Exhaustive Testing Research Articles

State‐selective cross sections from ring polymer molecular dynamics

AbstractUnderstanding the influence of different forms of energy (eg, translational, vibrational, rotational) on chemical reactions is a key goal and great challenge in physical chemistry. Very recently, we proposed a new approach to obtain state‐selective cross sections that approximately include quantum effects such as zero‐point energy and tunneling. The method is a combination of the widely used quasiclassical trajectory approach (QCT) and the ring polymer molecular dynamics method and thus is numerically very efficient and easily employed. Here, we present a detailed description of the method and exhaustive tests of its accuracy and applicability. The robustness of the approach is tested, as well as the convergence with the number of beads. The approach is then applied to several prototypical X + H2(ν = 0, 1), X = Mu, H, D, F, Cl reactions over a wide range of collision energies. Good agreement with rigorous quantum dynamics simulations is found for most cases. Encouraging improvement over QCT results is found for particular cases, while only a small increase in numerical cost is required.

A tutorial on distance metric learning: Mathematical foundations, algorithms, experimental analysis, prospects and challenges

Distance metric learning is a branch of machine learning that aims to learn distances from the data, which enhances the performance of similarity-based algorithms. This tutorial provides a theoretical background and foundations on this topic and a comprehensive experimental analysis of the most-known algorithms. We start by describing the distance metric learning problem and its main mathematical foundations, divided into three main blocks: convex analysis, matrix analysis and information theory. Then, we will describe a representative set of the most popular distance metric learning methods used in classification. All the algorithms studied in this paper will be evaluated with exhaustive testing in order to analyze their capabilities in standard classification problems, particularly considering dimensionality reduction and kernelization. The results, verified by Bayesian statistical tests, highlight a set of outstanding algorithms. Finally, we will discuss several potential future prospects and challenges in this field. This tutorial will serve as a starting point in the domain of distance metric learning from both a theoretical and practical perspective.

CTJ: Input-Output Based Relation Combinatorial Testing Strategy Using Jaya Algorithm

Software testing is a vital part of the software development life cycle. In many cases, the system under test has more than one input making the testing efforts for every exhaustive combination impossible (i.e. the time of execution of the test case can be outrageously long). Combinatorial testing offers an alternative to exhaustive testing via considering the interaction of input values for every t-way combination between parameters. Combinatorial testing can be divided into three types which are uniform strength interaction, variable strength interaction and input-output based relation (IOR). IOR combinatorial testing only tests for the important combinations selected by the tester. Most of the researches in combinatorial testing applied the uniform and the variable interaction strength, however, there is still a lack of work addressing IOR. In this paper, a Jaya algorithm is proposed as an optimization algorithm engine to construct a test list based on IOR in the proposed combinatorial test list generator strategy into a tool called CTJ. The result of applying the Jaya algorithm in input-output based combinatorial testing is acceptable since it produces a nearly optimum number of test cases in a satisfactory time range.

Effects of L-Ornithine L-Aspartate on the Physical Performance with Experimental Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

In the present study, we evaluated the effects of L-ornithine L-aspartate on the physical performance of C57BL/6 mice with experimental non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) induced by a high-caloric “western” diet combined with intraperitoneal carbon tetrachloride injections. Using the forced swim test and triple weight-loaded exhaustive swim test, this model of NAFLD was shown to cause a significant impairment of physical performance and a decrease in physical recovery. L-ornithine L-aspartate was found to significantly improve physical performance and benefit post-exercise recovery in mice with NAFLD.

Ultra-Endurance Associated With Moderate Exercise in Rats Induces Cerebellar Oxidative Stress and Impairs Reactive GFAP Isoform Profile.

Ultra-endurance (UE) race has been associated with brain metabolic changes, but it is still unknown which regions are vulnerable. This study investigated whether high-volume training in rodents, even under moderate intensity, can induce cerebellar oxidative and inflammatory status. Forty-five adult rats were divided into six groups according to a training period, followed or not by an exhaustion test (ET) that simulated UE: control (C), control + ET (C-ET), moderate-volume (MV) training and MV-ET, high-volume training (HV) and HV-ET. The training period was 30 (MV) and 90 (HV) min/day, 5 times/week for 3 months as a continuous running on a treadmill at a maximum velocity of 12 m/min. After 24 h, the ET was performed at 50% maximum velocities up to the animals refused to run, and then serum lactate levels were evaluated. Serum and cerebellar homogenates were obtained 24 h after ET. Serum creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and corticosterone levels were assessed. Lipid peroxidation (LP), nitric oxide (NO), Interleukin 1β (IL-1β), and GFAP proteins, reduced and oxidized glutathione (GSH and GSSG) levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities were quantified in the cerebellum. Serum lactate concentrations were lower in MV-ET (∼20%) and HV-ET (∼40%) compared to the C-ET group. CK and corticosterone levels were increased more than ∼ twofold by HV training compared to control. ET increased CK levels in MV-ET vs. MV group (P = 0.026). HV induced higher LP levels (∼40%), but an additive effect of ET was only seen in the MV-ET group (P = 0.02). SOD activity was higher in all trained groups vs. C and C-ET (P < 0.05). CAT activity, however, was intensified only in the MV group (P < 0.02). The 50 kDa GFAP levels were enhanced in C-ET and MV-ET vs. respective controls, while 42 kDa (∼40%) and 39 kDa (∼26%) isoform levels were reduced. In the HV-ET group, the 50 KDa isoform amount was reduced ∼40–60% compared to the other groups and the 39 KDa isoform, increased sevenfold. LDH levels, GSH/GSSG ratio, and NO production were not modified. ET elevated IL-1β levels in the CT and MV groups. Data shows that cerebellar resilience to oxidative damage may be maintained under moderate-volume training, but it is reduced by UE running. High-volume training per se provoked systemic metabolic changes, cerebellar lipid peroxidation, and unbalanced enzymatic antioxidant resource. UE after high-volume training modified the GFAP isoform profile suggesting impaired astrocyte reactivity in the cerebellum.

Propellant Actuated Device for Parachute Deployment during Seat Ejection for an Aircraft Application

Propellant Actuated Devices (PAD) are installed on various combat aircraft of Air Force and Naval bases to perform extremely important operations such as parachute deployment, harness and leg restrain, cable cutting, pullers, seat ejection, bomb release or fuel tanks etc. They are basically called as gas generators. Such devices produce the high temperature and pressure combustion gases on initiation and used to perform different operations. These cartridges are single-shot operating devices. The performance of such kind of PADs cannot be tested by non-destructive techniques. Hence, cartridges are designed to function with high reliability and stringent quality control checks at all levels during entire development cycle. The safety features required during handling, storage and transportation are built in the design of PAD. The cartridges are required to undergo different exhaustive design qualification tests to qualify design aspects. Total life of 6 years is assigned to cartridge after performance degradation study of the propellant which includes 2 years installed life. This paper explains about the development aspects of PAD, its use, function, testing and performance evaluation methodology in a suitable fabricated Velocity Test Rig (VTR). The maximum slug velocity is 121.14 m/s in hot condition and minimum slug velocity is 99.14 m/s in cold condition. The main objective of this paper is to device a novel method to measure actual slug velocity of the aircraft gun inside a cartridge using VTR and Doppler RADAR.

SCAVS: Implement Sine Cosine Algorithm for generating Variable t-way test suite

Exhaustive testing occurs between interaction elements (i.e., factor and level). In reality, The software system is often impractical because of other constraints, such as cost and time restrictions. The t -way testing (where t indicates the interaction strength) is one of the powerful software, and practical test techniques apply to detect interaction errors between components (i.e., produce quality minimized test cases). The t-way testing is highly complicated (NP-hard). Therefore, many Meta-heuristic algorithms are used to solve combinatorial problems successfully. In general, one of the most effective optimizations algorithm-based techniques SCA. With respect mentioned above, this paper discusses the implementation Sine Cosine Algorithm for generating a variable strength t-way test suite called SCAVS. The results of the experiments showed that SCAVS outperformed and yielded better test sets than other existing other strategies.

Leptomeningeal Spread in Glioblastoma: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenges.

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and aggressive primary malignant brain tumor. Leptomeningeal spread (LMS) is a severe complication of GBM, raising diagnostic and therapeutic challenges in clinical routine. We performed a review of the literature focused on LMS in GBM. MEDLINE and EMBASE databases were queried from 1989 to 2019 for articles describing diagnosis and therapeutic options in GBM LMS, as well as risk factors and pathogenic mechanisms. We retrieved 155 articles, including retrospective series, case reports, and early phase clinical trials, as well as preclinical studies. These articles confirmed that LMS in GBM remains (a) a diagnostic challenge with cytological proof of LMS obtained in only 35% of cases and (b) a therapeutic challenge with a median overall survival below 2 months with best supportive care alone. For patients faced with suggestive clinical symptoms, whole neuroaxis magnetic resonance imaging and cerebrospinal fluid analysis are both recommended. Liquid biopsies are under investigation and may help prompt a reliable diagnosis. Based on the literature, a multimodal and personalized therapeutic approach of LMS, including surgery, radiotherapy, systemic cytotoxic chemotherapy, and intrathecal chemotherapies, may provide benefits to selected patients. Interestingly, molecular targeted therapies appear promising in case of actionable molecular target and should be considered. As the prognosis of glioblastoma is improving over time, LMS becomes a more common complication. Our review highlights the need for translational studies and clinical trials dedicated to this challenging condition in order to improve diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. This review summarizes the diagnostic tools and applied treatments for leptomeningeal spread, a complication of glioblastoma, as well as their outcomes. The importance of exhaustive molecular testing for molecular targeted therapies is discussed. New diagnostic and therapeutic strategies are outlined, and the need for translational studies and clinical trials dedicated to this challenging condition is highlighted.

Effects of Beta-Alanine Supplementation on Physical Performance in Aerobic-Anaerobic Transition Zones: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Beta-alanine supplementation (BA) has a positive impact on physical performance. However, evidence showing a benefit of this amino acid in aerobic–anaerobic transition zones is scarce and the results controversial. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to analyze the effects of BA supplementation on physical performance in aerobic–anaerobic transition zones. At the same time, the effect of different dosages and durations of BA supplementation were identified. The search was designed in accordance with the PRISMA® guidelines for systematic reviews and meta-analyses and performed in Web of Science (WOS), Scopus, SPORTDiscus, PubMed, and MEDLINE between 2010 and 2020. The methodological quality and risk of bias were evaluated with the Cochrane Collaboration tool. The main variables were the Time Trial Test (TTT) and Time to Exhaustion (TTE) tests, the latter separated into the Limited Time Test (LTT) and Limited Distance Test (LDT). The analysis was carried out with a pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) through Hedges’ g test (95% CI). Nineteen studies were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis, revealing a small effect for time in the TTT (SMD, −0.36; 95% CI, −0.87–0.16; I2 = 59%; p = 0.010), a small effect for LTT (SMD, 0.25; 95% CI, −0.01–0.51; I2 = 0%; p = 0.53), and a large effect for LDT (SMD, 4.27; 95% CI, −0.25–8.79; I2 = 94%; p = 0.00001). BA supplementation showed small effects on physical performance in aerobic–anaerobic transition zones. Evidence on acute supplementation is scarce (one study); therefore, exploration of acute supplementation with different dosages and formats on physical performance in aerobic–anaerobic transition zones is needed.

Study on Aerodynamic Noise Numerical Simulation and Characteristics of Safety Valve Based on Dipole and Quadrupole

Aiming at the problem that it is difficult to accurately predict the aerodynamic noise in the safety valve exhaust process, a new numerical simulation method that comprehensively considers the dipole sources and the quadrupole sources is proposed. The RNG k–e model is used to simulate the steady-state flow fields, LES numerical method is used to simulate the transient flow, and then the unsteady disturbances are used as source terms in the generalized FW–H solver incorporating the dipole and quadrupole terms to solve for the acoustic field. This simulation method is used to calculate the exhaust noise of the safety valve under six different operating conditions, the sound source characteristics of the exhaust noise of the safety valve are analyzed, and the safety valve exhaust test of different working conditions was carried out. The results show that the relative errors of total sound pressure level between simulation and test does not exceed 5% under different exhaust pressures and different opening heights of the safety valve flap. By comparing the total sound pressure level logarithmically superimposed with the total sound pressure level of the dipole and the quadrupole, the sound source characteristics of the aerodynamic noise of the safety valve are mainly dominated by the sound source of the quadrupole. As the opening height of the safety valve flap and exhaust pressure increase, the total sound pressure level of the safety valve exhaust noise increases, while the relative errors between the simulation results and test data decrease. The proposed simulation method can be accurately applied to the prediction of the safety valve exhaust noise, and the prediction accuracy of this simulation method also increases when the opening height of the safety valve flap and exhaust pressure increase.

Applicability of aromatic selection towards newer formulated fuels for regulated and unregulated emissions reduction in CI engine

The fuel composition highly affects formation of toxic pollutants in a diesel engine. The aromatics are found to be prominent fuel components that affect pollutant formation and at the same time help provide lubricity to moving engine parts. Therefore, their effect needs to be addressed systematically. This article elucidates aromatic types and its content effects on fuel atomization, regulated and unregulated emissions. Acoustic emission signals were also recorded for engine noise diagnosis during the exhaustive testing. Five different aromatics namely, ethylbenzene, α-methylstyrene, indene, tetralin and methylnaphthalene were blended in ratio of 15, 20 and 25% by mass with dearomatized hydrocarbon fuel and tested in a compression ignition engine. Results reveal that unregulated emissions, carbon monoxide (CO), unburnt hydrocarbon (HC) and particulate matter (PM) increase with aromatic content. However, nitrogen oxides (NOx) and acoustic emissions were found to be maximum with low aromatic content (15%). The polycyclic aromatics (indene, tetralin and methylnaphthalene) produce higher polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and carbonyl emissions compared to monocyclic aromatics (ethylbenzene, α-methylstyrene). Additionally, polycyclic aromatics with 20% blending produced higher PAHs and carbonyl compound emissions than diesel with 23.6% aromatics. Ethylbenzene showed significantly better results for both spray and emission characteristics compared to the other tested aromatics.

Warfarin Hypersensitivity in a Patient with Mechanical Valve: A Real Challenge for the Management of Life-Long Anticoagulant Treatment

Bleeding is the most common adverse effect of vitamin K antagonist (VKA) therapy. We describe the case of a patient who reported severe spontaneous bleeding episodes after starting treatment with warfarin-based anticoagulants following a mechanical mitral valve implant, although the international normalized ratio was within the therapeutic range. Exhaustive coagulation testing detected very low plasma factor IX (FIX) activity (FIX:C= 5 IU/dL) that increased to normal values(89 IU/dL) upon warfarin withdrawal. F9 gene sequencing revealed the presence of the p.Ala37Thr missense variation in the pro-peptide coding region. This substitution was previously associated with FIX hypersensitivity to warfarin. Patients with this variation are usually switched from VKA to direct oral anticoagulants or heparin. However, the current guidelines recommend warfarin for all patients with mechanical valves. Therefore, we determined the target plasma FIX levels in this patient to monitor warfarin therapy and allow effective anticoagulation without bleeding complications.

Identification of most critical paths using sparse matrix in software testing

A software code may practically consist of many functions or subroutines with loops and branches. Also, the quantification of cyclomatic complexity is tedious, when the size of the software code is too large. Practically, size of the code for a real time application is generally large and dd-graph generation and maneuverability are tedious. Exhaustive testing is impractical and therefore it is not feasible to test all possible paths in the flow graph. Moreover, it is difficult to identify the uncovered portion, identification of most critical paths and hence unable to test all critical components in the software code. The present investigation focuses to display decisions along test paths in dd-graph of the software code using sparse matrix approach drawn through MATLAB biograph object module. In this approach, the concept of dd-graph (decision-to-decision graph) is taken from control flow graph of the software code by joining decision to decision. An identification of most critical paths and test case generation are done using artificial bee colony optimization. To avoid the testing complexity, the sparse matrix approach is used to demonstrate the most critical paths and display of the dd-graph using biograph object module by initializing the edge-node relationships is presented. The gcov code coverage analysis generates branch percentage probability as coverage summary which is considered as edge weights of the sparse matrix. This present approach is tested for the benchmark problem of “finding roots of the quadratic equation” software code.

A New Permanganate-Free Slurry for GaN-SiC CMP Applications

Single crystal SiC wafers are known to be extremely difficult to polish by conventional CMP slurries because of their high hardness and chemical resistance. Previously only those manganese-containing CMP slurries are capable of producing measurable and useful polishing rates with this versatile wide band-gap substrate. A new permanganate-free SiC polishing slurry containing a generic formula of MXO2 etchant, where M is an alkali metal, X is a halogen, O is oxygen is disclosed. When mixed with an abrasive powder in an aqueous slurry form, the tribochemical reactant that activates under pressure, etches SiC effectively, rendering an enhanced Material Removal Rate (MRR) when processing CMP SiC wafers. The MRR can sometimes go up to a few order of magnitudes, as compared to the abrasive slurry without these chemical etchants. The series of MXO2 compounds that can activate SiC polishing belong to the chemical family of halites. Sodium chlorite, NaClO2, the simplest and most available member of the halites family, is a good example. The accelerated polishing rates offer increased throughput of the slow SiC CMP process. The new slurry is particularly useful for non-oxide wafer polishing, which includes SiC, GaN and AlN wafers. An outstanding character of the new halite-based polishing formulation that is different from the current permanganate-based slurries is that the waste stream produced from the CMP process can be easily treated in the waste water treatment facilities because they do not contain toxic heavy metal ions such as manganese and permanganate in the polishing formulations. Continuous exhaustive CMP polishing test with 32 4” 4H-N SiC wafers using a production CMP tool containing 32L of the alumina-chlorite slurry has demonstrated an MRR of 1.7um/hr (Si-face) when the slurry is fresh, and a final MRR of 1.0um/hr after 16 hours polishing at 800mL/min slurry flow rate with pH buffer control without fresh oxidant addition. The resulting 32 polished 4H-SiC test wafers show overall excellent smooth surface roughness with the best Ra of 0.05nm by AFM after fine CMP polishing.

Evaluating the suitability of supra-POpeak verification trials after ramp-incremental exercise to confirm the attainment of maximum O2 uptake.

During exhaustive ramp-incremental cycling tests, the incidence of O2 uptake (V̇o2) plateaus is low. To verify the attainment of maximum V̇o2 (V̇o2max), it is recommended that a trial at a power output (PO) corresponding to 110% of the ramp-derived peak (POpeak) is performed. It remains unclear whether verification trials set at this PO can be tolerated for long enough to allow attainment of V̇o2max. Eleven recreationally trained individuals performed five ramp tests of varying slope (5, 10, 15, 25, and 30 W/min), each followed, in series, by two verification trials: the first at 110% POpeak of the 25 W/min ramp and the second at 110% POpeak attained in the preceding ramp test. Exercise duration of the first verification trial was on average 81 ± 15 s (CV = 9 ± 3%) versus 162 ± 32, 121 ± 24, 103 ± 15, and 73 ± 10 s for the second verification trials at 110% of POpeak of the 5, 10, 15, and 30 W/min ramp tests, respectively (P < 0.05). Compared with the highest V̇o2 recorded during ramp tests, V̇o2 from the subsequent verification trials was not different for the 5, 10, and 15 W/min ramp tests (P > 0.05) but was lower for the 25 and 30 W/min ramp tests (P < 0.05). Verification trials at 110% POpeak of rapidly incrementing ramp tests (i.e., 25 W/min) were not sustained for long enough to allow the attainment of V̇o2max. With commonly used rapidly incrementing ramp tests engendering exhaustion within 8-12 min, verification trials less than POpeak should be preferred as they can be sustained sufficiently long to allow the attainment of V̇o2max.

Los pronósticos matemáticos son hipótesis: consideración de la incertidumbre en la presentación de datos sobre la pandemia por COVID 19

La época actual es, a un tiempo, de elevada incertidumbre y producción de información. En la estimación de los escenarios producidos por la pandemia por COVID-19, se construyen pronósticos producidos por modelos matemáticos que contemplan determinados niveles de error. Esto lleva a reconsiderar la forma usual de tratamiento de datos, tanto en el periodismo como en la investigación académica, produciendo nuevos énfasis sobre la necesidad de exhaustivos exámenes de la información disponible, pues con frecuencia los especialistas no son lo suficientemente claros en sus parámetros o supuestos de partida, omisiones que adoptan otras dimensiones en los medios de comunicación, pues los periodistas suelen asumir frente a información sensible las mismas actitudes que con relación a la información producida en “periodos de normalidad”. En este marco, se considera necesario la formación de una comprensión adecuada de la data sobre contagios, defunciones o medidas orientadas a la contención del COVID-19, considerándose útil la formulación de reglas básicas que tanto especialistas como periodistas puedan tener en cuenta a la hora de comunicar resultados o publicar noticias en un tiempo tan crítico como el de la pandemia.

Effect of deep sea water on the exercise-induced fatigue of rats

This study is to investigate the effect of deep sea water (DSW) on the exercise-induced fatigue of rats. The exhaustive exercise test on the treadmill and the measurement of biochemical values related to fatigue were conducted after the two-week feeding to male Wistar rats with different hardnesses DSW (DRO, D100, D600) in different dosages (6, 12, 30 mL/kg·d). It was found that the exhausting time and the ratio of lactic acid elimination to lactic acid increment from the experiment groups were significantly better than those from the control group. The BUN level of rats fed with D100 in a dosage of 30 mL/kg·d and D600 in three dosages distinctly was lower than that of the control group. The liver glycogen content in the group that the rats fed with D100 in dosages of 6 and 30 mL/kg·d and D600 in a dosage of 30 mL/kg·d showed significant difference compared with control group. However, the weight gain, kidney-body weight ratio, spleen-body weight ratio, and total plasma protein level in the rats of experimental groups showed no significant difference from those of control group. It suggested that endurance, adaptation for exercising load and accelerating elimination in fatigue of rats were improved when fed with higher hardness and dosage of DSW.

Can Cognitive Training During Exercise Improve Performance On A Time To Exhaustion (TTE) Test?

Mental fatigue can negatively affect our drive to continue exercise. A recent study showed that a training intervention combining exercise and a cognitive task was able to improve performance on a time to exhaustion (TTE) test, which is a challenging task where individuals are required to exercise at a set workload for as long as possible. The duration of the training needed to improve TTE is unknown. PURPOSE: To determine if an 8-week cognitive training intervention can improve TTE performance by delaying mental fatigue. METHODS: Subjects were 28recreationally active individuals, with a mean±SD age of 22.1±2.6 years. They were randomly assigned to one of three intervention groups: a control group (CON) that was asked to exercise normally at home, and two groups that exercised in the laboratory either once (1X) or twice (2X) per week. Groups were designed to have nearly equal men and women. All subjects were asked to complete a graded exercise test (GXT) to exhaustion and a TTE before and after an 8-week intervention. All tests were completed on a cycle ergometer. The GXT consisted of cycling at a beginning workload of 70-85W and the workload increased every minute by 25-55W, depending on sex and training status. The TTE included a set workload corresponding to 75% VO2max. Training sessions included 1hr of cycling at 65% VO2max while continuously performing the AX-CPT task on a laptop computer. One-way ANOVAs were used to determine the effect of intervention group on change in TTE and VO2max values. RESULTS: CON had no change in VO2max (-0.8±4.5 ml·kg-1·min-1) and the experimental groups both had a small increase (1X: 2.8±5.4, 2X: 2.5±5.9 ml·kg-1·min-1); however, none of these were significant. There was not a difference between groups in VO2max change (p=0.313) or change in TTE (CON: -1.5±9.0, 1X: -1.8±15.8, 2X: 6.3±12.2 min; p=0.257). CONCLUSION: Although the 2X group saw an increase in TTE it was not significantly different from the other groups. This method has promise, however, as four individuals in the 2X group improved TTE compared to only two subjects in 1X, and one subject in CON. Some individuals may be non-responders to this type of intervention; this would explain the large variability. Alternatively, the lack of significant findings may suggest that the intervention should be longer or include more sessions each week.

Applied Sensor Fusion: Tuning Parameters of CF and KF by means of Evolution Strategies

From the point of view of metrology, inertial sensors acting separately present undesirable performance in the measurement of angular position. In order to provide measurements with greater precision and accuracy, the measures of each of these sensors are typically fused by means of filters. The performance parameters of these filters are hard to tune and several works have been using exhaustive search algorithm or manual experimental tests to tuning these parameters. However, the exhaustive search algorithm usually requires a large computational effort and adjusting parameters manually does not guarantee that the estimated parameters are optimized. In this work, it has been proposed the tuning of the Complementary Filter (CF) and the Kalman Filter (KF) through the heuristic method Evolutionary Strategies. Experimental results have shown that our method is a useful tool that considerably reduces the time to find the tuning of the FC and the FK. In addition, the use of the tuned FC and FK improved significantly metrological characteristics of the system. The use of Bland and Altman's statistical method show that the measurements of the angular position have a good agreement with the actual angular position of a servo motor.

Comparative study among Corn silk, Pumpkin Seeds, and Creatine to test the efficiency of physical activity in rat

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of corn silk,pumpkin seeds and creatine supplementation on kidney function, liver function, glucose, creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase in adult male rats subjeced to exercise training. Fifty male albino rats, were fed on basal diet for one week for adaptation. During the adaptive week all rats (except negative control group) were exposed to day after day forced treadmill running exercise for 10 min. Rats were divided into two main groups, the first main group (n=10 rats) was fed on basal diet only and served as negative control group. The second main group (exercised rats) were divided into 4 subgroups (10 rats each) as follows:-Subgroup 1: were fed on basal diet and had run for 10, 15, 20 and 25minutes(15 days for each time periodrespectively) to complete 60 days, and served as positive control group. And the rest of Subgroups (2-4) were fed on basal diet supplemented with 4% corn silk powder, 4% pumpkin seeds powder and 4% creatine powder, respectively as the same exercise of positive control subgroup. At the end of the experimental period (60 day), each subgroup were exposed to the exhausting treadmill test and the run time was recorded, then all experimental rats were scarified.From the obtained results we concluded that pumpkin seed have bioactive compounds that elevate the exercise performance ,and prolong the exhaustive time ,corn silk have a good effect in glucose level by increasing insulin level and recovering injured beta cells, and not via increasing glycogen or inhibiting gluconeogenesis ,although creatine recorded the largest glycogen quantity in gastrocnemius muscles among supplemented groups, but it caused an elevation of ammonia,AST ,and uric acid levels when exposed to exhaustive time test . So future studies are recommended to clarify creatine benefit in exercise field .The study advised to consume corn silk and pumpkin seed to prolong exercise time and accelerate recovery from exercise training.