Real Existence Research Articles

Deformation Behavior under Tension with Pulse Current of Ultrafine-Grain and Coarse-Grain CP Titanium

The problem of the real existence of the electroplastic effect during deformation of metallic materials of different nature is still relevant. At the same time, the influence of structure refinement is not considered enough. In this work, the deformation behavior of ultrafine-grained (UFG) titanium Grade 4 is compared with that of coarse-grained (CG) titanium under tension with pulse current of the low duty cycle. The deformation curves of both structure states are presented for different regimes of pulsed current and thermal heating from an external source. Structure studies by optical and scanning electron microscopy, as well as microhardness measurements have been carried out. It is shown that Grade 4 titanium under tension accompanied by pulsed current exhibits electroplastic effect (EPE) in the form of a flow stress reduction. EPE in UFG state is much stronger than in CG state. An increase in the density and duration of the current pulse leads to a multiple decrease in the flow stresses in CG and UFG titanium. The contribution in the flow stress reduction from heating by an external source was less than that from tension with pulse current at the same temperatures. The impact of pulsed current during tension does not influence microhardness and grain size.

Hidden attractors in Chua circuit: mathematical theory meets physical experiments

After the discovery in early 1960s by E. Lorenz and Y. Ueda of the first example of a chaotic attractor in numerical simulation of a real physical process, a new scientific direction of analysis of chaotic behavior in dynamical systems arose. Despite the key role of this first discovery, later on a number of works have appeared supposing that chaotic attractors of the considered dynamical models are rather artificial, computer-induced objects, i.e., they are generated not due to the physical nature of the process, but only by errors arising from the application of approximate numerical methods and finite-precision computations. Further justification for the possibility of a real existence of chaos in the study of a physical system developed in two directions. Within the first direction, effective analytic-numerical methods were invented providing the so-called computer-assisted proof of the existence of a chaotic attractor. In the framework of the second direction, attempts were made to detect chaotic behavior directly in a physical experiment, by designing a proper experimental setup. The first remarkable result in this direction is the experiment of L. Chua, in which he designed a simple RLC circuit (Chua circuit) containing a nonlinear element (Chua diode), and managed to demonstrate the real evidence of chaotic behavior in this circuit on the screen of oscilloscope. The mathematical model of the Chua circuit (further, Chua system) is also known to be the first example of a system in which the existence of a chaotic hidden attractor was discovered and the bifurcation scenario of its birth was described. Despite the nontriviality of this discovery and cogency of the procedure for hidden attractor localization, the question of detecting this type of attractor in a physical experiment remained open. This article aims to give an exhaustive answer to this question, demonstrating both a detailed formulation of a radiophysical experiment on the localization of a hidden attractor in the Chua circuit, as well as a thorough description of the relationship between a physical experiment, mathematical modeling, and computer simulation.

ПОИСК ОПТИМАЛЬНЫХ ПУТЕЙ В НЕЧЕТКИХ ГРАФАХ

A large variety of problems in different fields, including the problems of the creation of optimal solutions of different kinds, can be formulated in graph theory language in the form of search tasks at given graphs of optimal paths of special character. Many results in these courses are now obtained which refer to classical graph theory. In this theory, a graph is assumed to be a deterministic object and there are no any uncertainties (fuzzinesses) in its description and in the description of its functioning process. Nowadays, science has come to the realization that the majority of our knowledge and links with the external world do not correspond to formerly established classical notions about them. New approaches to these areas are now being developed, which imply principal impossibility to do without fuzzinesses that are accepted as a reality of human existence. This requires the development of complex of concepts and methods which in, this fuzziness should be taken into account really in practical applications. In the proposed article, the tasks of searching optimal paths according to some criteria in the frames of currently accepted fuzzy graph model are considered. When solving the problem of the shortest paths, the rule of choosing the “best” arc is introduced and motivated. The method of solving the tasks with the use of the design of oriented graph path tree is proposed. The notion of path feasibility in fuzzy graph is introduced, the feasibility is evaluated as the probability of path real existence in given graph. The method for calculation of path feasibility, based on the reduction of belonging degree of each arc in the path of graph path to its probability, is proposed. The task on the search of path with maximum feasibility is solved on this basis.

From Hinduism to Pantheism: An Existentialist Study of Hermann Hesse's Siddhartha

Siddhartha is a novel about the long journey of an existentially frustrated individual in search of ultimate reality and meaning of existence. The protagonist Siddhartha, a Hindu Brahman is inquisitive in nature and never satisfied with the religious, ontological and philosophical teachings of Brahmans. There are similarities between Siddhartha’s journey from Hinduism to Nirvana and Jacques Lacan’s journey from “symbolic order” to “The Real”. (Lundell) The objective of both Lacan and Siddhartha is to discover the real essence of human life. Siddhartha called it nirvana while Lacan called it The Real. Siddhartha’s journey is existential because he starts his journey by rejecting the social, religious and cultural norms and beliefs of his society. He rejects the teachings of Hinduism and Brahmanism and follows his subjective and authentic understanding in search of reality. In existentialism the individual free will is more important than the societal norms and ideologies. (J. P. Sartre) No meaning is beyond the existing subjective understanding of a free individual as is most briefly explained by famous Sartrean slogan; “existence precedes essence” (J.-P. Sartre). The journey of Lacan is also existential because he was an atheist and went in search of reality with no essentialist beliefs and relied on his own subjective understanding and freewill. This essay is aimed at an explanation and exploration of Siddhartha’s experiences in the novel in the light of ideas of Jacques Lacan and Jean-Paul Sartre. Moreover, the objective is to draw an easily comprehensible line between the real human existence and it’s political, discursive, ideological, “hyperreal” and false representations. (Baudrillard)

Negation of Equivalence Principle

According to the electric charge and the elastic coefficient of the object independent of the motion of the object, and based on the similar properties of the gravitational field and the electrostatic field, it is concluded that the gravitational mass of the object is a constant independent of the motion of the object. However, experimental results show that the inertial mass of the object is related to the motion of the object. Therefore, it is considered that the principle of equivalence is not satisfied. As the object moves at a low velocity, the principle of equivalence is approximately true, so it is concluded that the general theory of relativity is applicable to all space celestial bodies. When the object is moving at high velocity, the principle of equivalence is not satisfied, so the general theory of relativity is not the truth. According to the principle of force balance, it is concluded that the velocity V of the black hole must be zero. Under the necessary conditions of V = 0, the existence of the black hole cannot be deduced according to the general theory of relativity. Therefore, it is considered that the black hole does not exist in theory. It is also estimated that the density of black hole is more than one million times the neutron density. It is believed that the black hole can never be a real material existence. The principle of black hole observation published on April 10, 2019 was considered theoretically wrong against the common sense of physics. The photos of the black hole halo taken at eight observation points in the world are judged to be untrue.

Biblical Eschatology and Qur’anic ’Ākhirāh: A Comparative Approach of the Concepts Afterlife, Death and the Day of Judgement

This article deals with the topic of eschatology (’ākhirah) both from the perspective of the Bible and the Qur’an. A comparative approach is pursued, in which three fundamental concepts are discussed, namely: afterlife, death and the Day of Judgement. First, the term eschatology and its Arabic equivalent ’ākhirah are examined etymologically, terminologically and theologically from the Biblical and Qur’anic point of view as well. Then, the issue of death is investigated both as a concept and as an existential reality. Finally, the theme of the Day of Judgement is deeply examined according to the Bible and the Qur’an to compare these two important concepts in the three monotheistic religions: Judaism, Christianity and Islam. At the end of this article, we have concluded that these three eschatological concepts intersect remarkably in the Bible and the Qur’an, especially on the semantic level, and to a lesser extent on the theological level, where the nature of each religion resurfaces. These semantic and theological intersections underscore the common origin of the Jewish, Christian, and Islamic traditions. This would further contribute to bringing the followers of these religions closer together in the contemporary pluralistic context.

Engaging with the client’s existential concerns: the impact on therapists and counselors

ABSTRACT This study examined which themes therapists identify as existential and explored what happens when therapists engage with their clients’ existential concerns. Over two simultaneous studies, 19 participants were interviewed about working with existential themes. The first study consisted of experienced person-centered and existential psychotherapists and the second study of counselors or therapists working in a setting that would evoke existential themes. The data were first analyzed separately for both groups using Consensual Qualitative Research. Subsequently, a general cross analysis was conducted to achieve a meta-synthesis. Four existential themes were identified: Death and boundaries of life; Freedom, choice and responsibility; Connection and isolation; and Meaning and meaninglessness. In addition to providing a descriptive model of these themes, this study suggests that existential training might help therapists notice more implicit existential dynamics in the therapeutic process. Furthermore, engaging with clients’ existential concerns might make therapists more aware of their own existential reality which would help them to relate to existential themes differently. Experienced therapists can identify existential themes in their clients’ stories. However, specific existential training and personal reflection can deepen therapists’ openness towards existential issues and expand insight in existential processes.

Has Religion Been Explained Away?

Abstract This paper re-engages with the science versus religion debate in the light of the last three decades of scholarly progress in the study of religion coming from the cognitive and evolutionary sciences of religion. I begin by asking (1) ‘if it is indeed possible to account for the origins of religious belief, its cultural transmission and evolution, and its maintenance—without any appeal to the real existence of any supernatural deity—then are we in a position to say we have explained it all away?’ If we are, how does this affect central themes in the philosophy of religion about God’s existence? In (2) I provide an outline of the cognitive and evolutionary approach to explaining religion. In section (3) I discuss abductive reasoning (3.1), problems with the accusation of having committed the genetic fallacy when answering (1) in favour of positive atheism (3.2), the need for first-order justifications of religious belief (3.3), and in (3.4) a peculiar divine attribute (i.e. omnipotent potential in a causal chain of events) that appears to immunise religious belief in a particular kind of supernatural deity from having been explained away.

A Ratiocinative Study and Assessment of W. V. O. Quine’s “Criterion of Ontological Commitment”

Purpose: This work has three main objectives: Firstly, it offers an elucidation of the notion of ontological commitment. Secondly, it assesses the adequacy of the criterion of ontological commitment for different languages. Thirdly, it offers some speculative and evaluative remarks regarding the significance of Quine’s criterion of ontological commitment. Many ontologists, within the analytic tradition, often appeal to Quine's criterion of ontological commitment, when debating whether an assertion or theory implies the existence of a certain entity. Regarding his goal in formulating this criterion, he says that the criterion does not aim to help us discover what it is that there is, but only what a theory says there is: “I look to variables and quantification for evidence as to what a theory says that there is, not for evidence as to what there is” (Quine, 1960: 225). Its most popular formulation, using textual evidence from Quine's oeuvre, is: “To be is to be the value of a bound variable,” (Quine, 1961: 15). However, this formulation is susceptible to gross misunderstanding, especially if one is influenced by the formalities and technical maneuvers of model theory. In mathematical logic, model theory is the study of the relationship between formal theories (a collection of sentences in a formal language expressing statements about a mathematical structure), and their models (those structures in which the statements of the theory hold). Model theory is a branch of mathematical logic where we study mathematical structures by considering the first-order sentences true in those structures and the sets definable by first-order formulas. Model theory studies the relations between sentences of a formal language and the interpretations (or ‘structures’) which make these sentences true or false. It offers precise definitions of truth, logical truth and consequence, meanings and modalities.
 Methodology: This work is expository, analytic, critical and evaluative in its methodology. Of course, there are familiar philosophical problems which are within the discursive framework of ‘ontology,’ often phrased by asking if something or some category of things are “real,” or whether “they exist,” concretely. An outstanding example is provided by the traditional problem of universals, which issues in the nominalist-realist controversy, as to the real existence of universals, or of abstract entities such as classes (in the mathematical sense) or propositions (in the abstract sense, referring to the content of an assertion in abstraction from the particular words used to convey it).
 Results: In as much as one might agree with Quine’s Criterion of Ontological Commitment, one might also opine that it is nonetheless a feature of first-order language (i.e. the language embodied in first-order logic; a symbolized reasoning process comprising relations, functions and constants, in which each sentence or statement is broken down into a subject and a predicate. In this regard, the predicate modifies or defines the properties of the subject) that there should be an exact correspondence between the ontological commitments carried by a sentence and the objects that must be counted among the values of the variables in order for the sentence to be true. However, this in itself is not a reason for thinking that such a feature will generalize beyond first-order languages. It is possible for Quine’s Criterion to degenerate, when the language contains atomic predicates expressing extrinsic properties.
 Unique Contribution to theory, practice and policy: Based on Quine’s analysis, a theory is committed to those and only those entities that in the last analysis serve as the values of its bound variables. Thus, ordinary first-order theory commits one to an ontology only of individuals (particulars), whereas higher order logic commits one to the existence of sets, i.e. of collections of definite and distinct entities (or, alternatively, of properties and relations). Likewise, if bound first-order variables are assumed to range over sets (as they do in set theory), a commitment to the existence of these sets is incurred. Admittedly, the precise import of Quine’s criterion of ontological commitment, however, is not completely clear, nor is it clear in what other sense one is perhaps committed by a theory to those entities that are named or otherwise referred to in it, but not quantified over in it. However, it despite its limitations, it has made is possible for one to measure the ontological cost of theories, an important component in deciding which theories to accept, thus offering a partial foundation for theory choice.

Human centric platforms for personalized value creation in metaverse

The term “Metaverse” first used in Neal Stephenson's sci-fi book Snow Crash in 1992, refers to a fusion of virtual and real existence. Nearly 30 years later, that definition is taking shape and promises to alter how people live and operate. This next evolution of Internet also known as Web3.0 will combine digital and physical elements. Multiple definitions can be found in the literature, with the most prevalent being the “new internet”, among others such as “democratized virtual society”, “persistent virtual spaces”, “a digital twin of our own world for personalized value creation”. Consequently, the common consensus dictates that Metaverse can be realized as a new form of the Internet, totally reshaped from what is already known. As we are heading towards the coexistence of Industry 5.0 and Society 5.0 (super smart and intelligent society), this paper attempts to present the definition of Metaverse, its evolution, the advantages and disadvantages, the pillars for the technological advancement which could be the fuel to spark future investigation and discussion as well as to accelerate the development of Metaverse towards the human centric and personalized society. Furthermore, in this manuscript, challenges and opportunities are presented (including Manufacturing), a brief comparison is performed versus Virtual Reality, and a conceptual framework for integrating Metaverse in Manufacturing is also presented.

The Case of Geoffrey Chaucer and Cecily Chaumpaigne: New Evidence

The Case of Geoffrey Chaucer and Cecily Chaumpaigne: New Evidence

Between Reason and Faith: Robert Frost’s Heaven

Frost did not merely sing about the superficial beauty of landscape in his so-called nature poetry. The depiction of nature was, after all, a framework providing a clue for exploring the fundamental problems of humanity. Although he used conflicting ironies as a means of keeping himself in a neutral stand, that does not mean that he is an agnostic or a cynic. Contrary to what modern Gothic readings might assert, Frost’s poetry never shows any absence of faith. Rather, faith occupies a central position in the text of his poetry as a product of a complex and often ambivalent aesthetics rooted in dualism. His was a faith that acknowledged human limitations, not an institutionalized one that blindly clings to the doctrines and rejoices in the assurance of mundane successes. It was an ever-maturing faith, that of the agonizing sufferer who endures, learns, and moves forward. As he gradually accepted the “roughly zones” beyond human understanding, Frost showed a development from reason to faith, insisted on the courage to surrender to the absurd, and sought mercy instead of justice as a way to salvation. However, he did not want to completely ignore existential reality, even while he assumed the existence of heaven. Frost, having amalgamated these opposing elements, must be recognized as not just a nature poet, but as a courageous spiritual poet with an honest critical intelligence. His various seemingly ambiguous statements, inevitably derived from the conflict and tension between reason and faith, were not his poetic flaws, but were actually his greatest aesthetic achievements.

Converging on Cannibals: Terrors of Slaving in Atlantic Africa, 1509–1670

Converging on Cannibals: Terrors of Slaving in Atlantic Africa, 1509–1670

서사 텍스트를 사회해석 기제로 활용하는 소통 중심 다문화 교수·학습 방안 탐색

This study designed the ‘discourse synthesis’ activity using narrative text as a ‘social interpretation mechanism’ as a prototype based on communication-centered multicultural teaching and learning components. The first step in the process of using the narrative text as a ‘social interpretation mechanism’ is to recognize the tacit references and prejudices of society by interpreting the interrelationship between characters in the text and society in the text world. The second step was to recognize the establishment of one's own values by interpreting the interrelationships of society at the time of creation. The third step was to search for a desirable community by interpreting the interrelationship between the reader and the society with regard to the text acceptance. After in-depth reading of the narrative text, the learner writes a ‘process log’ and a ‘critical essay’, imagining different levels of readers and forming internal communication with them. In this case, the first reader is ‘the self as audience’ corresponding to the learner himself, and the second reader is the real existence ‘audience addressed’ All objects existing in the classroom directly conducting the class. Correspondingly, the last reader refers to a large number of unspecified readers who are thought to be able to read the learner’s text as ‘audience invoked’ including fictional beings. Through this, learners will be able to find a desirable community in a multicultural society.

On Morality of Moll Flanders

Moll Flanders is a representative work of the famous 18th century British novelist Daniel Defoe, which depicts the sinful life of the protagonist Moll Flanders with a self-reported tone: a female at the bottom of society marries and steals frequently for survival. This novel not only reflects Moll’s complex and multidimensional morality, but also shows her fights between morality and survival, morality and desire as well as morality and sin: putting the interests of survival first; putting the real existence of the individual in the first place and understanding releasing personal desires but indulging in them; achieving the awakening of conscience by repentance. By revealing Moll’s morality, this paper aims to show that the pleasure brought by carnal and material desires is temporary and sinful, and only the pursuit of goodness and virtue can make people spiritually rich.

A Detection Approach for Floating Debris Using Ground Images Based on Deep Learning

Floating debris has a negative impact on the quality of the water as well as the aesthetics of surface waters. Traditional image processing techniques struggle to adapt to the complexity of water due to factors such as complex lighting conditions, significant scale disparities between far and near objects, and the abundance of small-scale floating debris in real existence. This makes the detection of floating debris extremely difficult. This study proposed a brand-new, effective floating debris detection approach based on YOLOv5. Specifically, the coordinate attention module is added into the YOLOv5 backbone network to help the model detect and recognize objects of interest more precisely so that feature information of small-sized and dense floating debris may be efficiently extracted. The previous feature pyramid network, on the other hand, summarizes the input features without taking into account their individual importance when fusing features. To address this issue, the YOLOv5 feature pyramidal network is changed to a bidirectional feature pyramid network with effective bidirectional cross-scale connection and weighted feature fusion, which enhances the model’s performance in terms of feature extraction. The method has been evaluated using a dataset of floating debris that we built ourselves (SWFD). Experiments show that the proposed method detects floating objects more precisely than earlier methods.

Sculpting the Glauberg "prince". A traceological research of the Celtic sculpture and related fragments from the Glauberg (Hesse, Germany).

Article presents the results of a complex traceological research of the famous statue of the „prince”of Glauberg, found in an Early La Tène funeral complex in Glauberg (Hesse). Research focused also on two other fragments of related sandstone sculptures, found together with the Glauberger prince. The sandstone „prince”of Glauberg was already in the past a subject of many archaeological studies. Nevertheless, all or absolute majority of them were focused on aspects of art historian nature or on the question of the origin, role and function of such sculptures in the Early Iron Age Central Europe. On the contrary, the aim of our research is oriented exclusively on the questions related to the manufacture of this sculpture, identification of used sculptor´s tools and applied working techniques. Our research was realised by means of digital documentation followed by the aplication of traceological methods. The character of the survived working traces on the sculpture´s surfaces was studied by mechanoscopy, while the material of used tools was determined by X-ray fluorescence. The reconstructions of used tools were compared with the existing tools as represented by the Iron Age archaeological finds. This comparison was oriented on the most relevant regions of developed La Tène culture, particularly on South Western Germany and Bohemia. However, also other relevant area, significant as the possible source of inspiration of Celtic sculptors for the creation of the monumental sculpture–Apennine peninsula, was taken into consideration. Our research revealed individual steps and phases during the sculpture´s manufacture, enabled the reconstrucion of used tools and confirmed real existence of such tools in mentioned regions. Finally it has brought first indices of the necessity of the distinguishing between ideological and technological aspects of related Celtic sculpture, when considering possible influence of Apennine peninsula on transalpine Central Europe.

Dialogic hypertextuality

AbstractThis essay demarcates between and among schools of dialogue, differentiating relational points of meaning origins. Contrasting dialogic roots constitute distinctions in social meaning and signification. Schools of dialogue embrace the relational interplay of address and response, with exchanges consisting of multiple simultaneous conversations. Their co-presence announces dialogic hypertextuality, which acknowledges and affirms multiple simultaneous conversations and meanings within a given encounter. No single interpreter or meaning captures dialogic existence; meanings push the boundaries of any exchange, before, during, and after. Dialogic exchanges embody multiple discourses that call forth distinctive dimensions of meaning. As one speaks, multiple conversations, inclusive of previous and anticipatory dialogues, shape us. Conversation between and among persons dwells within an existential reality of dialogic hypertextuality.

The Phonological Ordering Constraint of the Short-Before-Long Preference Tendency in Qassimi Arabic Binomial Phrases: a Quantitative Analysis

Research on the phonological constraints on the linear order in binomial phrases has proven that the tendency to place the short conjunct before the long one can be active differently in different languages. The current research addresses the short-before-long preference tendency in binomials in Qassimi Arabic. It shows that Qassimi Arabic binomials manifest the short-before-long preference in three possible forms: (1) the conjunct containing the fewer phonemes (i.e., the shorter item) tends to precede the one containing the more phonemes (i.e., the longer item) within the same binomial phrase, (2) the conjunct containing the fewer syllables (i.e. the shorter item) tends to precede the one containing the more syllables (i.e. the longer item) within the same binomial phrase, and (3) the conjunct containing the shorter vowel (i.e. the shorter item) tends to precede the one containing the longer vowel (i.e. the longer item) within the same binomial phrase. To approve the real existence of these proposed hypotheses in Qassimi Arabic binomials, the study adopts a quantitative analysis which has largely been adopted in relevant studies. The findings of the quantitative analysis of a big number of binomials (336 binomial pairs) indicate the satisfaction rates for the three hypotheses posited in the current study are statistically highly significant. Therefore, the study concludes that there is definite evidence for the factual existence of the short-before-long preference in Qassimi Arabic binomials, a finding which is compatible with similar studies in binomials in English and some other European languages.

Analytical Study of the Behavioral Trend of Charged Particle Interacting with Electromagnetic Field: Klein-Gordon/Dirac Equation

The analysis of the behavioral trend of particle using Klein-Gordon and Dirac equation that was minimally coupled to electromagnetic wave four-vector potential has been carried out. In the analysis, it was clearly observed that each of them has non-relativistic limit at one stage or the other and based on this limitation, there is a great challenge posed on the idea of single particle interpretation since in each case there is a particle and an antiparticle. It therefore reveals the fact that there is no conceptually real existence of single particle in isolation when it comes to relativistic quantum mechanics for any of the equations being used to study the interaction of particle with electromagnetic field.