Level Of Exertion Research Articles

The Impact of Basic Police Training and Scale Diet on Body Composition and Aerobic Performance of Nepal Police Officers Trainees.

Executing their daily duties, police officers are expected to perform complex, physically demanding activities, often at maximal levels of exertion. Given these criteria, training must be rigorous enough to ensure that when trainees graduate, they are competent in their response to crisis and flexible enough to sustain this for the span of their career. The present study aimed to determine the impact of scale diet and physical training (SDPT) on body composition and aerobic performance among Nepal police officer trainees. We conducted a cross-sectional analytic study among 570 Nepal Police recruits from Nepal Police Academy of Butwal and Kathmandu. Null hypothesis was created followed by an alternative hypothesis. Alpha (1 - ?) for the above-mentioned study design were set. Parametric statistical analysis was done with criteria set for acceptance or rejection of the null hypothesis. We collected the data from the field as per Nepal police basic exercise and diet protocol to determine the effect of physical training and scale diet on body composition and aerobic performance. We enrolled all the recruits from March to May, 2019 who met the eligibility criteria in the study. We used Microsoft Excel 2013 for data entry and R program (version: 4.0.3) for statistical analysis. Results:There was a significant rise in aerobic performance (4.51 ± 3.39 ml/kg/min) and remarkable reduction in body fat (-4.49 ± 2.33 %) and Body Mass Index (-0.433 ± 1.00 kg/m2) after SDPT among participants with normal BMI at the time of recruitment. Body fat was significantly reduced (-4.36 ± 2.3%) and aerobic performance was significantly increased (6.93±4.70 ml/kg/min) among overweight participants at the time of recruitment. The methodology adopted in the physical training of Nepal Police was effective in reducing body mass index and fat, improving the physical capacity. . Key words: Scale Diet; Physical Training, Body Fat; Aerobic Performance; VO2max, Body Mass Index.

A novel multipurpose device for guided knee motion and loading during dynamic magnetic resonance imaging

IntroductionThis work aimed to develop a novel multipurpose device for guided knee flexion-extension, both passively using a motorized pneumatic system and actively (muscle-driven) with the joint unloaded or loaded during dynamic MRI. Secondary objectives were to characterize the participant experience during device use, and present preliminary dynamic MRI data to demonstrate the different device capabilities. Material and methodsSelf-reported outcomes were used to characterize the pain, physical exertion and discomfort levels experienced by 10 healthy male participants during four different active knee motion and loading protocols using the novel device. Knee angular data were recorded during the protocols to determine the maximum knee range of motion achievable. Dynamic MRI was acquired for three healthy volunteers during passive, unloaded knee motion using 2D Cartesian TSE, 2D radial GRE and 3D UTE sequences; and during active, unloaded and loaded knee motion using 2D radial GRE imaging. Because of the different MRI sequences used, spatial resolution was inherently lower for active knee motion than for passive motion acquisitions. ResultsDepending on the protocol, some participants reported slight pain, mild discomfort and varying levels of physical exertion. On average, participants achieved ∼40° of knee flexion; loaded conditions can create knee moments up to 27Nm. High quality imaging data were obtained during different motion and loading conditions. Dynamic 3D data allowed to retrospectively extract arbitrarily oriented slices. ConclusionA novel multipurpose device for guided, physiologically relevant knee motion and loading during dynamic MRI was developed. Device use was well tolerated and suitable for acquiring high quality images during different motion and loading conditions. Different bone positions between loaded and unloaded conditions were likely due to out-of-plane motion, particularly because image registration was not performed. Ultimately, this device could be used to advance our understanding of physiological and pathological joint mechanics.

Effects of an exercise intervention on participation reported by people with disabilities: A mixed methods randomized trial

BackgroundDespite a long history of research on the benefits of exercise for people with mobility impairments, little is known about how exercise affects participation in their daily activities. ObjectiveThis randomized mixed-methods study examined the effects of participating in a structured community-based exercise program on pain, depression, fatigue, exertion and participation in daily activities. MethodStudy participants were recruited from a population-based sample of people who returned a survey (n = 800) and indicated they would be willing to participate in another study. The intervention group was randomly assigned to participate in a physical therapy evaluation and 30 exercise sessions within four months and the control group completed measures only. Ecological momentary assessment and a daily diary was used to evaluate treatment outcomes for the intervention relative to the control group on pain, depression, fatigue, exertion and participation in high exertion activities. We also interviewed a subset of intervention participants to solicit their lived experience from engaging in the exercise intervention. ResultsExercise intervention participants reported 28% less pain and 19% less fatigue than control participants. They also reported engaging in 11% more bathing and grooming, 22% more household chores, and left their homes 13% more than control participants. These results were mirrored in qualitative interview results. ConclusionsParticipating in an exercise program leads to less pain and fatigue and more participation in activities that require relatively high levels of exertion like bathing and leaving home.

Physical exertion at work and addictive behaviors: tobacco, cannabis, alcohol, sugar and fat consumption: longitudinal analyses in the CONSTANCES cohort

We examined the prospective association of physical exertion at work with subsequent tobacco, cannabis, alcohol use, and sugar and fat consumption. Volunteers of the French population-based CONSTANCES cohort currently employed were included from 2012 to 2017 for tobacco and cannabis outcomes (n = 100,612), and from 2012 to 2016 for alcohol and sugar and fat outcomes (n = 75,414). High level of physical exertion at work was defined as a score ≥ 12 at the Rating Perceived Exertion Borg scale. Substance use was self-reported and diet rich in sugar and fat was obtained from principal component analysis and analyzed as quartiles. Generalized linear models computed odds of substance use and sugar and fat consumption at follow-up according to baseline physical exertion at work, while adjusting for sociodemographic factors, depressive symptoms and baseline level of consumption. High physical exertion was associated with tobacco use with dose-dependent relationships. It was also associated with increased odds of cannabis use at least once per month compared to no use in the past and with increased odds of diet rich in sugar and fat. Hence, the role of physical exertion at work on tobacco and cannabis use and diet rich in sugar and fat should be tackled for information and prevention strategies.

The Effects of Heart Rate Monitoring on Ratings of Perceived Exertion and Attention Allocation in Individuals of Varying Fitness Levels.

There has been a rapid increase in the use of wearable technology-based physical activity trackers. Most of these physical activity trackers include tracking and displaying the individual's heart rate (HR). There is little known about how HR monitoring influences the perception of exertion and attention allocation. Shifting attentional focus toward the body (association), such as monitoring HR, instead of environmental stimuli (dissociation) may increase one's perceived level of exertion. The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of HR monitoring on ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and attention allocation during an exertive stepping task in individuals of varying fitness levels. The YMCA stepping task normative values determined fitness levels. For the experimental condition, participants were randomly assigned to one of two conditions (i.e., HR monitoring or control) and completed a stepping task with a weighted vest at 20% of their bodyweight. HR, RPE, and attention allocation were collected at 30-s intervals. Performing the stepping task resulted in a gradual increase of HR and RPE along with a shift from dissociative to associative attention across all conditions. Monitoring one's HR during the task resulted in more dissociative attention allocation, however, no RPE differences were reported between the two conditions. Unfit individuals reported lower levels of RPE during the first time point compared to fit individuals despite having higher HR throughout the task. The results of this study have relevance for applied practitioners implementing physical activity interventions with individuals who monitor their HR.

Endogenous oxytocin, cortisol, and testosterone in response to group singing

Humans have sung together for thousands of years. Today, regular participation in group singing is associated with benefits across psychological and biological dimensions of human health. Here we examine the hypothesis that a portion of these benefits stem from changes in endocrine activity associated with affiliation and social bonding. Working with a young adult choir (n = 71), we measured changes salivary concentrations of oxytocin, cortisol, and testosterone from before and after four experimental conditions crossing two factors: vocal production mode (singing vs. speaking) and social context (together vs. alone). Salivary oxytocin and cortisol decreased from before to after the experimental manipulations. For oxytocin the magnitude of this decrease was significantly smaller after singing compared to speaking, resulting in concentrations that were significantly elevated after singing together compared to speaking together, after controlling for baseline differences. In contrast, the magnitude of the salivary cortisol decreases was the same across experimental manipulations, and although large, could not be separated from diurnal cycling. No significant effects were found in a low-powered exploratory evaluation of testosterone (tested only in males). At a psychological level, we found that singing stimulates greater positive shifts in self-perceived affect compared to speaking—particularly when performed together—and that singing together enhances feelings of social connection more than speaking together. Finally, measurements of heart rate made for a subset of participants provide preliminary evidence regarding physical exertion levels across conditions. These results are discussed in the context of a growing multidisciplinary literature on the endocrinological correlates of musical behavior. We conclude that singing together can have biological and psychological effects associated with affiliation and social bonding, and that these effects extend beyond comparable but non-musical group activities. However, we also note that these effects appear heavily influenced by broader contextual factors that shape social dynamics, such as stress levels, the intimacy of interactions, and the status of existing relationships.

Stress Echocardiogram in Asymptomatic Severe Aortic Stenosis.

ABSTRACTAortic stenosis (AS) is one of the most common adult valve diseases. Therefore, current guidelines recommend prompt aortic valve intervention once symptoms occur. However, AS is predominantly a disease of the elderly, and these people may be underreporting their symptoms, have other comorbidities, or have a low level of exertion at the baseline or they might make a subconscious adjustment of their activities. Hence, stress testing can be a vital and objective tool to uncover their symptoms and prognosticate.

Which is the most ergonomic mop? A comparison of three domestic mopping systems

PurposeTo assess musculoskeletal risk factors (repetitions, posture, forces) of the upper limb during domestic floor mopping tasks. MethodsTwo hundred women were surveyed to determine the most common mopping system, mopping patterns and type of flooring used in their homes. The biomechanical demands of the three most common mopping systems were then evaluated in the laboratory. Participants were also asked to rate their perceived levels of exertion and cleanliness of each mopping system. ResultsThe use of wet wipes had the highest repetition count and exertion rates during mopping and scrubbing tasks. Higher peak scrubbing forces were noted for the plunge mop. All participants found the cotton fibre mop to be the cleanest. All 3 mops had medium postural risk. ConclusionThe advantages and disadvantages of each mopping system were outlined and may be used by occupational therapists when providing ergonomic advice to patients with upper limb musculoskeletal conditions.

Impact of Active Breaks in the Classroom on Mathematical Performance and Attention in Elementary School Children.

Background: The increasing need to face the problem of sedentarism, especially in the COVID-19 era, induced teachers and researchers to find new intervention methodologies in school context. Active breaks (ABs) include brief periods of physical activity as a part of the curriculum. This study aimed to investigate the AB acute responses on attentive skills and mathematical performance and attention in a primary school. Methods: A total of 141 children (aged 9.61 ± 0.82), divided into six classes, participated in this study. Each class was randomly assigned to three groups on the basis of the type of protocol performed during the three ABs scheduled in a school day: fitness (FIT), creativity (CREAT), and control group (CON). At baseline and at the end of interventions, all participants underwent the Stroop Color and Word test (SCWT) and the math test (MATH) to assess the level of attention and mathematical performance, respectively. The degree of enjoyment was evaluated through the modified Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale. Results: The factorial ANOVA showed significant differences between the FIT and CON in MATH test (p = 0.023) and SCWT (p = 0.034). CREAT and FIT groups showed higher degree of enjoyment than the CON (both ps < 0.001). Conclusions: This study showed a positive acute impact of AB interventions. FIT positively influenced attentive and math performances more than the CREAT, probably due to the correct work/rest ratio and executive rhythm that allowed children to reach a good level of exertion. This report showed that ABs can be a useful and productive activity to be performed between curricular lessons.

Effect of Wearing Surgical Face Masks During Exercise: Does Intensity Matter?

Face masks are widely recommended as means of controlling the coronavirus disease outbreak. This study aimed to examine the physiological and perceptual responses of wearing surgical face masks while exercising at different intensities. Thirteen healthy young adults (mean age, 21.9 ± 1.4 years) conducted randomized crossover trials with or without a surgical face mask. In each trial, participants completed an incremental treadmill protocol, with three 6-min stages (light, moderate, and vigorous at 25, 50, and 75% maximal oxygen uptake, respectively). Physiological outcomes (heart rate, blood lactate, and oxygen saturation level), perceived exertion and discomfort feeling were assessed. No significant differences were observed in physiological outcomes with or without masks at different exercise intensities (p > 0.05). However, the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was significantly higher when exercising vigorously (mask: 15.5 ± 1.5 vs. no-mask: 14.2 ± 2.1, p < 0.05). Participants wearing masks reported marked discomfort, such as feeling hot, humid, and breathing resistance. Although face mask-wearing during exercise may not have detrimental effects on major physiological parameters, it can increase perceived exertion level and discomfort when the exercise intensity exceeds a certain threshold. Therefore, healthcare professionals should cautiously evaluate each person’s ability to exercise while wearing a mask and tailor their prescription accordingly.

The Incremental Shuttle Walk Test

The Incremental Shuttle Walk Test

Physical exertion at work and addictive behaviors: tobacco, cannabis, alcohol, sugar and fat intake

Abstract Background This study examined the prospective association of physical exertion at work with risk of tobacco, cannabis, alcohol use and sugar and fat consumption. Methods Volunteers of the French population-based CONSTANCES cohort currently employed were included from 2012 to 2017 for tobacco and cannabis outcomes (n = 100,612), and from 2012 to 2016 for alcohol and sugar and fat outcomes (n = 75,414). High level of physical exertion was defined as a score ≥12 at the Rating Perceived Exertion Borg scale. Substance use was self-reported and patterns of sugar and fat intakes were obtained from principal component analysis and used in quartiles. Generalized linear models computed odds of substance use and sugar and fat consumption at follow-up according to baseline physical exertion at work, while adjusting for sociodemographic factors, depressive symptoms and baseline level of consumption. Results High physical exertion was associated with tobacco use, i.e.: increased odd of relapse in former smokers (OR = 1.13, 95% confidence interval (CI):1.02-1.24), and increased number of cigarettes per day in current smokers (OR = 1.54, 95%CI:1.33-1.78) with dose-dependent relationships (P for trend&amp;lt;0.001). It was also associated with increased odd of cannabis use at least once per month compared to no use in the past year (OR = 1.31, 95%CI:1.03-1.66) and with increased odds of sugar and fat consumption (OR = 1.06, 95%CI:1.01-1.11 and OR = 1.13, 95%CI:1.07-1.18, for third and fourth quartiles compared to the first, respectively). Conclusions The associations between physical exertion at work and subsequent tobacco and cannabis use and sugar and fat consumption should be taken into account for information and prevention strategies. Key messages The associations between physical exertion at work and subsequent tobacco and cannabis use and sugar and fat consumption should be taken into account for information and prevention strategies. High physical exertion at work was positively associated with subsequent tobacco and cannabis use and sugar and fat consumption.

Echo-guided LVAD speed optimization for exercise maximization

Abstract Background Continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices (LVAD) are becoming a destination therapy in patients with end-stage left ventricular dysfunction and a competitive method for heart transplantation. Current generation pumps operate with a fixed rotation speed and do not have the automatic speed adjustment capability. However, it was shown that acceleration of the pump speed during stress test increases the maximum exercise tolerance. Purpose The study aimed to evaluate the concept of dynamic pump speed optimization based on the echocardiographic assessment of aortic valve opening (AVO) during the cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET). Methods Patients with implanted third-generation centrifugal continuous-flow LVAD's with hydrodynamic bearing were prospectively included. Two CPET's were performed after resting speed optimization. The first one with maintained baseline pump speed settings, and the second one with gradually increased speed depending on live echocardiographic imaging. The sequence of tests was random. Results Exercise AVO was apparent in all 22 included patients. The resting pump speed was 2691 RPM and incremented on average by 566 RPM (20%). Pump power and flow raised from 5.6 to 9.8 Watts (p&amp;lt;0.0001) and from 5.8 to 7.3 l/min (p&amp;lt;0.0001), respectively. Peak VO2 increased from 11.1 to 12.8 ml/kg/min (p=0.0003) and maximum workload from 1.1 to 1.2 W/kg (p=0.03). The Borg scale exertion level decreased from 15.2 to 13.5 (p=0.0049). There was a visible trend towards longer exercise time (36s) but no statistical significance was achieved (p=0.1). Conclusion Ultrasonographic AVO analysis is possible during CPET's in patients supported with LVAD. Dynamic echo-guided pump speed adjustment based on the AVO improves exercise tolerance, augments peak VO2 consumption and maximal workload. An automatic speed adjustment in the next generations of LVAD controllers might improve functional capacity and requires further basic, technological and clinical research. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: Other. Main funding source(s): 1. Cor Aegrum Foundation of Cardiac Surgery Development in Cracow2. Medtronic Poland Sp. z o.o.

Automation conditions of mobile base station shelter via cloud and IoT computing applications

In this paper, a monitoring and controlling process of the mobile base station shelter has been implemented. We have proposed a model that is based on a firebase cloud service and the principle of the internet of things (IoT) to carry out the process of automation. In this model, we have used Raspberry Pi 4 as the main microcontroller of our system that has interacted with a DHT11 Humidity-Temperature sensor and a PIR motion sensor. It's found that the Pi4 module provides efficient analysis, low consumption of power, and effective control of the operation. It turns ON/OFF the electrical appliances automatically inside the shelter. The main advantage of our proposed model is to maintain the temperature and humidity degrees inside the shelter within the required range of operation. Another important advantage is to diminish the tall human exertion level behind the monitoring process throughout the day. The model has been tested through a localhost server via an HTML page. The last one was created with the assistance of HTML and CSS languages to be used as a local user interface. Moreover, the Raspberry Pi 4 was programmed by Python Language to catch up on the reading of the sensors, processes the data, and sends it to the cloud service. Finally, those data will be shown in real-time to the authenticated user on the database of the firebase cloud service.

Effects of Different Finger Grips and Arm Positions on the Performance of Manipulating the Chinese Brush in Chinese Adolescents.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of finger grip and wrist position on Chinese calligraphy handwriting (CCH). Thirty participants were recruited in the study and asked to manipulate the Chinese brush using two finger grip methods (three-finger grip and five-finger grip) and two wrist positions (suspended wrist and raised wrist). Three experimental writing tasks were applied to investigate writing stability, agility, and hand–eye coordination, and to evaluate the completion time (s), area of error (cm2), and error times. Subjective responses (arm aching level, ease of grip, exertion level, and comfort) regarding the four combinations of Chinese brush manipulation were measured. The results indicated significantly better performance with the three-finger grip for the stability and agility tests, and with the five-finger grip for the hand–eye coordination task. Using the suspended wrist position for CCH allowed better agility and hand–eye coordination than the raised wrist position. In consideration of the results of the four operational combinations, the three-finger grip with a suspended wrist position demonstrated the best performance in both objective and subjective measurements. It is recommended for application in the early learning stage. These findings can be considered when teaching Chinese brushes for beginners of CCH in schools.

Greater Sun Salutation Frequency and Standing Time Predict Increased Rate of Perceived Exertion across Multiple Yoga Styles: A Cross-sectional Yoga Instructor Survey

<h3>Research Objectives</h3> To investigate the relationship between yoga elements and characteristics across multiple yoga styles, including mixed yoga styles, and exertion levels estimated by yoga instructors (YIs) using the 10-point OMNI perceived exertion scale (RPE). <h3>Design</h3> We used a cross-sectional design. <h3>Setting</h3> YIs completed this web-based questionnaire on personal computers. <h3>Participants</h3> 375 YIs from the Northeastern US completed this study. <h3>Interventions</h3> Participants completed a customized, 57-item web-based survey that included questions regarding client exertion levels, yoga styles, practice elements, and other characteristics when teaching yoga. <h3>Main Outcome Measures</h3> The independent variable was the average exertion level that YIs felt their participants experienced in a typical yoga class using a RPE scale. In our analyses this variable was collapsed into three categories: low intensity (1- 4), moderate intensity (5-7), and high intensity (8-9). <h3>Results</h3> Our response rate was 46%. YIs identified greater than eight different styles of yoga that they used in classes with 87% of them using more than one style of yoga/class. Elements of yoga were directly related to exertion level estimated by YIs: time spent in standing/class (rspearman = 0.36, p < 0.001), the frequency of sun salutations performed/class (rspearman = 0.27, p < 0.001) and time performing vinyasa/class (rspearman = 0.22, p = 0.001). We found that estimated RPE reported by YIs was inversely related (rspearman = -0.16, p = 0.004) to the non-performance of sun salutation. An ordinal logistic regression model that included the above variables revealed statistical significance: Χ-squared (4) = 29.411, p = 0.001. Only time spent in standing (p = 0.007) and frequency of performing sun salutation (p = 0.006) during a yoga class were significant predictors of estimated RPE. <h3>Conclusions</h3> If improved cardiorespiratory fitness is the client's goal and yoga is their exercise preference, our findings suggest that health care providers and clients should seek yoga classes, regardless of yoga style, where YIs spend greater time standing and perform a higher frequency of sun salutation sequences. <h3>Author(s) Disclosures</h3> There are no known conflicts of interest to declare by the authors.

Cognitive reappraisal mitigates affective valence declines during exercise at the ventilatory threshold

ABSTRACT Affective valence during exercise is thought to switch from positive to negative at the ventilatory threshold (VT). The emotion regulation strategy cognitive reappraisal (CR) can be used to reevaluate emotional stimuli to reduce negative and increase positive emotional experience. We investigated if CR applied during endurance exercise at VT would increase self-reported positive affect and reduce self-reported arousal and perceived exertion during a 60-min run. 26 young recreational runners (n = 13 women, age 25.4 ± 4.3 years old; BMI 21.3 ± 2.3 kg/m2; peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) = 55.02 ± 7.31 ml/kg/min, 58 ± 17 km/week) performed three sessions each separated by one week. On the first session, runners completed a maximal incremental test to determine their ventilatory threshold. During the next two sessions, runners completed a 60-min run at their VT on a treadmill while applying either CR or unregulated (UR) instructions in counterbalanced order. Participants were reminded of the emotion regulation instructions every five minutes and reported exertion, affective valence, and arousal every 10 min. Similar levels of exertion were reported during the CR and UR sessions. However, they reported marginally higher arousal during CR than UR (p=0.076). They also reported more positive valence during CR than UR (p<0.001). Post-hoc analysis showed that affective valence was higher during CR than UR (p<0.01) after 30, 40 and 50 min of exercise. During endurance exercise at the ventilatory threshold, cognitive reappraisal attenuates the decreases in affect after 30 min in recreational runners.

Toward Predicting Human Performance Outcomes From Wearable Technologies: A Computational Modeling Approach.

Wearable technologies for measuring digital and chemical physiology are pervading the consumer market and hold potential to reliably classify states of relevance to human performance including stress, sleep deprivation, and physical exertion. The ability to efficiently and accurately classify physiological states based on wearable devices is improving. However, the inherent variability of human behavior within and across individuals makes it challenging to predict how identified states influence human performance outcomes of relevance to military operations and other high-stakes domains. We describe a computational modeling approach to address this challenge, seeking to translate user states obtained from a variety of sources including wearable devices into relevant and actionable insights across the cognitive and physical domains. Three status predictors were considered: stress level, sleep status, and extent of physical exertion; these independent variables were used to predict three human performance outcomes: reaction time, executive function, and perceptuo-motor control. The approach provides a complete, conditional probabilistic model of the performance variables given the status predictors. Construction of the model leverages diverse raw data sources to estimate marginal probability density functions for each of six independent and dependent variables of interest using parametric modeling and maximum likelihood estimation. The joint distributions among variables were optimized using an adaptive LASSO approach based on the strength and directionality of conditional relationships (effect sizes) derived from meta-analyses of extant research. The model optimization process converged on solutions that maintain the integrity of the original marginal distributions and the directionality and robustness of conditional relationships. The modeling framework described provides a flexible and extensible solution for human performance prediction, affording efficient expansion with additional independent and dependent variables of interest, ingestion of new raw data, and extension to two- and three-way interactions among independent variables. Continuing work includes model expansion to multiple independent and dependent variables, real-time model stimulation by wearable devices, individualized and small-group prediction, and laboratory and field validation.

Morphological Characterization of Twenty One Sweet Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Genotypes Collected from Native and Alien Sources

Sweet pepper is one of the most important nutritious vegetable and its demand is increasing day by day in Bangladesh indicating need to characterize and assess morphological variability for varietal improvement programme. Twenty-one sweet pepper genotypes from native and alien sources were characterized for twenty-six morphological traits using vegetative and reproductive appearances at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh from October 2018 to March 2019. Marked variation was exhibited among twenty-six qualitative traits (26) studied. Twenty-two (22) characters showed undeniable variation among the genotypes. The presence of higher percentage (61.90%) of light purple color at node were observed indicated high amount of anthocyanin content. Leaf shape is used as genotypes identifier at vegetative stage and herein three types of leaves were found with dark green color (76.19%) that is highly correlates with yield. In case of flower, same level of stigma exertion (61.90%) with 100% white color corolla indicates higher number of fruit sett were exhibited. Entire genotypes exerted one or more exclusive characters especially fruit shape and color in Bangladesh perspective which could be used as an important breeding tools. Fruit color was observed in various categories at intermediate and mature stage as for instance yellow, green, purple, orange, red etc. in addition higher percentage of blocky fruit shape (38.09%) were observed and these are the consumer fascinating attributes of sweet pepper. However, selection of genotypes with desirable morphological trait can be used for their exploitation of future breeding programme.

The Effect of Pursed - Lip Breathing Exercise Vs Diaphragmatic Breathing in Stabilizing the Vitals after 6-MWT among Overweight Individuals

When you exercise and your muscles work harder, your body uses more oxygen and produces more carbon dioxide. To cope with this extra demand, your breathing has to increase from about 15 times a minute (12 litres of air) when you are resting, up to about 40–60 times a minute (100 litres of air) during exercise. Your circulation also speeds up to take the oxygen to the muscles so that they can keep moving. Any kind of exertion causes some change in vitals. Some amount of fluctuation in vitals after any kind of exertion occurs in every individual and is considered to be normal. But if there is extreme fluctuation in vitals even after mild or moderate form of exertion, it indicates some kind of abnormality or an increased stress on cardiovascular or respiratory system and needs attention.In any case if the vitals fluctuate during any kind of exertion it needs to be stabilized so that its harmful effects can be avoided. For these breathing exercises have been proven to be very beneficial. There are several types of breathing exercises such as deep breathing, diaphragmatic breathing, pursed lip breathing, etc. The need for the study is to compare the effectiveness of Pursed-Lip Breathing &amp; Diaphragmatic Breathing exercise instabilizing the vitals after 6 MWT in young individuals. The objective of this study is to measure the exertion level of the individual, to assess the effect of pursed lip and diaphragmatic breathing exercises on vitals after exertion and also the comparison of both techniques. In the present study we took 60 subjects from saaii college, Kanpur. Method of data collection is random and study design is comparative study with study duration of 4 weeks. Subjects were divided into two equal groups. The paired samples t-test shows significant changes observed i.e., null hypothesis is rejected and alternate hypothesis is accepted and we observed that significant improvement along with effectiveness of pursed lip breathing on stabilizing vitals in overweight individuals.