Exhaust Rate Research Articles

Pushing yourself to the edge: The relationship of worker self‐sacrifice behaviour with perceived role performance, emotional exhaustion, and partner self‐sacrifice

AbstractSelf‐sacrifice behaviour features in a number of well‐known management concepts such as organizational commitment, pro‐social motivation, and organizational citizenship behaviour, but is rarely acknowledged as a salient factor or examined directly. Drawing on theories of goal systems and personal resource allocation, and dyad data collected from 122 church ministers twice over 2 years and their partners, this study examines the extent to which worker self‐sacrifice behaviour is simultaneously an enabler of high work effectiveness and a cost for personal wellbeing. Findings support the ‘doubled‐edged’ nature of self‐sacrifice, showing that while worker reports of self‐sacrifice behaviour are positively related to increases in perceived role performance, they are also linked to partner ratings of worker emotional exhaustion and partner self‐sacrifice behaviour 2 years later. This study therefore validates the importance of self‐sacrifice behaviour in accounting for divergent work outcomes and its potential to spillover into the nonwork domain. The study further finds psychological detachment to partially moderate the relationship between worker self‐sacrifice and the two problematic outcomes. Therefore, psychological detachment offers a potential means of sustaining high self‐sacrifice behaviour over time and could play an effective role in related interventions.

Uniform exhaust characteristics of new-type airbox components of continuous miner

When the dust removal system of the continuous mining machine works, the exhaust air volume cannot meet the design requirements due to the different pressure and uneven air speed in the exhaust duct. These will lead to an increase in the energy consumption of the fan. In this paper, the uniform exhaust mathematical model was established. A novel resistance plate member was developed on the basis of a uniform exhaust pipe with variable cross sections. The uniform exhaust characteristics of two different exhaust ducts were discussed. The influence of adding a resistance plate on the vibration characteristics of airbox components was analyzed. The results show that adding resistance plate members could significantly reduce the airflow resistance, deviation, and unevenness of the exhaust rate. When the excitation frequency is 130 Hz, the vibration response of the airbox components is stronger, and operation at this frequency should be avoided.

Temperature response mechanism of methane hydrate decomposition coupled with icing and melting under variational thermodynamic conditions

High-efficient decomposition is the precondition of commercial production of methane hydrates. Under variational thermodynamic conditions, icing and melting may occur during hydrate decomposition, inducing complex heat and mass transfer. In this study, hydrates formed under temperature gradient of 0.012, 0.020 and 0.026 °C/mm in a 2 L reactor, decomposed by long depressurization to 1.0 MPa at constant exhaust rate from 0.11 to 1.07 ln/min. Temperature of hydrate-bearing area was in a specific relationship called thermodynamic non-equilibrium effect with pressure, controlled by hydrate decomposition. When pressure reached around 2.1–2.3 MPa, instant icing caused rapid temperature rise, and accelerated hydrate decomposition generating pressure rise of 2.36 MPa at most coordinated by limited exhaust rate. Isothermy stage occurred in double phase transition system with hydrate decomposition and ice melting, temperature slightly raised after most hydrates had decomposed. Temperature gradient only worked on non-hydrate/ice area because the temperature response of hydrate decomposition couple with icing and melting is first dominated by thermodynamics and then affected by heat and mass transfer. The control effect of ice melting in thermodynamic is stronger than hydrate decomposition. These results are significant for systematic analysis among gas production, hydrate decomposition, temperature gradient and ice behavior of actual hydrate exploitation.

Breakthrough studies for the sorption of methylene blue dye from wastewater samples using activated carbon derived from waste banana peels

In the current study, an activated carbon derived from waste banana peel using H2SO4 was applied for the first time in a packed-bed column for methylene blue (MB) dye removal from wastewater. The pore structure and surface of banana peel activated carbon (BPAC) were investigated using X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis to discover the mechanism of MB sorption. The produced BPAC by H2SO4 activation agent has surface area of 361.86 m2/g and exhibits good thermal stability. The extent of MB breakthrough performance was examined by optimizing flow rate, bed mass, and initial concentration at pH 9. The column’s dynamics revealed a strong dependence of breakthrough curves as a function of process conditions. The breakthrough time (tb), volume of liters processed (L), and adsorption exhaustion rate all increased as bed mass increased but decreased as flow rate and initial concentration increased. Applying linear regression to the experimental data, Yoon-Nelson and Thomas’ kinetic model was used to extract column characteristic parameters that could be used in process design. Using environmental water, the waste banana peel activated carbon material demonstrated effectiveness in removing MB to below acceptable levels by processing 1.16 L of water with an initial MB concentration of 40 mg/L using 8 g of sorbent. Nitric acid (3M) was able to regenerate the exhausted bed. Moreover, the sorbent was reused four times with no significant capacity loss. It can be concluded that waste banana peel activated carbon medium is an alternative solution to remediate MB-contaminated wastewater.

A framework for environmental production of textile dyeing process using novel exhaustion-rate meter and multi-layer perceptron-based prediction model

In textile industries, a lot of wastewater are discharged which are one of the major environmental pollution problems, because they release undesirable dye effluents. Owing to re-dyeing procedures performed to meet customized color specifications, environmental pollution is a serious problem because of the emission of large volumes of wastewater. To solve the environmental problems caused by re-dyeing, the right-first-time (RFT) %, which is the rate at which the target quality is obtained with just one dyeing, must be increased by considering the dyeing conditions that affect product quality. Here, this study suggests a framework for cleaner production of textile dyeing process using novel exhaustion-rate meter (NERM) and multi-layer perceptron-based prediction model to solve the environmental problems caused by re-dyeing procedure by controlling the exhaustion-rate outliers. The proposed NERM measures the exhaustion-rate based on absorbance of the dyeing solution and is composed of measuring and analysis section. The dyeing solution absorbance is metered in the measuring component through a detector, which performs high-resolution measurement (0.3–1.5 nm full width at half maximum) via a 25-μm slit in the 200–1100-nm wavelength range; the absorbance is then converted to the exhaustion-rate based on Beer's law in the analysis section. Using the NERM, an exhaustion rate dataset according to the Na2SO4 and Na2CO3 consumption is acquired and a surrogate model that augments the exhaustion rate data is developed. The MLP-based prediction model is then developed using the augmented data to control the real-time exhaustion-rate outliers. As a results, the model performance as regards Na2SO4 and Na2CO3 prediction is indicated by R2 values of approximately 0.985 and 0.998, respectively, and root mean squared errors (RMSE) of approximately 1.477 and 1.000, respectively. In addition, the effectiveness of the proposed framework is demonstrated through application to several scenarios in which the real-time exhaustion rate outliers are detected.

Increased death and exhaustion of CD69high T cells and NK cells are associated with PD-1 antibody application in the in vitro co-culture system.

The application of PD-1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) helps to treat non-small cell lung cancer, but acquired resistance has emerged in clinical practice. We tested the hypothesis that acquired resistance of anti-PD-1 immunotherapy is linked to death and exhaustion of activated T and NK cell. The co-culture system of HCC827 cells and peripheral mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was established to evaluate the effect of PD-1 mAb on the death rate and exhaustion of T and NK cell. The predisposing role of CD69 for death and exhaustion was validated by using PHA-activated PBMCs of CD69low NSCLC patients. The 10-colour/three laser flow cytometer was used to test related markers for cell activation, death and exhaustion. We found that PD-1 mAb increase the death and exhaustion of T cells and NK cells in a dose-dependent way when PBMCs from NSCLC patients whose the percentages of CD69+ cells in peripheral blood T cells were greater than 5% (CD69high NSCLC patients). By analyzing PBMCs from healthy volunteers and CD69low NSCLC patients, we found that T cells and NK cells can be induced to die by PD-1 mAb after PHA activation, and had a tendency to raise the rate of cell exhaustion. Our findings imply that increased death and exhaustion of CD69high T cells and NK cells are associated with ineffective anti-PD-1 immunotherapy in lung cancer. The CD69 expression of T cells and NK cells may be developed as a potential predictor for acquired resistance of anti-PD-1 immunotherapy. These data may provide ideas to guide individualized medication of PD-1 mAb in NSCLC patients.

Analysis of multi-factor ventilation parameters for reducing energy air pollution in coal mines

To control the diffusion of highly concentrated coal dust during coal energy mining and determine the order of significance of each factor for dust control, theoretical analysis, numerical simulations, and field measurements were combined in this study. Notably, an innovative orthogonal experiment method was introduced to investigate the effects of four ventilation parameters (i.e., the position of the compressed air duct Lc, position of the exhaust duct Le, compressed air rate Qc, and exhaust rate Qe) on dust control. The results show that the order of significance of the factors for highly concentrated dust is as follows: Qc > Lc > Le > Qe; the order of significance of the factors influencing low-concentrated dust is as follows: Qc > Qe > Le > Lc. The best combination of dust control parameters was obtained via multi-factor analysis: Lc = 5 m, Le = 4 m, Qc = 150 m³/min, Qe = 250 m³/min. According to the results of the field experiments, the diffusion distance of the highly concentrated dust LH is reduced to 9.3 m, and the diffusion distance of the low-concentrated dust LL is reduced to 36.3 m, which effectively improves the air quality during coal energy mining.

Effects of control zone, exhaust rate and station extent on smoke dispersal during emergency concourse fires in underground stations

Effective mass rapid transit plays an essential role in public transportation for sustainable urban development. This study investigates the temporary spreading behavior of smoke in the concourses of underground stations. The computational approach implements the software package FDS® 6.7.4 along with a post-processing visualization module (Smokeview) to simulate the smoke dispersal processes for determining the unsteady distributions of temperature and visibility during emergency concourse fires. The interfacial temperature between the lower air layer and upper smoke layer is employed to estimate the smoke layer height, as guided by NFPA-92B. The FDS predictions agree reasonably well with the measured fire plume temperatures at the heights of 7.0 m and 13.0 m above the fire source from the available literature in the time duration of 600 s for model verification. FDS calculations are then extended utilizing the validated computational model to explore the effects of the control area, exhaust rate and station size on the smoke spreading progressions. The simulated results reveal the effectiveness of installing static barriers to restrict smoke dispersal within a specific control space; however, the implementation of suitable mechanical exhaust system is required to extract the dense smoke out of the concourse. For the scenario of a high volume MRT underground station, the design adopting the smoke control area of 20 m × 15 m in conjunction with the exhaust rate of 15 m3/s can attain clear visibilities for emergency evacuation. However, the simulations show the inappropriateness of arranging the same design layout of control area and exhaust rate as safety measures of underground fires for a medium volume station.

Study on PET Recovery from Polymeric Mixtures, Using the Floatation Technique, and Valorization of the Collected Particles by Dyeing Them

The aim of this study is to separate PET flakes by applying floatation technique, initially from binary polymer blends and later from the mixture of five common polymers such as polypropylene, polyethylene, poly(vinyl chloride), polstyrene and poly(ethylene terephthalate). A connection line between polymer and fiber is presumed in this study, because the dyeing of recovered polyester with three disperse dyes followed. The separation of plastics was performed in a Plexiglas air floatation column. The Lutensol® TO 8 surfactant of non-ionic origin was used to selectively wet the plastics. The parameters studied were pH values, surfactant concentration and treatment time. The dyeing of the recovered PET was performed with Serilene Blue RL, Serisol Crimson ECF and Serisol Yellow ECF dyes at 90 °C, 110 °C, 130 °C and pH = 4.6. The results obtained showed a good separation of polyester from both the binary mixtures and the mixture of five polymers with a recovery rate of up to 95 ± 2%. The influence of pH and concentration of surfactant is significantly demonstrated, while the effect of the treatment time is considered negligible. Finally, recovered polyester showed very good dyeing properties with all three disperse dyes, since the color exhaustion rate reached approximately 95% for the temperature of 130 °C, which is the usual dyeing temperature of polyester.

Theoretical model for predicting smoke back-layering length downstream of centralised ceiling exhaust vent in tunnel fires

Passing a certain amount of smoke through a centralised ceiling exhaust vent with an acceptable back-layering length can considerably reduce the smoke exhaust rate of a centralised exhaust system. Accordingly, this study conducted a theoretical analysis of the back-layering length of smoke downstream of the centralised ceiling exhaust vent and proposed a theoretical prediction model considering the smoke exhaust efficiency, exhaust vent layout, and the distance between the fire source and vent. This model can be applied across multiple exhaust vent layouts with a wide range of smoke exhaust rates. In addition, the theoretical prediction model was verified with a series of reduced-scale experiments. Thereafter, we compared the proposed theoretical model with existing relevant models. The results revealed that the existing models are applicable only for a specific range of the smoke exhaust rate because these models were either empirically derived for a particular range of smoke exhaust rate or developed assuming pure smoke flow in the vent. Furthermore, the proposed model was employed to quantitatively analyse the influence of the exhaust rate, exhaust vent layout, and the distance between the exhaust vent and fire source on the smoke back-layering length. Finally, we discussed the contribution of the proposed model for optimising the exhaust vent layout and reducing the smoke exhaust rate of the system.

Dynamic Structural Equation Modeling of the Relationship Among Daily Workplace Incivility, Daily Emotional Exhaustion, Self-Reported Health and Psychological Capital

This was a daily diary study using intensive longitudinal methods to evaluate the dynamic structure of relationships among employees' self-reported health, psychological capital, daily workplace incivility, and daily emotional exhaustion. We recruited 200 participants working in health and fitness clubs for experience sampling and had them file the same questionnaires for 10 consecutive working days. A total of 179 participants (men = 57, 31.85%; women = 122, 68.15%) completed the questionnaires, with a response rate of 89.5%, leading to 1790 data points at the within-person level. We used a multilevel location-scale model of dynamic structural equation modeling (DSEM) for data analysis. We ran the model in Mplus software (version 8.4) and found an autoregressive 'carry over' relationship between the previous day's emotional exhaustion changes on current emotional exhaustion changes ( = 0.067, CI = [0.003, 0.132]). Daily workplace incivility significantly and positively predicted daily emotional exhaustion at the within-person level ( = 0.953, CI = [0.465, 1.489]). Self-reported health was negatively associated with a person's mean ratings of daily emotional exhaustion ( = -0.256, CI = [0.465, 1.489]) and moderated the strength of the workplace incivility effect on emotional exhaustion ( = -0.201, CI = [-0.292, -0.121]). Finally, psychological capital was negatively related to a person's mean ratings of daily emotional exhaustion ( = -0.240, CI = [-0.377, -0.102]).

Overview over the neutral gas pressures in Wendelstein 7-X during divertor operation under boronized wall conditions

During the first test divertor campaign of the stellarator experiment Wendelstein 7-X (Pedersen et al 2022 Nucl. Fusion 62 042022), OP1.2b, 13 neutral gas pressure gauges collected data in different locations in the plasma vessel, enabling a detailed analysis of the neutral gas pressures, the compression ratios and the particle exhaust rates via the turbomolecular pumps in the different magnetic field configurations. In Wendelstein 7-X, the edge magnetic islands are intersected by the divertor target plates and used to create a plasma-wall interface. As the number and position of the magnetic islands varies in different magnetic field configurations, the position of the strike line on the target plates and thus the neutral gas pressure in the subdivertor differs between the configurations. Neutral gas pressures on the order of few 10−4 mbar were measured in the subdivertor region. The highest neutral gas pressure of mbar was obtained in the so-called high iota configuration featuring four edge magnetic islands per cross section. The neutral particle flux through the pumping gaps into the subdivertor volume was provided by EMC3-EIRENE simulations and allowed to analyze the relation between the particle flux entering the subdivertor and the pressure distribution in the subdivertor. Finite element simulations in ANSYS provide a detailed picture of the pressure distribution in the subdivertor volume and agree with the neutral gas pressure measurements in the subdivertor in the standard configuration featuring an island chain of 5 edge magnetic islands. Surprisingly high neutral gas pressures that were not predicted by the simulation were measured in the subdivertor region away from the main strike line for discharges in the most used magnetic configuration, the standard configuration. While the pressure ratio between the two sections of the subdivertor volume, the low and high iota section is 0.06 in high iota configuration, a ratio of 2–5 was obtained in the other configurations, indicating significant particle loads and exhaust rates on the high iota section of the subdivertor in magnetic configurations with the main strike line on the low iota divertor targets.

Bio-adsorbent hydroxyapatite for drinking water defluoridation: column performance modelling studies.

Waste marble powder (WMP) is a rich source of calcium and magnesium salts having an affinity for fluoride ions and therefore serves as a good defluoridation agent. Hydroxyapatite was synthesized from WMP generated by the marble processing industry to make an adsorbent for drinking water defluoridation. The synthesized marble hydroxyapatite (MA-Hap LR) powder was further formed into 2-3mm pellets by extrusion spheronization technique using a polyvinyl alcohol binder. Continuous column defluoridation studies were conducted to obtain optimized column parameters such as input fluoride concentration, column inflow rates, optimum pellet size, and adsorbent bed parameters to obtain maximum fluoride adsorption capacity. The best breakthrough column performance was a maximum adsorption capacity of 1.21mg/g, treating 10mg/L fluoride concentration. The optimized column flow rate was at 1 LPH using an adsorbent bed height of 25cm, which processed 28.5-bed volumes at an adsorbent exhaustion rate of 7.4g/L. The column breakthrough performance data were fit into various kinetic models (Thomas model and Yoon-Nelson model) to describe adsorption kinetics and obtain correlation coefficients. Thomas's model fitted well with a high correlation coefficient value. Modelling studies indicate MA-Hap as a promising adsorbent for drinking water treatment, and optimum column design parameters were identified for scale-up for real applications.

Creep deformation behaviour of thermomechanically treated India specific reduced activation ferritic martensitic steel

In the present work, the influence of thermomechanical treatment (TMT) on microstructural evolution and creep deformation behaviour of India specific reduced activation ferritic martensitic (INRAFM) steel was investigated. Firstly, the TMT was carried out on INRAFM steel by reducing its thickness to 25% at warm rolling temperature (973 K), followed by tempering for 90 min at 1033 K. The resultant microstructural characteristics were compared with those attained in normalized and tempered (N+T) condition. TMT treated steel shows a refinement in lath structure with an increment in population of finer M23C6 precipitates along the hierarchal PAG/packet/block boundaries and MX carbonitrides in the intralath region. After TMT, creep tests were performed on the steel over the stress range of 200–300 MPa at temperature of 823 K. The rupture time of the steel significantly increased upon TMT, due to refinement in microstructural features that enhanced the creep resistance. Dependence of minimum creep rate on applied stress obeys Norton's power law and the stress exponent values indicated the deformation mechanism as dislocation creep. Modified Monkman-Grant relation shows a good relation between rupture time/strain to failure with minimum creep rate. Thereafter, the effect of TMT on the transient, secondary and tertiary creep behaviour was also examined and presented in this work. The TMT treated steel shows lower rate of exhaustion, higher threshold stress and prolonged tertiary region.

Abstract 1775: Expansion of human T cells using xenogeneic free and gamma irradiated human platelet lysate

Abstract Commercially available human platelet lysate (hPL) is produced using expired human platelets obtained from accredited blood banks in the United States. These platelets were originally intended for use in patient transfusion. The safety of platelets used in transfusion is managed by the U.S. Food & Drug Administration (FDA), as well as the American Association of Blood Banks (AABB). These organizations set standards, including testing for transmissible diseases. The United States record for blood safety is well established, with extremely low rates of disease transmission, making the platelet units used for hPL manufacture low risk. The Covid-19 pandemic has increased awareness of emerging infectious diseases, even though transmission of Covid-19 via blood transfusion has not been documented. For that reason, gamma irradiated hPL offers an additional safety measure in the clinic. Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) expressing T-cells have demonstrated potent clinical efficacy in patients with hematological malignancies. In addition, there are several phase I clinical trials evaluating the use of CAR-T-cells for targeting of solid tumor-associated antigens. Some of the challenging issues found during production of CAR-T cells are the efficiency of T cell transduction to generate CAR-T cells, the expansion of T cells to clinically relevant numbers and the long-term survival in vivo of the therapeutic cells. The use of human platelet lysate has been demonstrated to improve these issues. Our data from experiments performed using human CD3+ from donors demonstrates that human platelet lysates offer an improved performance on T cell expansion versus serum derived products. hPL efficiently promotes T cell expansion, with higher cell yields and lower cell exhaustion rate. Additionally, we efficiently developed a protocol for suspension culture of T cells, which could facilitate the large-scale expansion of allogeneic CAR-T cells. Citation Format: Vanesa Alonso-Camino. Expansion of human T cells using xenogeneic free and gamma irradiated human platelet lysate [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 1775.

Marble waste derived hydroxyapatite: Low-cost adsorbent for the defluoridation of drinking water

Synthesis of hydroxyapatite (Hap) powder using waste marble powder resource was conducted in a pilot plant scale setup for its application in the defluoridation of drinking water. During synthesis, process parameters such as temperature, process time and pH were optimized so as to obtain good quality hydroxyapatite (MA-Hap LR) products. MA-Hap LR powder was characterised using FTIR, XRD which confirmed formation of purer form of Hap when synthesized at 72 °C having a crystallite size of 43.87 nm and surface area of 24.66 m2/g. SEM and TEM studies of MA-Hap LR indicated rod like morphology similar to pure Hap. The powder was pelletized via the extrusion-spheronization technique in a pelletizer using Polyvinyl alcohol as the binder. Pellets of varying size ranges (2–3 mm) were studied for their fluoride adsorption capacity. Continuous column experiments were conducted to optimize column operational parameters like inlet flow rate, input fluoride concentrations, pellet size, and bed height for maximum fluoride removal. The column fluoride adsorption capacity was obtained at 1.21 mg/g for 10 mg/L input fluoride concentration, bed height 25 cm, 1 LPH flow rate, and processed 28.5-bed volumes at a maximum adsorbent exhaustion rate of 7.4 g/L. Adsorbent regeneration studies indicated that MA-Hap LR72 pellets could be reused for three cycles. The eluent concentration required for the regeneration of exhausted pellets was optimized at 1 M NaOH, confirmed by FTIR and SEM studies of the pellets. The treated water quality was within the acceptable limits for parameters such as pH, alkalinity, hardness and TDS according to WHO and BIS regulations which describe the utility of hydroxyapatite prepared from waste marble powder as a good defluoridation agent for practical drinking water treatment applications.

Recently matched students are effective residency application teachers.

Applying to residency is one of the most stressful challenges of a medical student's career and is associated with high rates of burnout, emotional exhaustion and depersonalisation.1 Depending on the school and desired specialty, there are a variety of sources for advice such as faculty career advisors, medical school deans and guidebooks. Despite these resources, many students still do not feel adequately advised. Peer teachers are well-positioned to frame teaching at the level of students' understanding and foster more comfortable learning environments. Aside from student panels, there are no described accounts in the medical literature of recently matched medical students being actively involved in residency application advising, despite their unique position to provide highly relevant and timely advice to their underclassmen. At the Robert Larner, MD, College of Medicine at the University of Vermont (LCOM), three graduating medical students developed official course material in the form of videos and PowerPoint presentations about the residency application process for 60 incoming fourth-year students registered for their ‘transition to fourth year’ course, which is currently offered as an elective at LCOM. Materials included an overview of the residency application process, a guide to the supplemental application and a compilation of specialty-specific advice from all recently matched students in the class. They also organised a live panel of recently matched students that was open to all 124 incoming fourth-year medical students and attended by approximately 50 students (40%). Students registered for the course were asked to complete a post-course survey evaluation on a five-point Likert scale (5 = strongly agree). 39 of 60 registered students (65%) completed the survey. Students only evaluated the sessions they attended, and some survey questions were skipped, which accounts for the variable denominators below. IRB exemption was obtained prior to survey development. Results were overwhelmingly positive with the majority of students (27/30, 90%) agreeing or strongly agreeing that this content ‘is more effectively delivered by my peers than by faculty or administrators’. Most respondents (26/31, 83.9%) agreed or strongly agreed that having recently matched students advise them ‘reduced their stress and anxiety about the residency application process’ and 80.6% (25/31) agreed that ‘recently matched students should be even more involved in their advising’. Recently matched students are acutely aware of the level of detail that incoming fourth-year students find the most relevant, especially considering the dynamic virtual interview environment and new supplemental application. There are shared experiences and requirements in the residency application process for which recently matched students can provide invaluable information. We facilitated this connection through integration into a fourth-year elective. We also learned that as details became more granular and specialty specific, it was difficult to provide sufficient specialty representation. In smaller specialties where there are fewer matched students or no affiliated residency programmes, additional support should be provided by faculty, residency programmes or virtual communities (social media, other online forums). Ultimately, a multifaceted approach is needed, which includes recently matched students, residents, faculty, administrators, virtual communities and other resources. Richard Brach designed curricular materials and the survey, analysed results, and wrote the manuscript. Allison Tzeng designed the residency supplemental application PowerPoint and other curricular materials and assisted with survey and manuscript edits. Hakeem Yousef designed the residency application overview video, organised the student panel, and assisted with survey and manuscript edits. Matthew Tsai initiated this project, designed curricular materials, and provided manuscript edits. Emily Greenberger is the principal investigator and oversaw curricular and survey design as well as the manuscript.

Design of the reactive dyes containing large planar multi-conjugated systems and their application in non-aqueous dyeing

The development of pollution-free dyeing technology, including anhydrous dyeing and non-aqueous dyeing technologies, has always been an important way and research hot in energy conservation and emission reduction. Designing new structural dye molecules is the key to water-saving dyeing processes. Herein, three reactive dyes were designed and synthesized, which contained large planar multi-conjugated systems and multi-reactive groups. The designed reactive dyes are expected to have high affinity and high fixations in non-aqueous or small bath dyeing processes. The reactive dyes were applied in the decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (DMCS) reverse micelle dyeing for cotton fabric. High exhaustion rate of 99.35%, 98.10% and 98.80%, and fixation rate of 95.15%, 96.34% and 94.40% for three dyes, R1, R2 and R3, could be respectively obtained. The dyes can be fully utilized and had excellent dyeing performance, fastness and levelling properties under the revere micelle dyeing. The cotton fabric is like an oil-water separator in the dyeing process, where the dye micelles rapidly absorb and permeate into the cotton fibers. DMCS circulates around the fabric to transfer mass and energy. After dyeing, the solvent can be separated quickly and reused. The new reactive dyes containing large planar and multi-conjugated systems have potential application in green and sustainable dyeing technology with less wastewater and higher utilization.

Copper-Treated Environmentally Friendly Antipathogenic Cotton Fabric with Modified Reactive Blue 4 Dye to Improve Its Antibacterial and Aesthetic Properties

The objectives of the present study were to develop an environmentally friendly, low-price, easy, and fast method for developing antipathogenic (antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral) cuprous-oxide-coated multifunctional fabrics. The fabrics were first sensitized with citric acid, and then Cu2O particles were formed using the Fehling solution method. The cuprous oxide particles were then applied to the cotton fabrics. To create the Cu2O particles, three different kinds of reducing agents with varying concentrations were used. SEM, dynamic light scattering, FTIR, EDS, and XRD were used to examine the surface morphologies and metal presences. In the second step, a reactive antibacterial dye was made (by reacting Reactive Blue 4 with triclosan). The molecular structure of the modified dye was confirmed with FTIR. The resultant antibacterial dye was applied on the copper-treated cotton fabrics in accordance with the exhaust dyeing protocol. The dyed fabrics were characterized through the colorimetric data (L*, a*, b*, C, H, and K/S), levelness of dye, fastness properties as well as exhaustion and fixation rates. Cuprous-oxide-coated fabrics were tested for antipathogenic activity using quantitative and qualitative measurement results. The fabrics treated with cuprous oxide particles reduced with sodium hydrosulfite at 1 g/L seemed to have the highest antipathogenic effect. Moreover, the versatility of the hygienically developed bioactive fabrics in terms of their comfort properties such as air permeability and stiffness were investigated. Finally, the coating’s durability was confirmed by evaluating its antibacterial properties and performing an SEM analysis after laundry.

Optimization and Assessment of the Comprehensive Performance of an Axial Separator by Response Surface Methodology

The separator with inner channels is designed to solve the inefficiency caused by particle collisions with the wall. Then the response surface methodology is used to optimize this novel separator with the aim of maximizing the separation efficiency and exhaust rate while minimizing the pressure drop simultaneously. Firstly, the Reynolds Stress model and the Euler-Euler model are taken to compare the novel and conventional structures. Secondly, five factors, including inlet velocity (v) of air-particle flow, number of inner channels, axial angle of inner channels, height of inner channels, and number of guide vanes, are selected in the Box-Behnken Design. Thirdly, the quadratic regression equations are established in multi-objective optimization. The research results demonstrate that separation efficiency is improved but the pressure drop is increased in the novel design. Additionally, too large inner channels can lead to a decrease in separation efficiency. The increased height of the inner channels has the most positive impact on the exhaust rate. And the optimization amplitude of the pressure drop is the most remarkable, which is presented as 13.87% at v = 2.5 m/s, 34.49% at v = 4.5 m/s, and 75.49% at v = 6.5 m/s, respectively. Furthermore, the separation efficiency of optimized designs is higher than that of conventional ones at each velocity. The relevant research results can provide an effective guide for improving the efficiency of separators.