Existence Of Branches Research Articles

The role of the legal service in the implementation of the systematization of legislation

The object of the study is public relations on the systematization of legislation and the activities of the legal service of a public authority. The subject of the study is public relations related to the work of the legal service of a public authority and a local government body on codification, consolidation, incorporation and accounting of normative legal acts. The author examines in detail such aspects of the topic as the formation of a classifier of legal acts, the development of a methodological basis for the classification of normative legal acts. Special attention is paid to the practical aspects of the classification of normative legal acts, as well as the need to create a Code of Laws of the Russian Federation based on the classifier. The historical background of the work on the systematization of legislation is analyzed. The role and powers of the legal service of the authority in the field of systematization of legislation are determined. The methodological basis of the research is philosophical and logical methods of cognition. Formal legal and comparative legal methods were used in the study of specific forms of systematization of normative legal acts. The novelty of the scientific research consists in studying the role of the legal service of a public authority and a local government body in carrying out work on the preparation of codified and consolidated normative legal acts. Legislative work should be systematic, which should be facilitated by the classifier of legal acts. It should be official in nature and contribute to the unification of legislation at both the federal and regional levels. It should also be based on the existence of branches in the legal system and branches of the legislative system when compiling the classifier headings. The subject criterion should be key and take into account the structure of the legal system and the system of legislation. The author comes to the conclusion that it is premature to start active work on the formation of the Code of Laws of the Russian Federation, since this is due to significant financial investments, as well as the lack of proper stability of legislation. Currently, there is an active formation of new legal institutions and the formation of new branches of law. Therefore, codification should come to the fore. Currently, not only the legal services of specific public authorities, but also private individuals, are doing an excellent job with the issues of incorporation and accounting.

A note on edge colorings and trees

AbstractWe point out some connections between existence of homogenous sets for certain edge colorings and existence of branches in certain trees. As a consequence, we get that any locally additive coloring (a notion introduced in the paper) of a cardinal κ has a homogeneous set of size κ provided that the number of colors μ satisfies . Another result is that an uncountable cardinal κ is weakly compact if and only if κ is regular, has the tree property, and for each there exists such that every tree of height μ with λ nodes has less than branches.

Risk factors for triatominae infestation in a municipality of Colombia.

Background:Identifying risk factors for Triatominae infestation is essential for the development of vector control interventions.Methods:To determine the intra- and peridomiciliary risk factors associated with triatomine infestation, a cross-sectional analytical study was carried out with random cluster sampling in two stages, which included the identification of risk factors by survey and direct observation, as well as the search and capture of triatomines. The detection of trypanosomes in triatomines was carried out by observing the rectal content and then by conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR).Results:In 21 of the 207 houses inspected, 13 specimens of R. colombiensis and 19 specimens of P. geniculatus were found. Entomological indices included: dispersion 36%, infestation 10%, infection 65%, colonization 4.7%, density 15%, and concentration 152%. An association was found between the presence of Triatominae and the existence of branches and fissures in the floors, as well as with the presence of accumulated objects and with knowledge about Chagas disease. The risk of having triatomines in urban homes is 5.7 times higher than the risk in rural areas [confidence interval (CI) 0.508–67.567]; 6.6 times in houses with cracked soil (CI 0.555–81.994), 6 times in houses located near caneys (CI 0.820–44.781), and 6.16 times with accumulated objects (CI 1.542–39.238).Conclusion:Chagas disease is a complex problem that requires control based on the vector’s elimination or surveillance, which implies identifying species and their distribution, generating alerts, knowledge, and awareness in the population. It is necessary to intensify surveillance activities for the event, especially in changing aspects of Chagas diseases’ transmission dynamics, such as urbanization and the type of housing associated with the vector’s presence.

Estimating activity cycles with probabilistic methods

Context. Debate over the existence of branches in the stellar activity-rotation diagrams continues. Application of modern time series analysis tools to study the mean cycle periods in chromospheric activity index is lacking.Aims. We develop such models, based on Gaussian processes (GPs), for one-dimensional time series and apply it to the extended Mount Wilson Ca H&K sample. Our main aim is to study how the previously commonly used assumption of strict harmonicity of the stellar cycles as well as handling of the linear trends affect the results.Methods. We introduce three methods of different complexity, starting with Bayesian harmonic regression model, followed by GP regression models with periodic and quasi-periodic covariance functions. We also incorporate a linear trend as one of the components. We construct rotation to magnetic cycle period ratio-activity (RCRA) diagrams and apply a Gaussian mixture model to learn the optimal number of clusters explaining the data.Results. We confirm the existence of two populations in the RCRA diagram; this finding is robust with all three methods used. We find only one significant trend in the inactive population, namely that the cycle periods get shorter with increasing rotation, leading to a positive slope in the RCRA diagram. This is in contrast with earlier studies, that postulate the existence of trends of different types in both of the populations. Our data is consistent with only two activity branches (inactive, transitional) instead of three (inactive, active, transitional) such that the active branch merges together with the transitional one. The retrieved stellar cycles are uniformly distributed over theRHK′activity index, indicating that the operation of stellar large-scale dynamos carries smoothly over the Vaughan-Preston gap. At around the solar activity index, however, indications of a disruption in the cyclic dynamo action are seen.Conclusions. Our study shows that stellar cycle estimates from time series the length of which is short in comparison to the searched cycle itself depend significantly on the model applied. Such model-dependent aspects include the improper treatment of linear trends, while the assumption of strict harmonicity can result in the appearance of double cyclicities that seem more likely to be explained by the quasi-periodicity of the cycles. In the case of quasi-periodic GP models, which we regard the most physically motivated ones, only 15 stars were found with statistically significant cycles against red noise model. The periodicities found have to, therefore, be regarded as suggestive.

Bangladesh: Southern Branch of the Silk Road

Over the last few years, a number of archaeological discoveries have been made that have raised questions and opened up possibly new understanding of the ancient history of Bangladesh. The findings at Wari–Bateshwar point to the possibility of a city-based civilization in the Ganges–Brahmaputra delta dating back to 4,000 BC. Another new discovery, which is being actively studied, is the possible existence of a branch of the Silk Road going through Bangladesh. A theoretical framework is required to guide an investigation as well as to acquire and interpret data. This paper explores a framework based on the existence of a southern branch of the Silk Road going through Bangladesh; and then goes on to study the impact that the existence of this route could have had on the history of Bangladesh and, in particular, on the advent of Islam.

Nonlinear Deformation and Branching of the Solutions of Boundary-Value Problems of the Theory of Shells with Delaminations Under External Pressure

We consider the structure of branching of the solution of a nonlinear boundary-value problem of the theory of shells in the case of cylindrical shell with delamination area subjected to the action of external pressure. To find the solution, we use the generalized Kantorovich method applied to the analysis of the corresponding boundary-value problem. The complete structure of branching is presented for the solutions of the problem. We establish the existence of branches of the solution both with forms of deformation and joint deformation of the layers and with forms of deformation and separate deformation of the layers in the delamination region.

Fluorescence-labelling for analysis of protein in starch using asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (AF4)

Starch is a mixture of amylose (AMY) and amylopectin (AMP) which are different in physical properties such as molar mass (M), rms radius (R g ) and hydrodynamic diameter (d H ). The rheological and functional properties of starch are influenced by various factors including the molecular size, molar mass distribution (MD) and the concentration ratio of AMY and AMP. It is also important to analyze proteinaceous material in starch as they affect the flavor and texture of food to which starch is added. In this study, asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) was employed for separation and quantitation of AMY and AMP in starches (Amaranth, potato, taros and quinoa). AF4 was coupled with a multi-angle light scattering (MALS) and a refractive index (RI) detector for determination of the absolute M, MD and molecular structure. It was found that AMP has the M and R g ranging 3.7 × 10 7 ~ 6.5 × 10 8 g/mol and 84 ~ 250 nm, respectively. Also the existence of branch was confirmed in higher M. In addition, proteinaceous material in starch was analyzed by AF4 coupled with a fluorescence detector (FS) after fluorescence-labeling. AF4-FS with fluorescence-labelling showed a potential for investigation on existence of proteinaceous material and the interaction between proteinaceous material and polysaccharide in starch.

Periodic perturbations of constrained motion problems on a class of implicitly defined manifolds

We study forced oscillations on differentiable manifolds which are globally defined as the zero set of appropriate smooth maps in some Euclidean spaces. Given a T-periodic perturbative forcing field, we consider the two different scenarios of a nontrivial unperturbed force field and of perturbation of the zero field. We provide simple, degree-theoretic conditions for the existence of branches of T-periodic solutions. We apply our construction to a class of second-order differential-algebraic equations.

Influence of long-chain branching extent in polyethylenes on molecular weight and molecular weight distribution predicted via rheological analysis

This work highlights the potential of rheological analysis as an alternative powerful tool for estimation of molecular weight (MW) and molecular weight distribution (MWD) in terms of long-chain branching (LCB) extent in polyethylenes (PE). Different PE samples with different branching structure (mLLDPE, mVLDPE, LDPE, LLDPE, and LDPE/LLDPE blends) were prepared and their viscoelastic behavior was studied. The results showed that in metallocene samples a suitable agreement existed between the MWDs determined both experimentally and also by rheological data evaluation, while in the rest of samples this agreement was not so good. It seems that the presence of branching in LDPE and LLDPE makes this difference significant, while the absence of branching in metallocene samples caused suitable agreement between the results of predictions and measurements. In blend samples, this significant difference was attributed to existence of branching and also to noncompatibility of polymer components in some blend ratios. The results showed that normalized relaxation time spectrum is a good measure for qualitative comparison of MWDs of various samples. Applying Thimm Kernel function and relaxation modulus data in generalized mixing rule, the calculated MW and MWD of PE samples (without LCB) showed good agreement with the experimental results with high accuracy.

Periodic solutions of semi-explicit differential-algebraic equations with time-dependent constraints

Abstract In this paper we investigate the properties of the set of T-periodic solutions of semi-explicit parametrized differential-algebraic equations with non-autonomous constraints of a particular type. We provide simple, degree-theoretic conditions for the existence of branches of T-periodic solutions of the considered equations. Our approach is based on topological arguments as regards differential equations on implicitly defined manifolds, combined with elementary facts of matrix analysis. MSC: 34A09, 34C25, 34C40.

In-situ compatibilization of poly(lactic acid) and poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) blends by using dicumyl peroxide as a free-radical initiator

Abstract In-situ compatibilized poly(lactic acid)/poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PLA/PBAT) blends are prepared by using dicumyl peroxide (DCP) as a free radical initiator. The in-situ compatibilization leads to a reduction in PBAT domain size and an enhancement in their interfacial adhesion. The storage modulus (G′) and complex viscosity (η*) of the blends are increased with increasing DCP content. Meanwhile, a solid-like behavior is observed in the low frequency zone indicating an existence of branching and network structures in the blends. The mechanical properties of the PLA are improved by incorporation of the PBAT with the in-situ compatibilization, e.g. the elongation at break is increased from 4% to 300% and the notched Izod impact toughness is increased from 28 J/m to 110 J/m. The morphology of local deformation reveals that internal PBAT cavitation, interfacial debonding and matrix yielding are responsible for the tensile toughness of PLA/PBAT blends while matrix yielding is proposed to be the dominating toughening mechanism for the in-situ compatibilized blends. In addition, hydrolysis test displays that the hydrolytic behavior of the PLA was not affected obviously by the PBAT and the in-situ compatibilization.

Yeast and fungal cell-wall polysaccharides can self-assemblein vitrointo an ultrastructure resemblingin vivoyeast cell walls

Polysaccharides account for more than 90% of the content of fungal cell walls, but the mechanism underlying the formation of the architecture of the cell walls, which consist of microfibrils embedded in an amorphous wall matrix, remains unknown. We used electron microscopy to investigate ten different fungal cell-wall polysaccharides to determine whether they could self-assemble into the fibrillar or amorphous component of fungal cell walls in a test tube without enzymes. The ultrastructures formed by precipitating β-1,3-glucan and β-1,6-glucan are different depending on the existence of branching in the molecule. Linear β-1,3-glucan and linear β-1,6-glucan precipitate into a fibrillar ultrastructure. Branched β-1,6-glucan, mannan and glycogen precipitates are amorphous. Branched β-1,3-glucan forms a fibrillar plus amorphous ultrastructure. Self-assembly among combinations of different linear and branched cell-wall polysaccharides results in an ultrastructure that resembles that of a yeast cell wall, which suggests that self-assembly of polysaccharides may participate in the development of the three-dimensional architecture of the yeast cell wall.

Nonsmooth Bifurcation Problems in Finite Dimensional Spaces Via Scaling of Variables

We consider a nonsmooth bifurcation equation depending on a small parameter \({\varepsilon > 0}\) . In Theorem 1 we provide conditions ensuring the existence of branches of solutions, smoothly depending on \({\varepsilon}\) , emanating from a curve of solutions of the bifurcation equation when \({\varepsilon = 0.}\) Several examples will illustrate the different types of bifurcation that occur in the present nonsmooth case.

Controlled degradation and crosslinking of polypropylene induced by gamma radiation and acetylene

Isotactic polypropylene (iPP) undergoes crosslinking and extensive main chain scissions when submitted to irradiation. The simultaneous irradiation of PP and acetylene is able to control chain scission and produce grafting. The grafted PP further reacts with PP radicals resulting in branching and crosslinking. In this work, commercial polypropylenes (iPP) of different molecular weights were irradiated with a 60Co source at dose of 12.5 kGy in the presence of acetylene in order to promote the crosslinking. The mechanical and rheological tests showed a significant increase in melt strength and drawability of the modified samples obtained from resins with high melt flow index. The characterization of the molecular modifications induced by gamma irradiation of isotactic polypropylenes under acetylene atmosphere proved the existence of branching, crosslinking and chain scission in a qualitative way. The G′ and G″ indicated the presence of LCB in all samples. Therefore, PP irradiation under acetylene was proved to be an effective approach to achieve high melt strength polypropylene (HMSPP).

Molecular characteristics of barley starches with variable amylose content

The granular and molecular characteristics of four types of hulless barley starches (normal, high amylose, waxy and zero amylose) were investigated by particle size analysis and size exclusion chromatography (SEC) with light scattering detection. Although bimodal size distribution of granules was observed for normal, waxy and zero amylose starches, the proportion of large to small granules for each type of starch differed substantially. The granular size distribution of high amylose starches was unimodal, showing the highest proportion of small granule (3 μm). For the intact starch molecules, molecular weights of high (amylopectin) and low (amylose) M w fractions were in the range from 136×10 6 to 305×10 6 and from 2.73×10 6 to 5.67×10 6, respectively. The lowest M w values were observed for amylopectin in high amylose starches. A good correlation ( r 2=0.96) between M w and R g of all amylopectins was found. After debranching of starch samples, significantly lower M w values were observed for amylose, indicating the existence of branches in amylose molecules. Debranched amylopectins exhibited trimodal distributions of long B, intermediate B and short B+A chains. The longest amylopectin branches were found in high amylose barley starches.

Formation by branches of envelope to parametric families of surfaces and curves

The existence of envelope to family of surfaces (curves in planar gearing) is usually discussed as existence of envelope formed by one branch of a regular surface (curve in planar gearing). The authors consider cases of formation of envelopes formed by several branches. Existence of such envelopes is represented for the cases of cycloidal pumps and conventional worm gear drives. The formation of envelope by several branches is represented analytically, rules for discovery of different envelope branches are proposed, and the existence of branches is illustrated graphically. The obtained results are important for computerized design of generation of surfaces and curves and enable to separate real and false branches of envelope.

Preparation and Property of Model Homogeneous ER Fluids Having Urethane Groups

Urethane modified polyether liquids composed of hard and soft segments exhibit either positive or negative ER effect depending on the structure. Here some model compounds of the urethane polymers were synthesized, and the influence of chemical structure, e.g. displacement of hard and soft segments and existence of branches, on the ER effect was studied. It was found that negative ER effect is enhanced by introducing a branched structure in the polyether main-chain or a hard segment at center of the linear polyether.

On the existence of branches of time-periodic solutions to the nonlinear vibrating string equations

where the series converges in some neighborhood of 7 = 0, and shows that there are time periodic solutions to (1.1) (1.2) which branch smoothly from small amplitude (0 _< a << 1), time periodic, standing wave solutions y ( x , t) = a A ( t ) U ( x ) to the equation Ytt = ( ( Y x ) 3 ) x with boundary conditions (1.2). These solutions are of the form y ( x , t) = a A ( t ) U ( x ) + O(a3), and the period of oscillation is the same as the period of A(t); see [4]. Our aim is to extend Greenberg's result to the case in which

The GH branch of PKP from deep-focus earthquakes

summary. Approximately 1000 PKP observations in the range 110° < Δ < 170° have been statistically studied to examine the existence of Bolt's GH branch of the PKP travel-time curve. Data give firm evidence for the existence of this branch from 130 to 153° but the possibility of its extending further cannot be ruled out. Observations for this branch fit the form: Where a=(1150.3254±0.5328)s, b= (16.4907±0.3803)s, c= (−0.1316±0.0630)s. Times for this branch are always greater by 2 s than the corresponding Gogna times from Pacific earthquakes.

Bifurcation for non-differentiable operators with an application to elasticity

We consider operator equations of the form $$\left( {A_0 - \lambda _0 B_0 } \right)u = N\left( {\lambda ,u} \right)$$ , (1) where A0, B0 are linear operators between real Banach spaces and N(λ, u) is a nonlinear operator with the property that N(λ, 0)=0 for all real λ. Assuming that λ0, a specific value of λ, is an isolated eigenvalue of A0 − λB0 of multiplicity m, we study the phenomenon of bifurcation for equation (1), where it is merely assumed that N(λ, u) is Lipschitz continuous in u near u=0 with a small Lipschitz constant. It is shown that when (1) has a variational structure, for each suitable normalization of u, two non-zero solutions (λ, u) occur near (λ0,0) (m pairs occur if N is odd in u). Further results concern the existence of branches of solutions when m is odd and the asymptotic behavior of solutions in terms of the size of the Lipschitz constant. The motivation for the study and the main application of the results concerns buckling of a von Karman plate resting on a foundation.