Conditions For Existence Research Articles

A Novel Frequency Tuning Scheme for a C-Type Filter Based on the Best Filtering Frequency

The C-type filter is widely applied in harmonic suppression. As an approximate formula of tuning frequency is used in C-type filter design, the calculated tuning frequency has a deviation. Therefore, an accurate C-type filter tuning frequency formula is derived. In this paper, we find that the tuning frequency of the C-type filter may not exist and reveal the existence conditions. Different from single-tuned filters, the best filtering frequency of C-type filters is not the tuning frequency. However, because the best filtering frequency can hardly be obtained by solving the derivative zeros of the equivalent impedance equation, the tuning frequency is still regarded as the best filtering frequency. The C-type filters do not have the best filtering performance for the above reasons. Therefore, by introducing the critial best filtering frequency and the limit best filtering frequency, an equation between the best filtering frequency and capacitor ratio parameter is established, which can avoid solving the derivative zeros. Finally, two C-type filter design schemes based on the best filtering frequency are proposed, and the superiority of the schemes is verified based on the IEEE-14 bus test system.

POLICE FORCE AS AN INTERNAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION ENTITY

Internal security administration is a system of multiple entities responsible for protecting and maintaining internal security in the state. In a broad sense, this system includes public administration, private entities, and social organizations. Certainly, there is a clearer view of the functioning of a narrower group of institutions within the subordination of the minister responsible for internal affairs, which within the department of internal affairs administration deal with the protection of the aforementioned security. The entities that are subordinated and supervised by this supreme body of government administration undertake specialized activities that comprise the entire scope of this department and form a kind of internal security administration system. Noteworthy in this group is the police force aimed at overseeing human security, protecting public safety and order, which is a task assigned to the administrative department. The study analyzes internal security as a specific state, as well as the system of entities responsible for its assurance. Special research attention was paid to the legal position of the police, its organization and the specific dimension of tasks performed. The subject of considerations is the police force as a part of the whole system and tasks it undertakes. The research was conducted on the basis of legal and dogmatic as well as analytical methods. In turn, the fundamental aim of this research was to pay attention to the Police as a component of the internal security administration and its specifics. The research hypothesis stated that the Police is a basic element of the internal security administration system, which is responsible for a significant part of this security, and without its participation and activity it would not be possible to ensure the conditions of safe existence of the general population, after verification was confirmed.

Analytical research of the parameters and characteristics of new “quarry cavities – backfill material” systems: Case study of Ukraine

Purpose. The research is aimed to identify, investigate and study the parameters and characteristics of the “quarry cavities – backfill material” systems on the territory of Ukraine using new comprehensive methodological tools that form the basis for the development of effective methods for restoring the earth’s surface with an emphasis on industrial and construction use. Methods. An integrated approach is used, which includes: analysis of the spatial location of industrial waste heaps on the territory of Ukraine as potential backfill materials and resulting quarry cavities that are not subject to complete earth’s surface restoration, as well as determination of the volumes of resulting cavities and backfill materials. Based on a set of factors, the “quarry cavities – backfill material” systems have been ranked according to priority. Tools used are: information data from the State Informational Geological Fund of Ukraine, registers of industrial waste accumulation sites in region, the Google Earth satellite program, an online topographic map (OpenStreetMap) and Blender program for constructing 3D models. Findings. A new concept and theoretical representation of “quarry cavities – backfill material” has been formulated. The characteristics of a number of important conditions for the harmonious existence and effective implementation of promising “quarry cavities – backfill material” systems are provided. A new information-analytical map of the spatial location of potential backfill materials and resulting quarry cavities has been created. Thirteen promising systems and their parameters have been identified, within which it is appropriate to consider backfill technologies for the complete earth’s surface restoration. The existing balance of cavities and backfill materials for the identified systems has been determined, followed by grading of quarries according to the predicted lifespan. Originality. The “quarry cavities – backfill material” systems, which have the greatest advantages, are specified by ranking them according to a complex of technological, environmental, economic and social factors. Practical implications. The results obtained provide valuable information for the development of a government strategy and environmental programs for the restoration of land areas disturbed by mining operations based on backfill technologies and their subsequent use for industrial purposes.

Threshold Constitutivism and Social Kinds

In “Constitutivism without Normative Thresholds,” Kathryn Lindeman raises two objections to what she aptly calls Threshold Constitutivism. My aim in this short discussion is to respond to her first objection. Although I will argue that this objection fails, I will also argue that thinking through how to respond to it reminds us of something important, namely, that many of the Norm-Governed Kinds that are directly related to intentional action are social kinds, that is, kinds whose existence conditions we ourselves collectively write. Everyone, whether constitutivist or not, needs to think seriously about what those existence conditions should be. 
 
 [1] Journal of Ethics and Social Policy 12 (3): 231-258 (2017).
 [2] Lindeman’s second objection depends on her view, which I do not share, that “Normative Constitutivism has ambitions to be an explanatory strategy for norms in general” (238, my emphasis).

Гістологічна структура зябер карася сріблястого річки Самара Дніпропетровської області

Purpose. To study the histological structure of the gill apparatus of the Prussian carp (Сarassius gibelio) from the point of view of the presence of pathologies with differentiation according to areas with different levels of anthropogenic pressure of the Samara River in the Dnipropetrovsk region. Methodology. The generalized sutdy results were obtained during 2019–2021. The study was conducted within three sampling sites with different types of human impact. The object of the study were age-6 Prussian carps of both sexes. Histological studies were performed in accordance with generally accepted methods. Gills were obtained by anatomical dissection from freshly caught fish. Photographs of histological specimens were taken using a digital camera “SciencelabT5005.17M” and an microscope “Ulab XY-B2TLED”. Measurements of the samples were performed using the “ScienceLabView7”. Statistical processing of the obtained data was carried out in MS Excel 2010. Findings. The conducted histological studies showed that pathological changes in the structure of the gill apparatus were observed in age-6 Prussian carps in all sampling sites of the Samara River. In particular, such pathologies as curvature of lamellae terminals, accumulation of mucus and hyperplasia of the epithelium of gill filaments, fusion of lamellae were found. Single cases of necrosis and twisting of lamellae threads were recorded. Most often, histopathological changes in the gill apparatus were observed in fish caught near the city Novomoskovsk. Organometric studies showed that there was no significant difference between the length and width of gill arches of Prussian carp from different sampling sites. The length and width of the lamellae of the gill apparatus was the largest in individuals sampled near the city Novomoskovsk, which may indicate a greater need for oxygen for the fish body in the specified area. The length of the respiratory lamellae was the lowest in Prissian carp sampled near the village of Novoselivka. The lowest width of the lamellae were found in fish from the village of Khashcheve. The obtained data give reason to conclude that the conditions of existence for Prussian carp are most favorable near the village of Novoselivka. Originality. For the first time the histological structure and pathology of the gills aparatus of Prussian carp in the conditions of the Samara River in the Dnipropetrovsk region was studied. Practical value. The obtained data on the histological changes of the gill apparatus of fish can be used to identify adaptive reactions, will allow assessing the impact of anthropogenic factors on hydrobionts, and will also provide the opportunity to monitor the morpho-physiological state of a specific population under the impact of pollutants of various origins. Key words: Prussian carp, gill apparatus, morphological and histological indicators.

A non-autonomous Gardner equation and its integrability: Solitons, positons and breathers

The work studies some integrable properties and soliton type solutions of a non-autonomous Gardner equation with damping and forcing terms. A bilinear form, a bilinear Bäcklund transformation and a Lax pair are derived for the considered Gardner equation explicitly. K-Soliton solution with proper existence condition, smooth positons, breathers and their interaction solutions are presented via the bilinear form. Moreover, the amplitude as well as velocity of the soliton solutions are derived, and a first-order breather solution and a second-order smooth positon are generated from the two-soliton solution. The interaction between a single-breather solution and the single-soliton solution and the interaction of a second-order smooth positon and the single-soliton solution are studied analytically, based on the three-soliton solution. Profiles of various types of the obtained solutions and their interactions are illustrated graphically.

Repetition as a Path to Authentic Existence in Kierkegaard’s Work

Thesis. The aim of the paper is to interpret Kierkegaard's concept of repetition as a way of creating and experiencing authentic existence in an environment that is set up to repeat this same, inauthentic content of consciousness. Concept. Repetition is associated with determinism and represents social stagnation. Repetition creates the conditions for an inauthentic existence. The article offers an interpretation of Kierkegaard's concept of repetition, which is the repetition of another and produces authentic existence. Results and conclusions. Repetition automatically produces of the same. The repetition of one's choice of oneself is a process of creating spirit and individuality, which is a fundamental principle of authentic existence. Creating an authentic personality is one of the ways to solve the current crisis in society, which is associated with an inauthentic experience of existence, abdication of responsibility and repetition of lies. Cognitive value. The postmodern society associated with the use of the media is not the cause of social disorientation. It is a means that an individual uses to repeat the same. The social environment and magic themselves are not negative, the negative is the inauthentic attitude of a person to them.

Energy bands in a three dimension simple cubic lattice of contact potential

In this work, we investigate energy bands in a three dimensional simple cubic lattice of contact potential. The energy bands in the first Brillouin Zone are obtained with Ewald’s summation method. In comparison with single point potential, the presence of lattice potential changes the existence condition of negative energy states near zero energy. It is found that the system always has negative energy states for an arbitrarily weak periodic potential. In addition, we prove that if an irreducible unitary representation is not a trivial representation of group of wave vector, the corresponding wave functions at lattice sites would be zero. With this theorem, the degeneracy of energy bands is explained with group theory. Furthermore, we find that there exists some energy bands which are not affected by the lattice potential. We call their corresponding eigenstates as dark states. The physical mechanism of the dark states is explained by explicitly constructing the standing wave-type Bloch wave functions.

Constrained evolutionary variational–hemivariational inequalities with application to fluid flow model

We study a new class of abstract evolution variational–hemivariational inequalities with constraints in the framework of evolution triples of spaces. Existence of solution is established based on the so-called mixed equilibrium problem formulation. Then, we apply this result to a mathematical analysis of the unsteady Oseen model for a generalized Newtonian incompressible fluid. A variational–hemivariational inequality for the flow problem is derived and sufficient conditions for existence of weak solutions are obtained. The mixed boundary conditions involve a unilateral boundary condition, the Navier slip condition, a nonmonotone version of the nonlinear Navier–Fujita slip condition, and the threshold slip and leak condition of frictional type.

Type Realism Reconsidered

Abstract Realism about types is the view that types are abstract and repeatable objects. Although type realists seem to agree that types, unlike properties, are objects in their own right, they argue that there is a metaphysically intimate tie between the existence conditions of types and properties. In particular, most type realists believe that types are, in a certain sense, determined by the properties that underlie them. I argue that this is a mistake, especially for those type realists who believe that social and cultural types such as works of music and fiction or words are artifacts. I offer an alternative version of type realism where social and cultural types are dependent objects that should be understood in analogy with concrete artifacts.

On the fractional domain analysis of negative group delay circuits

SummaryIn this work, the analysis of negative group delay circuits in fractional domain has been conducted. The low pass and the high pass negative group delay circuits constructed based on passive network have been chosen as our candidate circuits. For performing the analysis in fractional domain, the novel Caputo–Fabrizio derivative‐based fractional impedance have been introduced to both circuits. The crucial parameters, the necessary conditions, and the existence conditions of both candidate negative group delay circuits have been formulated. The simulations have been conducted based on the formulated results where the comparisons with the conventional prototypes have been made. The verifications by the proof‐of‐concept circuits have also been performed. In addition, the effects of variation in the order of fractional impedances have been investigated. In summary, it has been found that considering these negative group delay circuits in the fractional domain, which effectively taking unavoidable nonidealities that cannot be modeled in conventional domain into account, significantly alters their characteristics especially the low pass circuit. However they can retain their low pass and high pass negative group delay functions.

Existence results and equilibrium stability conditions to fuzzy [formula omitted]-player generalized multiobjective games with application to economic equilibrium models

The purpose of this article is to study existence conditions and generic stability of solution sets to the fuzzy generalized multiobjective games in infinite dimensional spaces. First, we revisit a new class of the fuzzy generalized multiobjective games. Second, we introduce the concept of the extended Ci-quasi-concavity and establish existence conditions for fuzzy generalized multiobjective games using Browder type fixed point theorem in the noncompact cases. Third, we establish some sufficient conditions for generic solution stability conditions to such n-player multiobjective games under uncertainty. Finally, as a real-world application, we consider the special case of economic equilibrium models. Existence conditions and generic stability of solution sets for these real models are also obtained. The results obtained in this paper are new and different from the main results given by some authors in the literature.

Thermodynamic Origins of Structural Metastability in Two-Dimensional Black Arsenic.

Two-dimensional (2D) materials have aroused considerable research interest owing to their potential applications in nanoelectronics and optoelectronics. Thermodynamic stability of 2D structures inevitably affects the performance and power consumption of the fabricated nanodevices. Black arsenic (b-As), as a cousin of black phosphorus, has presented extremely high anisotropy in physical properties. However, systematic research on structural stability of b-As is still lacking. Herein, we demonstrated the detailed analysis on structural metastability of the natural b-As, and determined its existence conditions in terms of two essential thermodynamic variables, hydrostatic pressure and temperature. Our results confirmed that b-As can survive only below 0.7 GPa, and then irreversibly transforms to gray arsenic, consistent with our theoretical calculations. Furthermore, a thermal annealing strategy was developed to precisely control the thickness of the b-As flake, and it sublimates at 300 °C. These results could pave the way for 2D b-As in many promising applications.

5G is not Just Another G: A Review of the Managerial Literature

Due to the higher range of markets and applications opportunities it brings, the fifth generation of mobile communications (5G) cannot be considered just a technological transition, as it was for earlier generations of cellular technology, rather it represents a revolutionary phenomenon which could deeply change the competitive landscape for wireless services. According to the literature, it is “one of the most complex technologies seen over the past decade both in terms of technical development and business implications”. However, on one hand, the 5G is a hotly discussed topic from a technical perspective, on the other the managerial literature appears ambiguous and fragmented in the way it is presented. Such absence recalls for a paper whose purpose is to position the 5G search thread also in the managerial literature. For this reason, the work aims to systematize previous knowledge and identify potential research directions related to the strategic adoption of 5G technology. To answer the underlying research question regarding the state of the art of the 5G in the strategy domain, a systematic search has been done, then, on the selected papers, a conceptual review has been carried out to identify (i) the “business reconfigurations” of 5G technology, (ii) the boundary conditions, intended as the conditions of existence of a 5G business case, (iii) the barriers, which instead hinder the development of cases. The research provides useful implications to both the theory and practice: from a theoretical perspective, it represents one of the first studies concerning 5G which is not strictly related to a specific industry or scenario. Secondly, the challenges and gaps identified generate research questions which can be traceable also to a general and more theoretical context, such as the business model innovation literature, where the strategic adoption of new technological paradigms entails further investigations. From a practitioner’s perspective, it provides useful insights regarding 5G adoption for increasing actors’ awareness of such technological innovation, especially concerning their attitude change which is needed to seize the business opportunities it embraces.

The algorithms for the Eulerian cycle and Eulerian trail problems for a multiple graph

In this paper, we study undirected multiple graphs of any natural multiplicity $k>1$. There are edges of three types: ordinary edges, multiple edges and multi-edges. Each edge of the last two types is a union of $k$ linked edges, which connect 2 or $(k+1)$ vertices, correspondingly. The linked edges should be used simultaneously. If a vertex is incident to a multiple edge, it can be also incident to other multiple edges and it can be the common end of $k$ linked edges of some multi-edge. If a vertex is the common end of some multi-edge, it cannot be the common end of another multi-edge. We set the problem of finding the eulerian walk (the cycle or the trail) in a multiple graph, which generalizes the classical problem for an ordinary graph. We formulate the necessary conditions for existence of an eulerian walk in a multiple graph and show that these conditions are not sufficient. Besides that, we show that the necessary conditions of existence of an eulerian cycle and eulerian trail are not mutually exclusive for an arbitrary multiple graph, that is why it is possible to construct a multiple graph where two types of eulerian walks exist simultaneously. Any multiple graph can be juxtaposed to the ordinary graph with quasi-vertices, which represents the structure of the initial graph in a simpler form. In particular, each eulerian walk in the multiple graph corresponds to the eulerian walk in the graph with quasi-vertices. The algorithm for getting such a graph is formulated. Also, the auxiliary problem of finding the covering trails with given endpoints in an ordinary graph is studied. Two algorithms are obtained for this problem. We elaborate the algorithm for finding the eulerian walk in a multiple graph, which has the exponential complexity. We suggest the polynomial algorithm for the special case of a multiple graph and show that the necessary conditions are sufficient for existence of an eulerian walk in this special case.

Infinity augmented state Kalman filter and its application in unknown input and state estimation

This paper investigates the infinity augmented state Kalman filter (IASKF) to obtain the unknown input and state estimation for systems with the rank-deficient matrix. With the aid of input model, which is described as the random walk process with finite covariance, the augmented state Kalman filter (ASKF) is established. Then in light of matrix limiting, the IASKF is deduced from the ASKF as the covariance of the input signal tends to infinity. It is shown that the previous unbiased minimum-variance (UMV) algorithm and recursive three-step filter (RTSF) are the special cases of the proposed IASKF algorithm. Moreover, the condition of existence of the IASKF is given. The present work gives a new insight into unknown input and state estimation. It indicates that the ASKF can also be used to estimate the unknown input and state by only choosing a proper covariance matrix of the input signal. A simulation example is given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed results.

Theory of linear focusing in chromatographic columns with exponential retention. Part 2: Analysis of special cases

The unified approach to studies of different separation techniques (GC, LC, etc.) adopted in Part 1 continued herein. As before, the column temperature in GC, the solvent composition in LC, etc., are represented by the concept of solute mobilization (y). General equations for dynamic (moving) linear y-gradients (gradients in y) in non-uniform columns developed in Part 1 are reduced herein to special cases of uniform columns. Only the uniform columns, the ideal sample introduction, the positive y-rates, the negative y-gradients, and the eluting solutes are considered. Equations for solute band compression, peak width, peak focusing, peak separation and others derived. All equations are expressed via dimensionless parameters eliminating unessential factors like the mobile phase type, column type and dimensions, etc. The conventional gradient elution LC is treated as a special case of the separations with y-gradients. Effects of the y-gradients on solute retention time, on band compression, on peak focusing and on peak separation are analyzed.The equations developed herein, while describing simple and familiar concepts (retention time, peak width, etc.), are, unfortunately, cumbersome in many cases. The good news is that the equations are exact and the conditions of existence of the equations are explicitly formulated so that there is no question where the equations can and where thy cannot be used.

Organizational normativity and teleology: a critique

In recent years, so-called organizational accounts (OA) have emerged in theoretical biology as a powerful, viable strategy for naturalizing teleology and normativity. In the wake of the theoretical tradition of autopoiesis and biological autonomy, OA notably propose a new meaning for the notion of “organization,” which they claim to be capable, among other things, of grounding objective and observer-independent normative teleological ascriptions. In this paper, I focus on this last claim, asking “How are ‘organization’ and ‘normativity’ conceptually connected?” The basic insight mobilized by the OA framework to answer this question is most often expressed as a counterfactual argument regarding the “conditions of existence” of organized entities. In this paper, I show that careful scrutiny of this core OA argument reveals a substantial shortcoming. To make this point, I first analyze how the OA framework positions the idea of “conditions of existence” via the notions of “dependence”, “constraint,” and “closure.” Second, I consider various possible interpretations of the OA counterfactual argument grounding norms. I conclude that the implications of this argument do not enable OA to deliver what they promise, i.e., a straightforward link between organization and norms. I argue that a different strategy is needed to capture the basic organizational intuition about biological normativitiy and suggest that a stipulative route might be better suitable to that end.

Modern services led growth and development in a structuralist dual economy: Long‐run implications of skilled labor constraint

AbstractMotivated by the South Asian experience, this paper examines the role of expansion of skilled labor force for modern services led growth and development in economies with low average educational attainment. The model economy consists of two capital‐using sectors—a service sector that employs only skilled labor and an industry sector that does not require skilled labor. The service sector represents modern skilled‐labor intensive services whereas the industry sector represents a typical South Asian industry. Supply of unskilled labor is unlimited but skilled labor is relatively scarce and grows at a finite rate. Increase in the skill premium only partially explains growth of skilled‐labor supply while the rest depends on autonomous factors, which may be influenced by education policies of the government. The main result specifies a set of necessary and sufficient conditions for existence of a unique steady state characterized by balanced sectoral growth at a rate determined by the autonomous part of skilled labor growth. A low wage share and stagnant investment conditions in the industry sector are conducive for both existence and local stability of this steady state. The model shows that supply‐side factors may completely determine steady state growth rates in structuralist models despite presence of unemployed resources.

Fuzzy optimal tracking control for nonlinear underactuated unmanned surface vehicles

In this paper, a reinforcement Q-learning fuzzy optimal tracking control method is investigated for nonlinear underactuated unmanned surface vehicles (USVs) with external disturbances. Firstly, the motion dynamics of USVs are described by the Takagi–Sugeno (T–S) fuzzy discrete-time systems. Secondly, by applying parallel distributed compensation (PDC) method and constructing cost function, the existence condition of optimal solutions is derived and reduced to the algebraic Riccati equations (AREs). To solve the solutions of the GAREs, a Q-learning value iteration (VI) algorithm is further developed, which can be implemented by eliminating the demand of initial allowable control policy and system information. The developed strategy has the advantage that the optimal control policy can ensure the USV to be stable and the desired reference signal can also be well tracked by the USV output. Finally, the proposed fuzzy optimal control algorithm is applied to control the USV, the simulation results verify the feasibility of the proposed optimal control algorithm.