Existential Presupposition Research Articles

Covid-19 in American Political Speeches: A Discourse Analysis

During the time of COVID-19, politicians around the world delivered different ideological speeches. The study in hand aims at identifying the types and triggers presupposition that exist in American political COVID-19 speeches. This is to uncover the crucial role that linguistic factors in shaping political leaders’ communication strategies during pandemics. Particularly, how preferences and implicit motivations are expressed. In doing this, the study limits itself to analyses presupposition in political speeches delivered by four key figures — Governor Gavin Newsome, Governor Andrew Cuomo, Secretary Anthony Blinken, and Secretary Alex Azar — during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methodologically, the analysis draws on Yule (1996) and Levinson (1983). The results show that lexical presuppositions are the most frequently encountered, followed by structural and existential presuppositions, besides a variety of types of presuppositions triggers used in discourses.

An Analysis of Pragmatic Presuppositions in Political Newspaper Articles

This study investigates the underlying presuppositions present in a newspaper article published in The Telegraph, a British daily. The newspaper article is authored by Con Coughlin, the foreign and defense editor of the newspaper. This article critiques the Russian war, characterizing it as an unjust conflict aimed at countering Islamic radicals who are carrying out attacks on Russia. The study seeks to examine the various types and triggers of presuppositions employed in the essay to accurately depict and illustrate Putin's misguided military campaign. An eclectic pragmatic model is utilized to examine the types and triggers of presuppositions in the selected article. Finally, the study concludes that the Telegraph mainly depend on lexical and existential presuppositions, with a minor role of structural presuppositions, to convey thoughts in the process of vilifying Russia.

Analysis of Presupposition in English Teaching Materials at SMAN 4 Palu

This study aims to analyze the types of presuppositions in English teaching materials at SMAN 4 Palu. The method used in this research is discourse analysis of the English textbooks used in the eleventh grade, focusing on identifying examples of existential, factual, and structural presuppositions. Data were collected through critical discourse analysis techniques and interviews. The results of the analysis show that the teaching material at SMAN 4 Palu contains various types of presuppositions that can influence students' understanding. Existential presuppositions, such as "The President of the United States," assume knowledge about a particular entity, whereas factual presuppositions, such as "John stopped smoking," assume the truth of information that students may not know. Structural presuppositions, for example, the use of the word "again" in "He came back again," involve hidden assumptions that require contextual background for proper understanding. Findings show that teaching materials often contain presuppositions that are not relevant to students' local contexts, such as the use of examples from Western culture that students may be unfamiliar with. Therefore, adapting teaching materials to local contexts is very necessary. This research recommends the involvement of Palu regional teachers and education experts in curriculum development and the adaptation of teaching materials to make them more relevant to students' daily lives. By integrating local culture into teaching, students' understanding of texts can increase significantly, enhancing learning effectiveness and supporting the achievement of optimal learning outcomes.

A Pragmatic Presupposition Analysis in Sir David Attenborough’s Climate Change Speeches

Climate change is a critical global issue that requires effective communication and public engagement to drive necessary actions and policy changes. Despite the critical importance of climate change communication, this topic has been limited in its coverage within discourse analysis research, making this study’s investigation particularly significant. This study aims to examine the communication strategies used by a prominent public figure, namely Sir David Attenborough, in addressing climate change issues. To achieve that, this study conducts a qualitative analysis of Sir David Attenborough’s discourse on climate change, with a specific focus on the role of presuppositions in framing his communication strategies. Through analyzing a corpus of his public speeches, this investigation identifies and categorizes the presuppositional triggers employed by Attenborough, particularly those that elicit existential presuppositions triggered by definite descriptions (78% of observed triggers) and structural presuppositions such as restrictive relative clauses (14% of observed triggers). This analysis provides insights into how Attenborough effectively conveys notions of ownership, shared responsibility, and inspires action through strategic use of presuppositions. Examining the persuasive strategies of a prominent public figure, this study makes a valuable contribution to the field and future investigations on climate change communication.

Which ‘Intensional Paradoxes’ are Paradoxes?

We begin with a brief explanation of our proof-theoretic criterion of paradoxicality—its motivation, its methods, and its results so far. It is a proof-theoretic account of paradoxicality that can be given in addition to, or alongside, the more familiar semantic account of Kripke. It is a question for further research whether the two accounts agree in general on what is to count as a paradox. It is also a question for further research whether and, if so, how the so-called Ekman problem bears on the investigations here of the intensional paradoxes. Possible exceptions to the proof-theoretic criterion are Prior’s Theorem and Russell’s Paradox of Propositions—the two best-known ‘intensional’ paradoxes. We have not yet addressed them. We do so here. The results are encouraging. §1 studies Prior’s Theorem. In the literature on the paradoxes of intensionality, it does not enjoy rigorous formal proof of a Gentzenian kind—the kind that lends itself to proof-theoretic analysis of recondite features that might escape the attention of logicians using non-Gentzenian systems of logic. We make good that lack, both to render the criterion applicable to the formal proof, and to see whether the criterion gets it right. Prior’s Theorem is a theorem in an unfree, classical, quantified propositional logic. But if one were to insist that the logic employed be free, then Prior’s Theorem would not be a theorem at all. Its proof would have an undischarged assumption—the ‘existential presupposition’ that the proposition ∀p(Qp→¬p)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\forall p(Qp\\!\\rightarrow \\!\\lnot p)$$\\end{document} exists. Call this proposition ϑ\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\vartheta $$\\end{document}. §2 focuses on ϑ\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\vartheta $$\\end{document}. We analyse a Priorean reductio of ϑ\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\vartheta $$\\end{document} along with the possibilitate ◊∀q(Qq↔(ϑ↔q))\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\Diamond \\forall q(Qq\\!\\leftrightarrow \\!(\\vartheta \\!\\leftrightarrow \\! q))$$\\end{document}. The attempted reductio of this premise-pair, which is constructive, cannot be brought into normal form. The criterion says we have not straightforward inconsistency, but rather genuine paradoxicality. §3 turns to problems engendered by the proposition ∃p(Qp∧¬p)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\exists p(Qp\\wedge \\lnot p)$$\\end{document} (call it η\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\eta $$\\end{document}) for the similar possibilitate ◊∀q(Qq↔(η↔q))\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\Diamond \\forall q(Qq\\!\\leftrightarrow \\!(\\eta \\!\\leftrightarrow \\! q))$$\\end{document}. The attempted disproof of this premise-pair—again, a constructive one—cannot succeed. It cannot be brought into normal form. The criterion says the premise-pair is a genuine paradox. In §4 we show how Russell’s Paradox of Propositions, like the Priorean intensional paradoxes, is to be classified as a genuine paradox by the proof-theoretic criterion of paradoxicality.

Presuppositions in Joji’s Selected Song Lyrics

The study analyzes types of presupposition in Joji’s song lyrics. The study's objective is to find the types of presuppositions in Joji’s song lyrics in Joji’s song lyrics. The study uses the descriptive qualitative method with an interactive model data analysis by Miles et al (2014). The data were taken from the verified song lyrics platform, Genius.com®. There are 16 data sources from different albums taken and the total of data found are 65 presuppositions. The analysis showed that only five types of presuppositions were found in the selected song lyrics, which are existential presuppositions (34%), structural presuppositions (25%), factive presuppositions (21%), Counterfactual presuppositions (12%), and lexical presuppositions (8%). The most dominant type of presupposition found in JOJI’s selected song lyrics is existential presupposition with 22 occurrences and the least type of presupposition used in the selected song lyrics is the lexical presupposition with 5 occurrences. The singer more tends to explain about the presence of other entities in the found presumptions from his songs.

Biased interrogatives in Camuno

Abstract This article discusses the properties of interrogative structures biased in the set of their possible answers by the particle po in Camuno. In declarative structures, po signals that according to the speaker, a proposition p is surprisingly controversial in the utterance world w. In interrogative structures, the same particle identifies the only subset of 〚 p 〛 f [\kern-2pt[ {p]\kern-2pt] }^{f} , the set of focus alternatives to p, that can satisfy the existential presupposition introduced by the question. However, po additionally signals that such a subset is non-factual, i.e., controversial, in w. A characterization of po as an element operating on sets of alternatives offers an important tool to investigate the numerous pragmatic readings conveyed by po and account for the restrictions in its distribution. The semantic properties of the po-interrogatives can, in fact, capture the mirative and counterfactual readings also attested in cognate forms in neighboring varieties. Thus, this analysis represents an important step in exploring a possible unified account.

Presuppositions in Steve Job’s Commencement Address at Stanford University on June 12, 2005

This study explores the utilization and impact of various types of presuppositions in Steve Jobs' Commencement Address at Stanford University on June 12, 2005. The data were analysed according to the models proposed by Karttunen, L. (n.d.). The analysis reveals that presuppositions are used extensively in this commencement address, which significantly contributes to the success of the speech. The data suggested that existential presuppositions predominate, comprising 63% of the analysed segments, thereby underscoring their integral role in the address. Structural triggers and lexical items were also significant, constituting 23% and 14% of the data, respectively. These findings reveal the nuanced and strategic deployment of presuppositions by Jobs to foster a deeper connection with his audience. The extensive use of presuppositions, especially existential ones, highlights a deliberate rhetorical strategy. By embedding assumed truths within his narrative, Jobs not only enhanced the speech’s relatability and engagement but also steered audience perception with minimal resistance. This tactic of embedding presuppositions allowed Jobs to convey his messages more effectively, ensuring they were received with open minds and minimal critical resistance.

Presuppositions in The Headline Structures of Skin1004 Selected Products

The analysis discussed about the presupposition in the headline structures of Skin1004 selected products. The aims of the analysis were to describe the categories of presupposition, and to investigate the functions of presupposition. The source of the data was found in the headline structures of Skin1004 selected products, which collected from Skin1004 Official Shop e-commerce. The analysis research method was applying descriptive qualitative method. The theories of analysis were applying Yule (1996) categories of presupposition theory and Ge (2011) functions of presupposition theory. The results of the discussion were found four categories of presupposition, which consisted with total thirty-five data sources, namely, existential presuppositions, factive presuppositions, lexical presuppositions, and counterfactual presuppositions. Meanwhile the functions of presupposition were found five functions, twenty-one functions of presupposition, namely, conciseness functions, interestingness functions, enlargement functions, emphasis functions, and persuasion functions. In the categories of presupposition contained in the headline structures of Skin1004 selected products were dominated by the lexical presupposition with total twelve data sources found. The functions of presupposition in the headline structures of Skin1004 were dominated by the emphasis functions with total six data sources found. The accumulation of presupposition found in the headline structures of Skin1004 selected products were fifty-six presuppositions. Based on the analysis that have been conducted, the lexical presupposition and emphasis function were closely related, since it described the advantages of the products in implicit method.

Types of Presupposition and Derivational Affix in the Novel Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen

<p>The aim of the research is 1) to analyze and clarify types of presupposition found in the Novel Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen. 2) to analyze derivational affixes found in Novel Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen. The research method is descriptive qualitative. The data of this research is gained from the novel which found 40 data of presupposition and 50 data of derivational affix. Analysis is fulfilled with each of the utterance is divided and distributed into six kind of presupposition, and every word/base that contain derivational affix is divided and distribute to nine affixation process explained by tree diagram. The result of the research is the Existential Presupposition is the first mostused with amount 11 data out of 40 data. Existential Presupposition has 27,5% in dialogue. Verb to Noun is the most dominant derivational affix process with total 12 data out of 50 data getting 24% portion.</p>

Существование как компонент семантики и коммуникативной парадигматики бытийных предложений

This paper examines the use of the term existence in describing semantics and communicative variation of constructions expressing spatial relations. In the first part of the paper, the semantic status of existence is examined, arguing that the senses of existence, contrary to current tradition in Russian linguistics, can be considered separately from the sense of spatial relations. In the second part of the paper, existence is shown to be an obligatory implicit component of all utterances describing specific objects, which can manifest itself as existential presupposition or part of the assertion. In the latter cases, existence can be viewed as one of the components of communicative variation of sentence as a linguistic unit, secondary to its primary meaning. In the third part of the paper, this approach to notion of existence is applied to the analysis of the syntactic structures that expresses spatial relations. A list of main communicative variants of this structure is examined to demonstrate that in every variant the existence of its subject can be represented as a given or new piece of information to the addressee. Three main senses in which existence and location are attested in describing these variants are discussed, including a purely semantic approach, an approach based on the position of rheme in functional sentence perspective, and an approach based on formal variants of the structure. All three approaches lead to different way of categorizing communicative variants while using the same terms, making their use for typological application difficult.

A Filipino-American Contrastive Study on Newspaper Genre: A Response to Post Pandemic Period

The study attempted to contrastively compare editorial headlines of two writing cultures, Filipino and American. The objectives of the study were identifying the types of editorial headlines employed in the Manila Bulletin (henceforth MB) and Washington Post (henceforth WP), determining the particular presupposition triggers evident in the two writing cultures, and providing pedagogical implications in light of the findings of the study. Sixty-two editorial headlines from MB and WP were utilized during the surge of the Omicron Variant, extracted from December 1, 2021 to January 31, 2022. The findings of the study revealed that American editorialists favored producing verbal headlines because of the low-culture attribution, directness and explicitness of American editorialists compared to its counterpart with its high-culture attribution, indirectness and implicitness of Filipino editorialists. As far as the usage of presupposition triggers are concerned in writing headlines, Filipino editorialists preferred to write existential presupposition triggers than what American editorialists did because Filipinos are perceived as reader-responsible, whereas Anglo-Americans are known as writer-responsible. Pedagogical implications and research directions were provided.

Presupposition Used in The Dialogue of The Main Character in The "How to Train Your Dragon: The Hidden World" Movie Script

This research aimed to find out the types of presupposition and also the function of the utterances that consist presupposition in main character (Hiccup) dialogues with other characters in that movie. This research conducted by using Yule (1996) theory about types presupposition and also by using Searle in Levinson (1983) about types of language function to analysed the data. From the main character utterance, the data collected with descriptive approaches and suitable with the context and identified them based on pragmatics aspect about presupposition. From 107 data, the researcher found 5 types of presupposition, those are existential presupposition, structural presupposition, lexical presupposition, factive presupposition and counter-factual presupposition. The dominant types of presupposition is lexical presupposition. The researcher also found the language function in each types of presupposition, the first one is from existential presupposition there are 3 language functions such as representative, directive and declarative, from structural presupposition, there are 3 language functions they are representative, directive and expressive, from factive presupposition, there are 3 language function they are representative, expressive and declarative, from lexical presupposition, there are 5 language function they are representative, directive, commissive, expressive and declarative, and from counter-factual presupposition, there are 2 language function they are representative and expressive. The dominant language function in each type of presupposition is representative language function.

A Study of Presupposition and Conversational Implicatures in the Comic Strip of “The Diary of a Wimpy Kid”

This study aims at exploring the application of presupposition and conversational implicature in communication within comic strips from pragmatics field of study as proposed by Yule, (2006). The research design of this study is a qualitative design. The data were utterances and sentences in "The Diary of a Wimpy Kid" comic strip. This study reveals that there were four types of presuppositions implemented by the characters in “The Diary of A Wimpy Kid” comic, namely counter-factual presupposition, existential presupposition, factive presupposition, and lexical presupposition. Additionally, the research revealed that the characters in the comic employ two distinct forms of conversational implicatures: generalized conversational implicatures and particularized conversational implicatures.

The Realization of Presuppositions in Harry Potter Philosopher’s Stone

This study aimeld at investigating the realization of presupposition in Harry Potter philosopher’s stone and the implication of presupposition on the teaching of English as a foreign language in Indonesia. Thel design of this study focused on pragmatic analysis, and this study employed a qualitative approach. This relselarch useld script and movie of Harry Potter philosophers stone as thel sourcel of thel data. The researcher used an instrument based on the theory proposed by Yule’s (1996). The categories are existential presupposition, structural presupposition, counter factual presupposition, factive presupposition, non-factive presupposition, and lexical presupposition. The finding of this research shows that five among the six types of presupposition were found in the movie. The whole data of the types of presupposition are 58 data, 19 are Existential Presupposition, 14 are Structural Presupposition, 13 are Factive Presupposition, 11 are Counter Factual Presupposition, 1 is Non-Factive Presupposition, and the last 0 Lexical Presupposition found in Harry Potter philosopher’s stone movie. And all the types of presupposition implied on teaching English as a foreign language through various manners. Presupposition is the important thing, thus the writer suggests the readers of this research, the listeners of a speech, the politician and the next researcher that understanding the presupposition and its types will reduce the misunderstanding in a communication and give more information than just stated.

Analysis of Presupposition in John Mulaney’s Stand Up Comedy

This study aims to analyze the types of presupposition used in Stand Up Comedy “There's a Horse in The Hospital” By John Mulaney on YouTube and to describe the most dominant type of presupposition by using Yule’s theory. This research used descriptive qualitative method. The data were examined in the form of words, sentences or utterances that contain presuppositions. The findings showed that there were 31 data of presuppositions which consisted of 18 existential presuppositions, 4 factive presuppositions, 4 lexical presuppositions, 2 structural presuppositions, 1 non-factive presupposition, and 2 counterfactual presuppositions. Existential presupposition is the most dominant type which can be seen from the larger amount and percentage of data than others.

PRAANGGAPAN PEMERAN FILM LAYANGAN PUTUS KARYA BENNI SETIAWAN

This research is a qualitative research with the aim of describing the types and meanings of presuppositions contained in the actors of the demands in the film Layangan Putus by Benni Setiawan. The research data is the story of the actors in the film Kite Disconnect. The source of the data in this study was the film Layangan Disconnect which was downloaded via the WeTV application. Data collection techniques are document techniques, observation, listening, and note taking. The results of the study show that the types and meanings of the presuppositions contained in the speech in the film Layangan Putus by Benni Setiawan are factual presuppositions stating the meaning of real information or a fact, non-active presuppositions stating meanings that are not true or unreal, counterfactual presuppositions stating the meaning of something that is wrong and contrary to reality, Existential presuppositions state the meaning of identity existence, structural presuppositions state the use of question words to state information that is considered true, and lexical presuppositions state implied or different meanings from what is said. dominant lexical presuppositions were found, while few counterfactual presuppositions.

Presuppositions Contain Code-Mixing in the Jeda Nulis Podcast and Their Implications in Expository Text Learning


 
 
 The Jeda Nulis podcast has become one of the channels that offers a lot of engaging discussions and interesting content related to current issues. The objectives of this research are to describe the types of presupposition containing code-switching in the Jeda Nulis podcast, explain the factors causing code-switching in presuppositions within the Jeda Nulis podcast, and discuss the implications of the Jeda Nulis podcast in teaching expository texts to high school students (Class X). This study utilizes a qualitative approach, and the data sources are the host Habib Ja’far and guest speaker Onad. The data were obtained from language activities in a video podcast that was aired on YouTube on December 31, 2021. The research data consist of presuppositional discourse containing code-switching and the factors causing code-switching in presuppositions. Data collection techniques include documentation, observation, and note-taking. The analysis of the data reveals various types of presuppositions containing code-switching, such as existential presupposition, factual presupposition, nonfactual presupposition, lexical presupposition, structural presupposition, and counterfactual presupposition. The factors causing code-switching in presuppositions include limitations in code use, the use of more popular terms, the speaker's characteristics, the desire for prestige, the main topic of discussion, language variety and register, the interlocutor, and the use of humor.
 
 

Serious Actualism, Typography, and Incompossible Sentences

AbstractSerious actualists take it that all properties are existence entailing. I present a simple puzzle about sentence tokens which seems to show that serious actualism is false. I then consider the most promising response to the puzzle. This is the idea that the serious actualist should take ordinary property-talk to contain an implicit existential presupposition. I argue that this approach does not work: it fails to generalise appropriately to all sentence types and tokens. In particular, it fails to capture the right distinctions we ought to make between what I call typographical sentence types—an interesting and previously undiscussed class of fine-grained sentence types which are partially individuated by their typography, or how they look when written out.

An Analysis of Presuppositions in the Victory Speech of President Joe Biden

"Pragmatics is the study of the meaning of a speaker's utterance," according to Yule (1996:3).At the same time it’s the hearer, who deduces the meaning of the utterance from the context of what the speaker wants to convey. Speakers generally make indirect assumptions about the true picture of the situation in everyday status quo, and the meaning or comprehension of what is stated may be altered by the speaker's preconceptions (Haji, and Mohammed, 2019). On this note the notion of presupposition arises. Presupposition is defined as the speaker's implicit but communicated assumption. (Levinson, 1983) As a corollary, the intent of this present descriptive qualitative study is to investigate many types of presuppositions, their triggers and their relevance in Joe Biden's Victory Speech. Additionally, this discourse analysis research investigates what types of presuppositions, and their triggers are used by Biden, as well as it explores in depth the most prominent type of presupposition in the chosen speech. Yule's theory of presupposition classifies presupposition into six categories: existential presupposition, factual presupposition, lexical presupposition, structural presupposition, non-factual presupposition, and counterfactual presupposition. The study's data is comprised of statements that involve presupposition triggers. Levinson's list of lexical and syntactic triggers is adapted to identify presuppositions.The analysis of Biden’s speech has shown that the president heavily depends on lexical level triggers that have ranked first scoring eight hundred ninety-four occurrences, this means that this level triggers have effect on the speech. The topmost sub category trigger is Noun clauses that are the most prominent one with 683 occurrences. There were one hundred and eleven syntactic level triggers amongst which thirty-four of them are temporal clauses. It was also determined that, like every other speech, Biden's speech is laden with existential presupposition type (82.28%) and every other type of presuppositions has been identified in the president’s speech. The finding of a large number of triggers in this work would aid both linguistic and pedagogical domains.