Exercise Stage Of Change Research Articles

Exercise motivation, self-efficacy, and enjoyment as indicators of adult exercise behavior among the transtheoretical model stages

To better understand the role of motivation in determining exercise participation at the population level, we performed a questionnaire survey of 385 Japanese adults (mean age: 55.0 years, SD: 10.9 years). At baseline, the motivation subscales (intrinsic motivation, identified regulation, and external regulation), self-efficacy, and enjoyment all showed significant differences across the stages of change for exercise. Intrinsic motivation and enjoyment had similar findings, with the highest scores being noted in the maintenance stage. Among the 385 subjects, 183 completed the follow-up questionnaire 3 months later. After 3 months, most of the participants (86.9%) who were in the maintenance stage at baseline remained in the same stage. The number of participants who dropped to a lower stage after 3 months was 23. The changes of exercise stage over the 3-month period differed significantly for identified regulation, introjected regulation, and motivation. There were significant time and group interactions for intrinsic motivation and identified regulation. These findings suggest the importance of intrinsic motivation and identified regulation for performance of regular exercise, as well as the role of introjected regulation for promoting behavioral change among Japanese adults.

Associations between Sources of Exercise Self-Efficacy and Stages of Change for Exercise among Older Adults

Associations between Sources of Exercise Self-Efficacy and Stages of Change for Exercise among Older Adults

Commitment strength in motivational interviewing and movement in exercise stage of change in women

Motivational interviewing (MI) increasingly is used in behavior change counseling. We explored whether commitment verbalized in an initial MI session predicted subsequent physical activity behavior. As part of a 12-week walking program targeted at rural women, an initial MI session was held that was audio-recorded. We measured commitment strength during this MI session, stage of change (SOC) pre- and postintervention, and minutes of physical activity performed during the 12-week intervention for the 20 women in the intervention. Commitment strength was significantly correlated with SOC, and SOC was significantly correlated with physical activity behavior. However, commitment strength did not predict physical activity. Further research is needed to determine if commitment strength predicts subsequent physical activity. Understanding the role of the strength of a commitment statement made during an initial MI session could assist the APN in directing follow-up MI sessions. This information could be useful in improving the cost effectiveness and efficiency of conducting MI.

Self-determination and Exercise Stages of Change: Results from the Diabetes Aerobic and Resistance Exercise Trial

Little longitudinal research exists on the relationship between exercise self-determination and stage of change. This study investigated how self-determined motivation changes in patients with type 2 diabetes (N = 175) as they moved through the stages of change over a six-month exercise trial. Hierarchical linear modelling revealed that patients who progressed through the stages of exercise change had an overall increase in self-determined motivation, while non-progressors experienced a reduction in self-determined motivation from three to six months. These results indicate that individuals engaging in regular exercise at six months maintain initial increases in self-determined motivation. Findings are discussed in light of self-determination theory.

A Pilot Study of the Application of the Transtheoretical Model During Strength Training in Older Women

A Transtheoretical Model (TTM) goal-setting tool was used during strength training in women. Volunteers (mean age = 69, N = 27) were assigned to a strength training only or strength training/behavior change 12-week intervention. A pre/posttest, quasiexperimental design assessed TTM constructs, Health-Related Quality of Life, and functional fitness measurements. Multiple ANCOVAs revealed significant differences between groups on lower body strength (p = .001), upper body flexibility (p = .002), Decisional Balance (p = .024,) and Stage of Change for Exercise (p = .010). Stage of change progression may be enhanced using a goal-setting tool during strength training in older women.

Worksite Wellness: Investing in Healthy Employees and Economies

Worksites are structured environments with social norms and policies. These "norms" positively or negatively influence health habits such as physical activity and food choices. This article describes a worksite wellness program conducted and evaluated by Extension. The program demonstrated significant changes in body weight, waist circumference, body mass index, amount of exercise, and stages of change for exercise and intake of fruits and vegetables. This article challenges Extension to partner with employers who have a growing interest in contributing to a healthy work force. Also included are suggestions and tools for conducting worksite wellness programs.

Exercise Stages of Change among University Students Taking Fitness and Sport Skills Courses

Changes in university students' exercise behavior were investigated based on a model of exercise stages of change. The participants were 221 male students taking 16-wk. physical education courses in fitness (n = 115) or sport skills (n = 106). On the first and final days of classes, each student completed a questionnaire on exercise stage change, which assessed motivational readiness for exercise. In the posttest, more participants in the fitness course (74%) had stage progression than those in the sport skills course (33%). Many participants in the sport skills course (29%) reported stage stability as did those in the fitness course (25%). Stage regression was reported by 42% of students in the sport skills course and by 5% of students in the fitness course.

The Role of Motivation and Multidimensional Exercise Self-Efficacy in Exercise Behavior

Several psychosocial constructs included in the Self-Determination Theory (e.g., motivational regulations) and Self-Efficacy Theory have been shown to influence exercise (EX) behavior. In 2008, Rodger et al. introduced a multidimensional exercise self-efficacy scale (MESE) to measure three behavioral domains (i.e., task, coping and scheduling efficacy) that are proposed to influence exercise participation. PURPOSES: To investigate the role of motivational regulations and multidimensional self-efficacy on exercise behavior, and to examine the relationship among these psychological variables. METHODS: All participants ≥ 18 yr old in the OSU Faculty and Staff Fitness Program received an invitation e-mail with a link to the survey that included Behavioral Regulation Exercise Questionnaire-2 (BREQ-2), MESE, exercise stage of change, Godin Leisure Time Physical Activity Scale, and demographic information. Pearson correlations and hierarchical regression were applied to explain EX behavior and to predict level of autonomy by the three SE dimensions. RESULTS: Most participants (N=139; 65.5% women; age 26-69 yr, M=46.27, SD=11.26) were in the action or maintenance stages (69.3%). None of the motivational regulations or SE was significantly correlated with mild or moderate EX. Only scheduling SE (rvig=.367; rtotal=.319) and identified regulation (rvig=.414; rtotal=.274) showed positive association with vigorous and total EX. Gender, MESE subscales and motivational regulations were included in a regression model that explained 17.2% of the variance in total EX, F(9,122)=2.813, p=.005. Gender and scheduling SE were significant predictors. This model also predicted 35.0% of the variance in vigorous EX. Gender, scheduling SE and amotivation were significant predictors. Task, barrier and scheduling SE explained 23.7% of variability in autonomy. Scheduling SE and task SE were the most influential predictors. CONCLUSION: Gender and scheduling SE were significant predictors and explained more variability in vigorous EX than total EX in adults in a fitness program. Level of autonomy could also be explained by scheduling SE and task SE. The relationship between MESE, motivational regulations, and exercise needs further investigation in a longitudinal design.

Construct validity of four exercise stage of change measures in adults

Measuring readiness to exercise, or exercise stage of change (ESOC), is an important first step when counseling adults about exercise. However, minimal construct validity testing of ESOC measures has been reported. With a sample of 95 adults, we estimated the construct validity of four ESOC measures with commonly used response formats (true/false, ladder, 5 choice, interview). Participants completed all four ESOC measures in random order as well as six validation measures: physical activity performed, exercise self-efficacy, decisional balance pros and cons, and behavioral and experiential processes of change. Few participants were in the earliest stage of change. The true/false measure demonstrated the strongest validity. Further studies are needed in diverse samples with more representation across the stages of change.

Relationship between Behavior Regulation and Stage of Change for Exercise Behavior among Undergraduates

The purpose of this study was to adopt a behavior regulation of self-determination theory to investigate the attributes of stage of change among undergraduates. Furthermore, to test the relationships between trends in behavior regulation and the different attributes of stage of change during 18 month. The longitudinal approach survey was utilized in this study, and total 458 undergraduate students (male-228, female-230, aged 21.58±5.21) were participated and completed four questionnaires assessing stage of change for exercise and behavior regulation in the 18-month period. The measurement tools include the stage of change for exercise questionnaire and the behavior regulation in exercise questionnaire. All of the collected data has been analyzed by using two-approach cluster analysis and trend analysis. The results indicated that the behavior regulation could be the stage of change from the high, medium and low self-determined groups. The high self-determined had higher proportion of maintenance than low self-determined, and significantly higher integrated and identified regulation in the stage transitions. The low self-determined had higher proportion of precontemplation or contemplation than high self-determined, and significantly higher external regulation in the stage transitions. This study concluded that the behavior regulation was to change the stages of important factors, and the high self-determined was more conducive to the formation of regular exercise.

PACE+ Nutrition and Exercise Counseling for Obese Patients Based on Stage of Change at an Urban Primary Care Clinic

Abstract Background: Obesity screening and behavioral counseling for adults is recommended but rarely feasible to reduce the risk of developing cancer and many chronic diseases. We intiated obesity screening at an urban clinic and offered obese patients tailored counseling using PACE+, a validated tool designed for the primary care setting. Aim: To evaluate obesity screening rates, readiness to change, preferences for change and change in BMI in patients counseled with PACE+. Methods: Electronic medical record (EMR) review of patient data from May 2006 to March 2008. Analyses comparing stage of change to patient characteristics was conducted using the Cochran-Armitage Trend Test. Bivariate comparisons of the continuous items were analyzed using the Chi-square. Results: Of 5,390 patients in the clinic practice, 2532 (47%) were obese, 2269 (42%) were normal or overweight, and 589 (11%) were not screened. PACE+ educators counseled 843 obese patients (33%) May 2006-March 2008. Mean age 50, mean BMI 39, 79% female and 98% African American. 31% of PACE+ participants had hypertension, diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidemia. Stage of change for exercise was most often contemplation (38%) and preparation (40%). The preferred activity was walking (62%). Most cited reasons to change behavior were to lower blood pressure, improve health, reduce weight, and increase energy. Most reported activity barriers were pain (20%), weather (13%), and time (10%). Most patients rated their stage of change for reducing calories as preparation (62%). Anticipated nutrition adherence barriers were “will-power,” cost, and time. Participants rated their self-confidence for activity and dietary changes highly. A trend to weight stabilization and weight loss was observed with follow-up. Conclusion: Obesity screening and a structured low-intensity behavioral counseling by educators was feasible and reached 33% of obese patients in the practice. PACE+ evaluation in the EMR provides retrievable and measurable information about patient stage of change, preferences and perceived adherence barriers. This data can direct efforts to link community and personal resources to optimize behavioral and weight outcomes. Pain cited as an activity barrier by 20% needs further study.

Interrelationships of Health Related Behaviors among Young Adults

Obesity and smoking continue to be some of the nation’s top health concerns. This study explored the interrelationships among exercise, nutrition and smoking behaviors among young college adults. Undergraduate psychology students (N=612) completed an internet survey that included measures of exercise, nutrition and smoking behaviors. Analyses revealed that more males were exercising while more females were eating nutritiously. The Transtheoretical Model constructs stage of change for exercise and eating nutritiously were significantly related. There were no significant differences found for smoking behavior across the stages of change for exercise or nutrition. Health professionals and researchers should not assume that regular exercise is associated with a non-smoking status or that a non-smoking status is associated with consuming a more nutritious diet. Further research and intervention is strongly urged targeted towards both men and women among the young college adult population.

청소년의 운동변화단계에 따른 운동결과기대와 BMI의 차이

The purpose of this study was to closely examine whether or not there are differences on outcome expectations and BMI by stages of change for exercese in adolescents. 661 participants(male: 305, female: 306) completed a questionnaire battery consisting of the outcome expectations for exercise, and stage of change for exercise, and BMI. The analysis was conducted reliability test, frequences analysis, one-way ANCOVA. Results is the following. First, there is statistically significant difference in psychological outcome expectation for exercise by stages of change for exercise. That means, people who located high stage of change for exercise have a psychological expectations of outcome for exercise. Second, there is statistically significant difference in physical outcome expectation for exercise by stages of change for exercise. That means, people who located high stage of change for exercise have a physical expectations of outcome for exercise. This result emphasis importance of early education for physical activity.

A prospective evaluation of the Transtheoretical Model of Change applied to exercise in young people

To investigate the utility of the Transtheoretical Model of Change in predicting exercise in young people. A prospective study: assessments were done at baseline and follow-up 6 months later. Using stratified random sampling 1055 Chinese high school pupils living in Hong Kong, 533 of who were followed up at 6 months, completed measures of stage of change (SCQ), self-efficacy (SEQ), perceptions of the pros and cons of exercising (DBQ) and processes of change (PCQ). Data were analysed using one-way ANOVA, repeated measures ANOVA and independent sample t tests. The utility of the TTM to predict exercise in this population is not strong; increases in self-efficacy and decisional balance discriminated between those remaining active at baseline and follow-up, but not in changing from an inactive (e.g., Precontemplation or Contemplation) to an active state (e.g., Maintenance) as one would anticipate given the staging algorithm of the TTM. The TTM is a modest predictor of future stage of change for exercise in young Chinese people. Where there is evidence that TTM variables may shape movement over time, self-efficacy, pros and behavioural processes of change appear to be the strongest predictors.

Stage‐Specific Education/Counseling Intervention in Women with Elevated Blood Pressure

Many women with elevated blood pressure who seek exercise opportunities require a flexible program with systematic follow-up. The study framework included motivational readiness (exercise stage of change) from the Transtheoretical Model and self-efficacy theory. This pilot study, which used a one-group repeated measures design, tested the feasibility of a stage-specific education/counseling intervention aimed at improving exercise outcomes in women with elevated blood pressure. Forty women completed a 2.5-hour session including prescription for moderate-vigorous exercise on their own, practice on equipment, maintenance of an exercise diary, and contracting; three follow-up calls (Weeks 1, 2, 3); a visit (Week 4); and a final call (Week 5). After the intervention, 85% of women moved to or remained in the action or maintenance stages of change, the highest levels of readiness; none relapsed. Exercise self-efficacy and benefits increased and barriers decreased (P<.05); 70% of participants increased exercise performance. The intervention was feasible. Further testing is warranted using larger samples and including a control group.

I'm Stressed! I Must/can't Exercise Today! Effects Of Stage On Physical Activity And Stress.

While only a handful of prospective studies have been conducted in this area, there is evidence that people engage in less physical activity upon encountering higher levels of psychological stress. Despite this, physical activity is often reported to be an effective coping mechanism to relieve stress. In addition, motivational differences exist between frequent and infrequent exercisers. As a result, it might be that the impact of stress on freely chosen physical activity would differ based on exercise stage of change. PURPOSE: Using a prospective design, we examined the relationship between stress and physical activity, while testing for a moderating effect of stages of change derived from the Transtheoretical Model. METHODS: 95 college-aged females (19.34 ± 2.08 yrs; 64.23 ± 2.03 in; 138.27 ± 29.92 lbs; 23.64 ± 4.91 BMI) were recruited from undergraduate classes and the local community. Participants completed a battery of questionnaires before a 6-week evaluation period. During this period, participants were asked to return a leisure-time physical activity log daily and to return a stress events scale weekly (Weekly Stress Inventory: Brantley, et al., 1997). RESULTS: Results of HLM analyses demonstrated that there was no effect of stress events frequency or intensity on physical activity. However, it was found that this effect was suppressed by exercise stage of change as stages of change interacted with stress (both event frequency and intensity) to effect the amount of total physical activity minutes reported per week (stress frequency, G = -2.61, SE = 0.95, t-ratio = -2.75, df = 76, p = 0.008; stress intensity, G = -0.69, SE = 0.25, t-ratio = -2.74, df = 76, p = 0.008). The stress - physical activity relationship was negative for those in the contemplation stage, positive for those in the maintenance stage, and non-existent for those in preparation and action phases. CONCLUSION: Results are indicative of stress - physical activity relationships that vary by exercise stage of change. Physical activity participation for those at an early stage of change (i.e., contemplation) appears to be negatively influenced by stressful experience, whereas those at the highest stage of change (i.e., maintenance) may exercise more under stress.

Exercise Stages of Change in Turkish University Students by Sex, Residence, and Department

To examine the exercise behavior of 953 Turkish university students (496 men, 457 women) by sex, residence, and department of study, a stratified sampling method, based on the total number of students in each department, was used to select participants. The mean age of the participants was 21.3 yr. (SD = 1.9). For completed Physical Activity Stages of Change Questionnaire and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire, descriptive statistics and chi-squared tests indicated that most students were at the lower stages of change in exercise habits: Precontemplation (15.2%), Contemplation (31.4%), and Preparation (25.3%), compared with the later stages of Action (7.5%) and Maintenance (20.6%). Women and students from the Department of Architecture were at lower stages of change than men and students from other departments (p < .05), but there were no significant differences between students who were living on or off campus. Stage-based interventions would be appropriate, with focus on the physical activity of women and students in architecture.

The contributions of Rosenbaum's model of self-control and the transtheoretical model to the understanding of exercise behavior

Objectives Rosenbaum's [1990. The role of learned resourcefulness in the self-control of health behavior. In M. Rosenbaum (Ed.), Learned resourcefulness: On coping skills, self-control, and adaptive behavior (pp. 3–30). New York: Springer Publishing Company; 2000. The self-regulation of experience: openness and construction. In P. Dewe, A. M. Leiter, & T. Cox (Eds.), Coping and health in organizations (pp. 51–67). London: Taylor and Francis] model of self-control depicts learned resourcefulness as a key component of the goal attainment process. Despite this model's popularity, few studies have examined its importance in the maintenance of exercise. The transtheoretical model of change has been used instead. The two models, nonetheless, share strikingly similar components with the exception of learned resourcefulness. Design/Methods Our 265 participants, ranging from wanting to be active to being regular exercisers, completed instruments assessing learned resourcefulness, stage of change for exercise, self-efficacy, reasons for exercising and the processes of change for exercise. Results As predicted, participants in the maintenance stage for exercise were on average more highly resourceful than participants in the contemplation, preparation and action stages of change. Low resourceful participants in the contemplation stage of change were the least likely to be employing strategies to help facilitate activity. Conclusion Implications for exercise promoters are discussed.

Hispanic Women and Physical Activity: A Community Approach

Older Hispanic women are at higher risk for chronic debilitating health problems related to higher rates of inactivity and obesity when compared to other ethnic groups. The purpose of this article was to review the literature on the factors which effect levels of physical activity in older Hispanic women. A literature search was conducted using the terms Hispanic or Latina, physical activity, barriers and benefits, self-efficacy, stages of exercise change, and health promotion behaviors. Forty-two studies between 1988 and mid 2007 were selected. Research methods included qualitative, quantitative, interventional, experimental, and cross sectional. There is some research available to guide nurses in assessment of unique factors that may impact the development of culturally appropriate nursing interventions that increase a women’s level of physical activity and promote health and well-being. Practical take home points are presented. Areas for future nursing research are identified.

運動行動の変容ステージに対応した体育授業プログラムが大学生の運動習慣に与える効果

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a physical education program matched to the stages of change for exercise of the transtheoretical model (TTM) in a group of male university students. The participants were 239 male university freshmen (121 students in the intervention group and 118 in the control group). Two tasks were assigned for the intervention group. The first was conducted during class time, and the participants completed the task based on behavioral science. In this task, the participants selectively worked their own stages of change for exercise. For participants at the precontemplation stage, we set assignments to clarify that they had a sedentary lifestyle. For participants at the contemplation stage, we set tasks to prompt them to think about the pros and cons of an active lifestyle. For participants at the preparation stage, we set tasks to produce rewards for achievement of their personal goals. For participants at the active stage, we set tasks to encourage the use of social support from people around them. For participants at the maintenance stage, we set tasks to encourage change in their environment to maintain a physically active lifestyle. The second assignment was a practical one conducted outside class time. This involved self-monitoring of daily physical activities. The participants were assessed for the stages of change for exercise, physical activity level, exercise self-efficacy, and decisional balance for exercise before and after attendance. The intervention group showed a greater increase in the scores for daily physical activity, and maintained their score for decisional balance to a better degree than the control group. Additionally, in the intervention group, the stages of change for exercise progressed significantly after attendance as compared with the control group.