the analysis of the internal world of individual, human activity and behavior, 5) main attributive systems genesis component of personality and social dynamics of human. A habitus of subject from a moment his birth constantly is in the center of general architecture and activity of the functional system of human. During subjects life a habitus is a primary and central integral systems genesis component, universal acceptor of action of human. A habitus in all situations is perfected and strengthens the programmatic influence and participation. The genesis and development of the habitus takes place in accordance with the fundamental structure and cycle of the game Situation/Role-game motivation/Role-game action/Post-reflection – a matrix suitable for ontogenetic branching in all existential situations of a person. The general psychological meaning and significance of habitus is that this concept is able to become a dynamic center, the center that sets the direction and rhythm of the subject’apos;s life, manages his socialization and development.

Життя як трагедія, спричинена війною: оповідання Дениса Лукіяновича «Мій сину!»

The article examines the little-known story of the Ukrainian writer and literary critic Denys Lukiyanovych (1873–1965) "My Son!" (1935). It was printed in its time only in the well-known literary and arts magazine Nazustrich (1934–1938). An attempt was made to characterize the ideological and thematic content and genre-stylistic specificity of the named work, thereby "writing" it into the history of Ukrainian literature of the 1920s–1930s. The relevance of the study is determined by the anti-war pathos of D. Lukiyanovych's story. Special attention is paid to the author's creation of a female image involved in the war events of 1914–1918, in particular, the so-called Great Retreat (June 27–September 14, 1915). As a result of this retreat, the operation of the troops of the Central Powers (Austria-Hungary, the German Empire, the Ottoman Empire, the Bulgarian Empire) led to the crushing defeat of the Russian Empire and its withdrawal into the territory for several hundred kilometers. D. Lukiyanovych names specific villages of Lviv Oblast, Trostyanets and Stilsko, which were locally related to the mentioned events. The article points out the condensed content of the work, its plot-compositional features, and analyzes the system of images. It is proved that the author uses the strategy of synthesis of styles of the 20th century – from romantic and expressionistic tendencies, characteristic of the display of war, to naturalistic and impressionistic ones that "bare" the souls of the heroes. In the laconic format of the story, D. Lukiyanovych managed to create a monologue-recollection or rather a monologue-confession of the heroine, who, having lost her son, suffered more from the war than anyone else. The use of such a monologue narrative from the first person "intimates" what is written, and provides the effect of the presence of the recipient in the epicenter of events. The figure of the central heroine in her existential situation is the mouthpiece of the impoverished people and a symbol of their indomitability. The article characterizes the language features of the work (the peculiarity of word usage), the wealth of figurative techniques. It has been proven that the entire set of poetic techniques "works" in D. Lukiyanovych for the realization of the main idea, which consisted in condemning any war and expressing deep sorrow for human losses through the display of maternal grief. Of course, the story "My Son!" with its leading philosophical motif of life and death, life as a tragedy caused by war, is close to the works about the First World War by O. Kobylyanska, N. Kobrynska, O. Makovey, V. Stefanyk, Marko Cheremshyna, B. Lepkyi, I. Sinyuk, O. Turyanskyi, and many other artists. In conclusion, it was established that D. Lukiyanovych was able not only to depict the horrors of war but also to "immerse" his reader in the world of people who were destined to experience this horror. The original female image, written by the author in the story "My Son!", actually belongs to a number of iconic literary types associated with the war. Whereas the continuous semantic and emotional tension, specific stylistics allow us to call the analyzed story of D. Lukiyanovych dramatic. The research of other works of this author dedicated to the theme of man and war is promising. It would raise our understanding of the peculiarities of this particular artistic expression to a higher level. Key words: D. Lukiyanovych, the story "My Son!", the theme of war, the image of the mother, genre, style, modernity of writing.

How should intelligence analysis be utilized to counter cognitive warfare?

I wanted to underline in this paper how intelligence analysis needs to adapt to deal with a brand-new concept: cognitive warfare. Intelligence analysts need to put much more effort into understanding and appreciating the dangers that such a concept entails. This additional dimension must be taken into account in any risk assessment in the area of security studies. The target of the operations of this type of war is human rationality itself. In a study developed by Johns Hopkins University pentryu NATO, researchers (Kathy Cao, Sean Glaister, Adriana Pena, Danbi Rhee, William Rong, Alexander Rovalino) best defined the nature of cognitive warfare: ”In cognitive warfare, the human mind becomes the field of battle. The goal is to change not only what people think, but also how they think and act.” (Cao & Glaister, 2021) In keeping with the ratios of comparison, the duration and severity of the impacts of long-term cognitive warfare are fairly comparable to those of a nuclear attack. Just as scientists achieve atomic fission by shattering/breaking the nucleus of an atom into two or more nuclei, successful operations of cognitive warfare can force human groups in a society or even society itself to think against itself. The goal of cognitive warfare is to get a human collective to enter a schizoid condition where it misunderstands reality and existential situations, denies its guiding principles, or cultivates indifference to them. The tactical or strategic goals of an attacker are facilitated by each of these cognitive warfare-induced events. Non-kinetic or non-conventional military methods can be used to subdue a civilization. Cognitive warfare occurs in the liminal space where military and civilian life collide, where alternative realities are implanted into an enemy’s mind through disinformation, where psychological and informational warfare overlap, and where traditional combat and hybrid operations coexist. The topic that modern intelligence analysis must appropriately address is: What are the right instruments and what is the analytical viewpoint required to deal with cognitive warfare?

교사교육과 대비되는 부모교육의 문제화 가능성

This study examined the aspects of parent education, a category of adult education emerging as an extension of education, that can be problematized or thematized at a different level from teacher education. In the conventional conception of education that we know, parents are the same category as teachers, who are on the opposite side of the growing generation. Parent education sets the goal of educating parents with the goal of nurturing children. Although teacher education appears to be conceptually similar to parent education, the existential situations of parents and teachers as learners are different, which is a crucial point where parent education can be problematic. From the moment they have children, parents experience life as a different being from teachers. Parents who have children, are in a qualitatively different ontological position from teachers who take a ‘neutral’ stance on learners. In this study, the decisive basis for parent education to be problematic was found in the historical and social approach to the perspective and behavior of modern Western civic education. Then various perspectives on parent education were dealt with in that the goals of parent education and the desires of parents as learners were in a conflicting relationship with each other. To this end, a critical analysis was conducted focusing on the discourse on liberal arts education in the humanities, Freud and Lacan’s criticism of desire, and Deleuze’s analysis of desire.