Existence Of Contradictions Research Articles

Unveiling the roadblocks: exploring substance use disorder treatment policies in Iran through a qualitative lens

BackgroundDifferent countries, including Iran, have implemented various policies to address substance use disorder. This study aims to describe the policies related to substance use disorder treatment and identify challenges related to these policies in Iran since the beginning of the Iranian Revolution in 1979.MethodsThis qualitative study utilized document analysis and interviews with policymakers and implementers. We reviewed a total of 22 documents related to substance use disorder treatment and harm reduction. The results from document analysis complemented and validated the interview data. The research population comprised policymakers and implementers, including individuals directly involved in formulating and implementing substance use disorder treatment policies. Purposive sampling was employed, with a snowball strategy utilized to maximize diversity. Data saturation was achieved after conducting 32 semi-structured interviews. Conventional content analysis was used for data analysis.ResultsIn general, the policy landscape for substance use disorder treatment in the Islamic Republic of Iran can be divided into two periods: the “Moral Model” era (1979–1993) and the “Disease Model” era (1993–present). Challenges within the content of substance use disorder treatment policies in Iran encompass the lack of law revisions, existence of contradictions in laws and nature of disease, the absence of evidence-based policymaking, and an inadequate comprehensive perspective on the phenomenon of substance use disorder.ConclusionsThe presence of multiple authorities with different perspectives on substance use disorder and its treatment, coupled with the application of personal preferences in policymaking and the absence of evidence-based policymaking, have contributed to weaknesses in decision-making and policy formulation. The true philosophy of Disease Model appears not to have been fully grasped by health policymakers in Iran, as all Disease Model policies have been pursued with an emphasis on abstinence and quitting. Iran and other nations facing similar challenges should place more reliance on evidence-based approaches and shift away from the “Moral Model” paradigm to develop more effective substance use disorder treatment policies.

Nikolai Bulganin and Nikita Khrushchev in Burma in 1955: thaw, decolonization, and ambivalences of the Soviet official language

In the article, the author examines the function of ambiguity and contradiction in the Soviet official political language of the Thaw period in the context of internal and external political transformations. The two-volume publication, entitled “Mission of Friendship: N.A. Bulganin and N.S. Khrushchev’s Visit to India, Burma, Afghanistan”, published in 1956 and dedicated to the journey undertaken a year prior, serves as the principal source. Recent historiography has devoted significant attention to the internal contradictions and inconsistency of Soviet policy, particularly the clash between domestic and foreign policy objectives in the context of decolonisation processes from the 1950s to the 1970s. This shift in focus has marked a notable departure from the dominant theoretical perspective of totalitarianism. In examining the case of Bulganin and Khrushchev’s visit to Burma, the author seeks to discern the underlying contradictions, their degree of explicitness in the official Soviet text, and their impact on foreign and domestic policy. The analysis reveals that the ambivalence evident in the official narrative was, in large part, a strategic maneuver, though in many instances, it was the product of ad hoc improvisation aimed at harmonizing disparate political objectives. The existence of contradictions and ambivalences enabled the emergence of disparate political discourses, which undermined the rigidity of the official Soviet rhetoric while simultaneously rendering it more adaptable and malleable.

Актуальные вопросы в части развития института интеллектуальной собственности Союзного государства

In the article it is analyzed the legal regulations of the Union State regarding intellectual property issues. The position is formulated about the lack of uniformity of terminology used in the provisions of acts of the Union State, as well as about the existence of contradictions between the norms of the Annex to the Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of Belarus on scientific, technical and innovative cooperation “Intellectual property and confidential information” with domestic legislation. A proposal has been made to unify the terminology of the regulatory legal framework of the Union State in accordance with the conceptual and categorical apparatus of the domestic legislation of the participating states. According to the analysis of the problem of legitimization of parallel trading, various requirements of domestic legislation in relation to the regulation of parallel trading on the territory of the member states of the Union State have been identified. A proposal is being formulated to develop unified approaches to compiling a catalog of production containing intellectual property objects may to be imported into the regions of the Union State.

Inconsistency in freedom of contract for banking dispute resolution in Indonesia

This research interprets the manner and existence of contradictions in POJK No. 61/POJK.07/2020's declaration regarding the freedom of contract while choosing banking dispute resolution forums. Primary and secondary legal materials comprise most of the secondary data in this normative legal study. The information was gathered from the literature and examined using analytical and interpretive methods. The study's findings emphasised how Indonesian banking dispute resolution forums are chosen inconsistently with the idea of freedom of contract. The findings demonstrated the necessity of legal harmony in rulemaking to guarantee the coherence and consistency of all legal principles underlying different laws. This article argues that legal harmony is essential for aligning various legal concepts across diverse regulations and significantly contributes to the identification of the policy's inconsistency, which restricts the ability to choose a banking dispute settlement venue without restriction. The findings of this study may provide the basis for more research on how the policy affects banks and their clients. The findings could also be used as a reference for policymakers to improve the current policy and to ensure that the principle of freedom of contract is preserved in banking dispute resolution. Overall, this research provides valuable insights into the current policy and its impact on the banking industry in Indonesia.

Analysis of the Application of Unlawful Act Elements in Corruption Crime Cases against North Sulawesi Bank Debtors (Review of Decision Number 11/Pid.Sus-TPK/2021/PN Gto)

This research was conducted to determine the extent to which material criminal law was applied in the panel of judges' consideration of elements of unlawful acts in cases of criminal acts of corruption where the defendant was a debtor who had defaulted (bad credit) on his loan installments. Knowing the extent to which judges provide legal considerations using the lex specialist derogate generaly principle approach, as well as the existence of contradictions between Constitutional Court Decision Number 003/PUU-IV/2006 in the criminal justice practice order. The results of this research show that judges still apply unlawfulness in a positive function first without conducting an in-depth study and truly exploring whether the act is indeed an act that is considered evil and reprehensible to the wider community. Judges, in looking at the unlawful nature of material law, must consider the unlawful nature of the law in its negative function, not only in its positive function, so that actions carried out, even though they meet the formulation of an offense but do not violate negative material law, can be used as a justification that does not harm the state, does not benefit themselves, other people and corporations and the perpetrator's legal obligations are not subject to punishment.

Legal status of neural: through the prism of judicial practice

The article analyzes the practical side of understanding neural networks in the legal aspect on the basis of case law of the USA, UK, Australia, EU and China and foreign legislation, in particular, the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988; the Digital Millennium Copyright Act; the Indian Copyright Act; the Irish Copyright and Related Rights Act; the New Zealand Copyright Act, with practical examples.
 The following main aspects of neural networks functioning are mentioned: copyright subjects; the place of the object generated by a neural network in the legal dimension; neural network training materials, ways of obtaining them, and conflict issues.
 The current case law on neural networks and objects generated by them is divided into the following thematic groups: disputes concerning the determination of the copyright holder, establishment of legal personality and aimed at confirming the universal rule regarding an individual as an author; cases focusing on the possibility of copyright protection of specific objects generated by a particular neural network; disputes concerning the formation of a legal dimension for neural network training materials.
 Modeled groups of situations that may be reflected in different circumstances of the functioning of a neural network and artificial intelligence. The author emphasizes the legally significant component of a neural network. Attention is drawn to the doctrine of fair use and the concept of «temporary acts of reproduction», together with their sources and main features. Potentially negative consequences of copyright infringement by neural networks are also outlined.
 As conclusions, identified gaps in the legal regulation of neural networks and objects generated by them, which is reflected, in particular, in the lack of practical significance of a number of legal norms and doctrines in the context of dispute resolution and the existence of contradictions in the ideas regarding the criteria of originality and important nuances in cases of establishing or denying copyright infringement within the process of training neural networks on specific materials. The author emphasizes the need for further research in the field of law and technology.

SHAPING THE FUTURE OF ISLAMIC BANKING AND FINANCE: A LEGAL PERSPECTIVE

After the inception of Islamic banking and finance (IBF) in the global financial industry, IBF became a new alternative form of ethical finance based on Islamic economic thought. According to classical thought, the essence of Islamic economics is not to prohibit making a profit but to prioritize people’s well-being and, hence, enjoy the profit. This study examines the regulation and functioning of Islamic financial institutions (IsFIs), including their compliance with Sharia law. It explores the ethical considerations surrounding IsFIs by examining how their financial services align with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The study aims to shed light on the challenges and opportunities within the IBF sector, ultimately contributing to a deeper understanding of its role in promoting ethical finance and sustainable development. This study employs an empirical legal research approach to investigate the legal framework of IBF. The results reveal that by effectively highlighting ethical foundations and objectives, Islamic finance will attract a larger market of Muslims and arouse the interest of a wider audience of stakeholders who are not just interested in avoiding financial transactions that support prohibited practices. The findings of this study suggest that a major obstacle to the massive growth of the Islamic banking and finance sector is the existence of contradictions that depend especially on the excessively liberal accreditation of Islamic banks as “Sharia compliant.”

GOVERNMENT LAW IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF VILLAGE DEVELOPMENT IN WONOKERTO

This study discusses the contradiction between Village Law Number 6 of 2014, which states that villages have the authority to regulate and take care of their own households. However, the regulation clashes with its derivative regulation, namely Permendes Number 21 of 2020 concerning General Guidelines for Village Development and Village Community Empowerment. The contradiction occurs in a clause of the Village Law, namely Village Regulation based on: recognition; subsidiary; Diversity; Togetherness; mutual cooperation; Family; deliberation; democracy; Independence; participation; Equality; Empowerment; and sustainability. The principles of recognition, democracy and independence then clash with the Ministerial Regulation which regulates the policy direction of: Village Development and Village Community Empowerment policy direction; Village Development; Village Community Empowerment; and monitoring, evaluation, supervision, and coaching. This research uses the Theory of Utility, Utility is always associated with Jeremy Benthamdan's theory of utilitarianism and Hans Kelsen's Grundnorm theory. The purpose of the law must meet three aspects, namely Justice, Certainty, and Utility. The research method in this study uses an exploratory qualitative method with the type of case study research. The location of this research was carried out in Wonokerto Village, Kapanewon Turi, Sleman Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta. The results of this study show that Constructing interests, pragmatism, and formality are often the basis for making a policy. This also happened in the making of Permendes No. 21 of 2020 concerning General Guidelines for Village Development and Village Community Empowerment. The existence of contradictions between one rule and another is a domino effect on the making of government policies under it, even at the village level. Formality policies such as the existence of an application, instead of providing benefits to the village community, actually make it difficult for the community. Villages are increasingly exclusive and the top-down policy is also the impact of the authority of the village which is castrated by the rules under the Village Law.

The political deduction and building political security In Sudan post of 2019


 
 
 
 The political deduction in political security issues has become one of the topics that related with the attention of researchers and specialists. On the philosophical level, the deduction based on a certain reason to be as the basis for proving a specific issue that cannot be tackled by the existence of contradictions between two extremes - paradigm (Security and Instability). So that, the future of political security in Sudan is still instability, although the international community's ability to impose their Comprehensive Peace Agreement since February 2005, and according to the requirements of what included in the clauses of the agreement to complete the procurement of democratic transition period, as for the Sudanese opposition forces and the Sudan People's Liberation Movement which are represented the real partners of power. So, the ability of the National Congress Party at that time could have power to consolidate its inclusiveness as a dominant political party.
 From the another hand, the possibilities to infer the dimensions of political security in Sudan are ready to restore the army’s control over the political life, but with the need to maintain the settlement of critical political issues according to a new criteria that take into account the demands of civil forces; However, the civilian leadership was still inactive by as a result of internal divisions and rivalries within, so that the local, regional and international pressures remain to be the only source of strength to achieve a kind of consensus and satisfaction to overcome the critical period and accomplish what can be achieved for the benefit of the political security for Sudan, at the present and future alike. Finally, the absence of mechanisms for managing the divergent interests between civil and military leaders may lead to an unstable civil-military alliance, and they concern about losing of the whole absolute privileges and powers that they enjoyed during the past three decades for the rule of former President Omar al-Bashir, leaving the civilian leadership in 2019 to be as a drastically situation in its inability to form a united front that pushed towards neutralizing the military’s authority or resorting to confront a new period as a returning of violence as what happened in the past. As for the multiplicity of factors affecting on the political security crisis in Sudan, it meant that there is no real solution to subsequent crises in the future, so that the possibility of shifting towards civilian rule remains the only way to manage differences. And the differences between civilians and military alike might erupted at any reason or incentive.
 
 
 

Current approaches to state housing policy

The housing sector is the most important area of society’s development, in which housing needs are met. The article presents the results of a study of the state housing policy in the modern large city of St. Petersburg.The paper presents the results of a study of the state housing policy in the modern large city of St. Petersburg. The article identifies the most significant trends in the transformation of the housing sector of the Russian Federation, shows the inconsistency of the processes of their implementation. The necessity of taking into account the positive experience of minimizing social inequality in the housing sector is substantiated. Attention is drawn to the existence of contradictions in the priorities of the State Program ≪Providing citizens of the Russian Federation with affordable and comfortable housing≫, which results in the restriction of the right of citizens to meet their housing needs.It seems that the analysis of contradictory trends in the development of the housing sector, which is the purpose of the presented work, will be a definite contribution to the study of the modern housing sector in Russia, as well as the development of practical recommendations aimed at improving the state housing policy and its implementation.

Political, Legislative and Institutional Frameworks for the Governance of Water Resources’ Ecosystem Services in Benin

Ecosystem services play an important role for the balance of biodiversity and for social well-being. The management of ecosystem services around water resources is governed by several political documents and laws, and involves several actors. Current reforms calling for co-management raise questions about the sustainability of ecosystem service management models around water resources. This article discusses the contours of the legal framework and the institutional mechanism for water resources and their ecosystem services management in Benin. Therefore, the majority of the policy documents set up in the framework of natural resources management were consulted during data collection. Content analysis method was used to analyse these documents.Results show that the governance of water resources and their ecosystem services in Benin is guided by several national political texts inspired by international institutions set up. In Benin, water resources management is based on the declination at national level of the various international and regional agreements ratified by the country. Water resources governance is placed under the responsibility of several political, administrative and civil society actors, in a well-defined role-play system.It is based on vision and strategy documents, action programs, budget programs and the National Water Policies, including the Law 044-2010 of November 24, 2010 on water management. However, the processes for implementing these texts do not guarantee the sustainable management of the resources. Indeed, the implementation texts of most of the laws are often not developed, and where they are, they are not widely popularised. There is also a mismatch between adopted legal rules and ancestral cultures and customs. Finally, we noted in the laws and policies,the existence of contradictions, ambiguities and overlapping of responsibilities of the actors in the governance of these resources.

Five Years of the EU Energy Union: Myth or Reality?

The article analyzes the results of the EU Energy Union activities from 2015 to 2019 and its contribution to the shaping of the European Union common energy policy. The significance of the activities of the EU Energy Union in promoting a common energy policy is considered in three dimensions: external, internal and in the field of establishing a management system. The author notes a huge increase in the influence of the European Commission on the formation of EU common energy policy, the existence of contradictions between the provisions of the Lisbon Treaty and the actual powers of the European Commission in terms of energy, as well as the continuing dichotomy among the EU member states on the issue of energy communitarisation. It is indicated that the establishment of a clear and predictable management system for the EU Energy Union made a significant contribution to the strengthening of European Commission‟s energy authority. Concluding that the European Commission is doing its best in the formation of a common external energy policy, the author draws attention to the potential internal and external difficulties that the European Commission faces in pursuing a policy aimed at strengthening its powers in the energy field.

Modeling of the Investment Program Formation Process of Ecological Management of the Agrarian Cluster

The existence of contradictions between the natural environment and economic activity, including the functioning of agricultural clusters, has led to the need to transfer production to a qualitatively new level, associated with adaptation to environmental conditions. In this regard, the objective of this study is to develop algorithms and economic-mathematical models for environmental safety assessment and decision support in the environmental management system of the agricultural cluster. The article formulates criteria for assessing the environmental safety of agricultural enterprises, which are divided by types of environmental performance of the agricultural cluster (impact on the environment, impact on workers of enterprises participating in the cluster, impact on the environment and people through agricultural cluster products). On the basis of the specified criteria the algorithm of ecological management system estimation of the enterprises-participants of an agrarian cluster is constructed. As a result of the study, an economic and mathematical model of the formation of the investment program of the agricultural cluster was developed, aimed at protecting the environment and improving the environmental situation in general.

Анализ требований нормативных документов, регламентирующих подтверждение сроков годности хлебобулочных изделий

The article presents biological hazards that are assessed as part of the confirmation of shelf life using the example of frozen Carponat pizza, in accordance with the current regulatory documentation. Physicochemical quality indicators are considered, which are also monitored within the framework of this program. Their compliance with regulatory documents has been established. The analysis conducted by the authors showed the existence of contradictions in the current regulatory documents not only in terms of quality and safety indicators, but also in accordance with the basic principle of the Federal Law of 31.07.2020 № 247-FZ «On Mandatory Requirements in the Russian Federation».

Study of the infl uence of information and communication tools on the psychophysiological state of schoolchildren on the basis of subjective evaluation

The relevance of the article is determined by the existence of contradictions between the need to introduce innovative technologies into the educational process at school, as an integral attribute of modern education, and the negative influence of factors on the physical and psycho-emotional state of health of students related to the use of information and communication tools (computers, phones, headphones). The goal of the study was to assess the relationship between the timing of the use of information and communication tools and the frequency of functional and psycho-emotional complaints in groups of middle and high school schoolchildren. 400 schoolchildren of the Saratov Region, the Moscow Region, Leningrad Region and the Republic of Dagestan were surveyed, who made up two groups of research: middle-school schoolchildren (grades 5–6) and high-school schoolchildren (grades 10–11 The survey was carried out by means of the standardized formalized cards which included the questions considering usage time of computers and mobile phones, complaints to a headache, hands pain, other pain and/or feeling of discomfort from visual organ and the organs of hearing, as well as a psycho-emotional state. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using the STATISTICA application software program by StatSoft Inc (USA). To compare the frequencies of a binary feature, a fourfold table of absolute frequencies was constructed and the level of statistical significance for the exact Fisher’s two-tailed test criterion was determined. The study was conducted according to the requirements of bioethics, after signing informed consent statement by teenagers and their parents. The study examined the relationship between the timing of the use of information and communication tools and the frequency of complaints in groups of schoolchildren. The results of the study should be taken into account when developing and implementing preventive measures to prevent negative effects of computers and mobile devices on the body of students.

ВИНИКНЕННЯ СЕПАРАТИЗМУ ТА ЙОГО РОЛЬ У ВНУТРІШНЬОПОЛІТИЧНИХ ПРОЦЕСАХ ПОЛІЕТНІЧНИХ ДЕРЖАВ

У статті проаналізовано концептуальний підхід до дослідження сепаратизму, що передбачає територіально-політичний рух, мета котрого – відокремлення від країни частини її території та створення незалежної держави. Сепаратизм призводить до порушення єдності, суверенітету й територіальної цілісності держави, принципу непорушності кордонів. Уточнено сутність поняття досліджуваного феномену. Визначено терміни «сепаратизм» і «політика сепаратизму», виявлено специфіку сепаратизму в контексті інших етнооб’єднавчих і етнороз’єднавчих рухів. Виокремлено функціональні моделі політики сепаратизму, що проводяться з урахуванням характеру стратегічних цілей суб’єктів сепаратизму й типу панівних у певний історичний період міжнародних відносин. Розкрито суть подвійної природи сепаратизму, його специфіку на двох рівнях – внутрішньополітичному та міжнароднополітичному. Звертається увага на регіональні різновиди сепаратизму: західноєвропейський (нараховує вісім проявів сепаратизму); східноєвропейський (13 проявів сепаратизму); ісламський (шість проявів сепаратизму); азіатський (14 проявів сепаратизму); африканський (шість проявів сепаратизму); американський (чотири прояви сепаратизму). Доведено, що сепаратизм має глибокі історичні корені, котрі пов’язані з існуванням суперечності між історичними традиціями взаємодії держав на принципах державного суверенітету й непорушності кордонів, з одного боку, та принципах права націй на самовизначення, що утвердилися в практиці міжнародних відносин і передбачають можливість формування незалежних держав, осередків сепаратизму у світі, накладають відбиток на політико-географічне положення території. До вироблення конкретних рекомендацій стосовно зниження ризиків сепаратизму може призвести розуміння механізмів цього впливу.

EXISTENCE OF NORMS OF LAW AS A PROBLEM IN DEONTIC LOGIC

Problem setting. The existence of the rule of law as a problem of deontic logic is defined in the plane of logical and ontological problems of law, its origin is connected with the Jorgensen dilemma. The study of legal norms as existing established their inconsistency with the ideal of rational science. The existence of contradictions and gaps in the law does not correspond to the principles of consistency and completeness. The study of existing legal norms requires the further development of deontic concepts, clarification of the criteria for the existence and logical significance of legal norms, the development of formalization, and so on.Recent research and publications analysis. The origin of deontic logic is associated with the name of Aristotle, later it was systematically investigated by G.V. F. Leibniz, I. Bentham, in the twentieth century it was finally formed. In the works of S. Mali, A. Hoffler, E. Menger, an axiomatic system for describing deontic concepts was created. The problem of the existence of legal norms in deontic logic was posed in the work “Deontic Logic” by G. von Wrigt and later investigated in the writings of K. Alchurron and E. V. Bulygin, who analyzed the completeness and consistency of the legal system, conflicts in legislation and “white spots” "in the right. They first created the formal theory of norms as a second-order logical theory. In Ukraine, research on deontic logic was carried out by A. E. Konversky, S. I. Maksimov, E. N. Yurkevych and others.Paper objective. The purpose of the study is to reveal the problem of the existence of rules of law in terms of the tasks of logical analytics, the level of development of logical tools in deontic logic, taking into account and deepening knowledge of the logic of practical thinking of lawyers.Paper main body. Modern deontic logic explores logical forms and the rules for their application in normative contexts. These contexts are sets of prescriptive and descriptive statements. The deontic concept connects the content of the utterance with a certain action under certain conditions. This creates the character of the norm. Systems of deontic logic are based on the traditional logic of utterances and the interdependence of deontic concepts (“forbidden”, “obligatory”, “allowed”). In deontic deduction, the conclusion is made by analogy with the action and is evaluated in terms of "justified" / "permissible", and not "true" / "false". The basic principles for the deontic system are the principles of deontic completeness and consistency. The existence of rules of law determines their strength and is associated with the establishment or termination of the regulatory relationship, which is the relationship between the authority and the subject of the norm. To consider the various aspects of normative relations, the concepts of different degrees of abstraction are taken: communication, utterance and proposition. The principle of consistency of the norm determines the possibility of its implementation, and hence the possibility of its existence. Conflicting rules issued by different authorities may exist ("conflict of will"). And the contradictory norms formulated by one instance mean the presence of irrational will. The introduction of the ontological criterion of rational / irrational will becomes crucial for the logic of practical thinking regarding the existence of legal norms. Conflicting norms in the same norms corpus cannot be simultaneously enforceable. In the formalization of deontic expressions, propositional norms are reduced to propositions about the existence of norms, provided that the norm is promulgated by a certain authority.Conclusions of the research. The development of the problem of the existence of rules of law in deontic logic has developed a logical methodology by deepening knowledge of ontological topics and logic of practical thinking, expanding the concept of the corpus of rules of law, rethinking the principles of consistency and completeness of the legal system, as well as the possibilities and symbolic instrumentalization, which logistical tools, symbolization of legal instance, clarification of logical meanings with respect to existing norms.

КОМПОНЕНТИ, КРИТЕРІЇ, ПОКАЗНИКИ ТА РІВНІ ГОТОВНОСТІ ВЧИТЕЛІВ ПОЧАТКОВОЇ ШКОЛИ ДО ПРОФЕСІЙНОЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ В УМОВАХ ІНКЛЮЗИВНОГО НАВЧАННЯ

Introduction. Scientific research is dedi- cated to the relevant pedagogical problem - readiness diagnostic of primary school teachers to educational activ- ity in the conditions of inclusive education. The problem is considered as existence of contradictions between social order on preparation of competent teacher, that is able to organize coeducation of children with the special educational needs and children with normal development as well as in the noncompliance with the requirements of the level of readiness of primary school teachers and insufficient educational-methodological and diagnostic provision of this process. The goal of this article is to separate the content-structural components of primary school teachers' readiness to the work in conditions of inclusive education, criteria, indicators and stages of teacher`s readiness to work in the conditions of inclusive education, that gives the opportunity to provide objective diagnostic. Stages of teachers` readiness are considered not only by degree of components readiness, criteria and indicators of its ap- pearance in professional activity, but also with taking into account the continuity and phasing of the process, gradu- al complication, expansion of spheres of activity, increas- ing the complexity of educational tasks in the professional context. On the basis of theoretical analysis and data generalization of experimental studies of my own pedagogical experience was founded, that teacher`s readiness to work in the inclusive education conditions is the unity of four components: motivational value, cognitive activity, personal reflective and communicative components. These components are realized by the motivational, axiological, cognitive-procedural, reflective and evaluative and communicative criteria. The same amount of indicators were selected for each component to optimize the process of diagnostics. According to the criteria, such stages of teachers` training for educational activity in the inclusive education conditions were separated: height, intermediate, middle and low.

MODELS OF AUTOMATION OF CONTROL OF THE TECHNICAL STATE OF MARINE TRANSPORT

Analysis of the operation of water transport vehicles indicates the existence of contradictions, which consists, on the one hand, in the need to increase the technical readiness of ship equipment to the intended use and failures in its operation. For this purpose, it is necessary to carry out constant control over its operation and implementation of the whole complex of periodic inspections and diagnostics. At the same time, such an approach significantly increases the cost of operating equipment and reduces the overall profitability of the fleet. On the other hand, attempts to maximize the cost reduction of maritime transport, leads to a decrease in the number of control measures, simplification of their procedures (regulations), with the conversion of the maximum number of diagnostic functions to technical means. In this aspect, the development of new methods for the technical operation of equipment, based on the use of modern automated procedures for determining the frequency and scope of diagnosis is relevant. The article defines the principles of automation of the technical condition of water transport means: the principle of coherence; the principle of integration; principle of independence of execution. It is determined that the most effective strategy is to improve the model of automated control of the technical condition of water transport vehicles, which, unlike existing ones, is based on Markov processes, the Runge-Kutta method of numerical solution of the system of Kolmogorov differential equations and a priori information about the intensity of transitions from state to state. Using the software implementation of the model significantly improves performance due to the ergonomics of the interface and reduced number of operations. The simulation of the technical condition of water transport using software developed indicates that the development is functional because the software meets all the needs of the user. The model is adequate, and this software is quite reliable. The program interface is user-friendly and ergonomic.

Умови формування ціннісних орієнтацій студентів у процесі освітньо-професійної діяльності

The article indicates the relevance of the research in terms of human’s revaluation and professional values; the pedagogical formation conditions of value orientations of future educators in the process of educational and professional activity; it indicates the existence of contradictions between the low level of formation of students’ value orientations and the need of communication in the spiritually developed personality of the preschool teacher between educational opportunities of educational subjects in a higher educational institution and the lack of their implementation in the educational practice. The article deals with the essence of the value orientation notion, which is a complex formation and one of the main individual characteristics in its relation to society and to itself, where we can find various levels of interaction of the internal and external, the comprehension of the surrounding world and the individual self, the specifics of the individual life experience, including needs, interests, ideals and abilities. It is noted that value orientations are performed in the process of formation of a teacher's personality as a function of behavior and activity regulators, and their formation and development are complex and long processes, which depend on many objective and subjective factors. The essence of the value relation to the profession is manifested through the conscious, individual, socially determined and positive-emotional responses to its components, it helps to understand them and to recognize the transformation of social models according to their implementation in practice. Educational and professional activities in the higher educational institution are considered as a condition for the realization of students’ creative possibilities, the activity is represented not only as a change of the reality surrounding, but as a transformation of the inner world of the individual. Those forms of interaction are perspective that activate their own educational initiative for students. It is noted that formation of values orientations for the future educator will be facilitated by such forms of class’s organization such as modeling of pedagogical situations, methods of active learning, familiarization with various methodical systems, original pedagogical ideas. Keywords : value orientation, value attitude, educational and professional activity, modeling.