Exercise Sessions Research Articles

The effect of Qigong exercise on state anxiety levels of inpatients in psychiatric wards: A randomized controlled study

BackgroundQigong is a mind-body exercise that originated in China and is often described as a form of meditation or movement therapy. While the existing literature has investigated the impact of Qigong exercises on trait anxiety in outpatients, there is limited research on their influence on state anxiety in inpatients. This study examined the effect of Qigong exercise on state anxiety levels of inpatients in psychiatric wards. MethodsThis study was a single-blind, randomized controlled trial. Patients were randomly assigned to either the intervention or control group. Seventy inpatients participated in the study, with 35 in each group. In the intervention group, the STAI-I form was used to assess state anxiety levels before (Test 1) and after (Test 2) a single 40-minute session of Qigong. ResultsThe mean post-test scores of the intervention group (27.20±5.57) were significantly lower than those of the control group (39.72±10.84). Additionally, a statistically significant difference was observed between the mean test-1 (38.42±9.7) and test-2 scores (27.2 ± 5.57) within the intervention group. ConclusionA single 40-minute Qigong exercise session reduced state anxiety levels in psychiatric inpatients and reduced the risk of potential adverse outcomes associated with state anxiety. Practitioners may consider the use of Qigong exercise in the management of state anxiety in clinical practice, when making clinical decisions.

Improvement of Functional Capacity and Quality of Life by Cardiac Rehabilitation: Case Series

Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is a long-term program involving prescribed exercise, education, and counseling to mitigate the physiological and psychological impacts of cardiac disease. Despite evidence supporting its effectiveness in reducing mortality rates, CR remains underutilized, particularly among patients with heart failure. This research aims to highlight the importance of CR in improving the quality of life and functional capacity for post-cardiac surgery and heart failure patients. The study involved a series of case illustrations, including patients undergoing aortic valve replacement, coronary artery bypass graft surgery, and congenital heart disease repair. Each patient completed a Phase II rehabilitation program consisting of 12 exercise sessions, with functional capacity measured using the six-minute walk test (6MWT). The results indicated significant improvements in both functional capacity and quality of life, including reductions in depression levels. The findings suggest that CR is highly beneficial in enhancing patients' overall recovery and quality of life, particularly when integrated into standard postoperative care. Given these results, healthcare systems should promote broader access to CR programs to maximize patient outcomes. Additionally, future research should explore long-term benefits and develop personalized CR programs to cater to diverse patient needs.

The Effect of Manual Therapy on Psychological Factors and Quality of Life in Lumbar Disc Herniation Patients: A Single Blinded Randomized Clinical Trial.

Background: This study aimed to investigate the effect of manual therapy on pain, kinesiophobia, pain catastrophizing, anxiety, depression, and quality of life in patients with lumbar disc herniation (LDH). Methods: The study included 32 LDH patients. Patients were divided into the Manual therapy group (MTG-age 39.81 ± 9.45 years) and the Exercise group (EG-age 38.31 ± 9.21 years) by sealed envelope randomization. Patients were evaluated pre-study, post-study, and after a 3-month period using the McGill-Melzack Pain Questionnaire (MMPQ), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Tampa Kinesiophobia Scale (TKS), Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) and Nottingham Health Profile (NSP). The exercise group received a total of ten sessions of stabilization exercises and sham spinal mobilization in five weeks, two sessions per week. In addition to the stabilization exercises, mobilization applications including Anterior-Posterior Lumbar Spinal Mobilization, Lumbar Spinal Rotational Mobilization, and Joint Mobilization in Lumbar Flexion Position, were applied to the manual therapy group. Results: It was found that the HADS and TKS values decreased in the MTG group compared to the pre-treatment period (p < 0.05), while there was no difference between these values in the EG group (p > 0.05). There was a statistically significant difference in the MMPQ, PCS, and NHP values after treatment in both the MTG and EG groups (p < 0.05). Conclusions: It was found that manual therapy had positive effects on psychological factors such as pain, kinesiophobia, pain catastrophizing, anxiety, depression, and quality of life in patients with LDH. Trial registration: NCT05804357 (27 March 2023) (retrospectively registered).

Implementing changing behaviour towards aerobic and strength exercise: Results of a randomised, phase I study determining the safety, feasibility, and consumer-evaluation of an online exercise program in persons with multiple sclerosis

BackgroundMany people with MS do not meet the recommended exercise regime to elicit health benefits. This study aimed to determine the feasibility, safety, acceptability, and appropriateness of an exercise intervention delivered online to persons with MS that meets current exercise recommendations and behaviour change principles. MethodsSeventy-two participants (age: 43.3 ± 13.3 years) with mild to moderate MS were stratified according to previous exercise behaviour and block-randomised into one of three groups: Control (CON; n = 24), General Exercise (GE; n = 24) who at screening did not meet current exercise recommendations, and Advanced Exercise, (AE; n = 24) who at screening met the current exercise recommendations. GE and AE groups received a four-month online-supervised, behaviour change theory-based exercise program and were assessed at baseline, four-months, five-months, and eleven-months for physical activity participation. The feasibility of process, resources, management, and scientific outcomes was assessed. ResultsOf 198 potential participants, 143 met the eligibility criteria (72 %), and 72 were randomised. Fifty-three participants completed the intervention (74 % immediate retention), and 44 were retained at the six-month follow-up (61 %). Personnel time was 369 h, and total per-participant cost was Au$1036.20. Adherence rate to ≥70 % of exercise sessions was 73 % (GE) and 38 % (AE). The GE group observed a small magnitude of improvement in physical activity (d = −0.23). ConclusionsAn online exercise program embedded with behaviour interventions for either GE or AE appears feasible, acceptable, appropriate and safe and may show long-term efficacy in increased exercise behaviours for persons with mild to moderate MS.Trial registration: ANZCRT number ACTRN12619000228189p.

Online Intensive Cardiac Rehabilitation Program for Japanese Patients With Coronary Artery Disease - A Pilot Study Protocol.

A comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation (CR) program is recommended for coronary artery disease (CAD). However, many facilities do not have established programs for dietary guidance and patient education, resulting in an exercise-based CR program and limited efficacy for secondary prevention. A pilot study will be conducted to develop an online Japanese-style intensive cardiac rehabilitation (J-ICR) program for Japanese patients with CAD and will examine adherence, safety, and efficacy. Twenty-four patients diagnosed with stable CAD will be randomly assigned in a 1 : 1 ratio to either an early or late-phase group. The program will comprise the following four parts: exercise sessions; dietary education centered on "the Japan diet"; mindfulness; and group support, with a frequency of 3 h per session, once a week for 12 weeks (a total of 36 h). The primary endpoint will be program feasibility, determined by examining its adherence. Physical examination and function, stress-coping skills, risk of classic CAD (e.g., lipid profile, glucose tolerance, and blood pressure), and dietary changes will be assessed as secondary endpoints. The online J-ICR program is designed as a comprehensive CR program for Japanese patients with CAD. If this program shows high adherence and an improvement in CAD risk factors, its secondary prevention effect should be verified with appropriately powered randomized trials at multiple centers.

Resistance Training and Nutritional Supplementation in Older Adults with Sarcopenia after Acute Disease: A Feasibility Study.

Resistance exercise and protein supplementation are recognized as effective treatment strategies for age-related sarcopenia; however, there are limited data on their feasibility, tolerability, and safety. The primary outcome of this study was feasibility, evaluated through the 15-item TELOS (Technological, Economics, Legal, Operational, and Scheduling) feasibility components and by recruitment, retention, and consent rates. Tolerability was measured by examining permanent treatment discontinuation, treatment interruption, exercise dose modification, early termination, rescheduling of missed sessions, losses to follow-up, attendance, and nutritional compliance. Safety was evaluated using the parameters provided by the European Medicines Agency, adapted for exercise interventions. Thirty-two subjects were recruited (average age 81.6 [SD 9.3] years). The TELOS components were assessed before the intervention; out of 15 questions relevant for successful implementation, 4 operational needs answers required specific actions to prevent potential barriers. The recruitment rate was 74%. Eleven patients (34.4%) had permanent treatment interruption (retention rate = 65.6%). Patients attended a mean of 23 (SD 12.0) exercise sessions, with a mean of 56 (SD 32.6) nutritional compliances. A total of 21 patients (65.6%) experienced adverse events unrelated to the intervention, while 7 patients (21.9%) presented adverse reactions to strength exercise. The main barriers to feasibility were operational components and recruitment challenges. Although the intervention was generally safe, the high rate of probable adverse effects, unrelated to the intervention but associated with the individual's baseline health condition, may affect adherence to treatment programs of this kind.

Acute and chronic response of supervised band-elastic resistance exercise in systemic cytokines levels of bipolar disorders and schizophrenia individuals: A pilot study

Despite earlier research demonstrating the immunomodulatory effects of acute and chronic exercise in many medical illnesses, there is a lack of literature evaluating the acute and chronic effects of exercise on the cytokine levels in individuals with bipolar disorder (BD) or schizophrenia (SCH). This study aims to examine the acute effects of resistance exercise on cytokines and the chronic effects of resistance exercise by 10 weeks on cytokine levels, symptoms of disease, and muscular strength in individuals with BD and SCH. The included individuals (N=10) performed a single session of band-elastic resistance exercises (six exercises, 3 sets of 12–15 repetitions, 60 seconds of interval between sets). A sub-sample (N=6) of individuals performed a supervised band-elastic resistance exercise program (2 times a week, for 10 weeks, 6 exercises, 3 sets of 12–15 repetitions, 60 seconds of interval). We verified for acute effects: IL-2 (P=0.0085) and IL-4 (P=0.0253) levels increased, while IL-6 decreased (P=0.0435), and for chronic effects: increased IL-2 and IL-4 levels (significant effect size - Pre vs Post), a decrease in disease symptoms, and an increase in muscular strength. This study adds to what is already known about how resistance exercises affect people with BD and SCH in both short-term (systemic cytokines levels) and long-term (symptoms of disease, muscular strength, and systemic cytokines levels).

Is One Enough? The Effectiveness of a Single Session of Education and Exercise Compared to Multiple Sessions of a Multimodal Physiotherapy Intervention for Adults With Spinal Disorders in an Advanced Practice Physiotherapy Model of Care: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness of a single session of education and exercise compared with multiple sessions of a multimodal physiotherapy intervention for adults with spinal disorders in an advanced practice physiotherapy specialized spine model of care. DESIGN: Pragmatic randomized controlled trial. METHODS: We randomized patients with spinal disorders, who were referred for a spinal surgery consultation and triaged as nonsurgical cases by an advanced practice physiotherapist, to a single session of education and prescription of an exercise program (n = 52) or multiple sessions (6 in total) of a multimodal physiotherapy intervention (n = 54). The primary outcomes were the short form Brief Pain Inventory pain severity scale (BPI-S) and the Brief Pain Inventory pain interference scale (BPI-I), and secondary outcomes included disability, quality of life, catastrophization, and satisfaction. Linear mixed models were used to assess differences between groups across time points at 6, 12, and 26 weeks. RESULTS: There were no significant between-group differences on the BPI-S and only a significant improvement at 6 weeks on the BPI-I in the multiple-session group (mean difference: -0.96/10; 95% CI, -1.87 to -0.05). There were no other statistically significant differences between groups, except for satisfaction where participants in the multiple-session group reported statistically significantly greater satisfaction on the 9-item Visit-Specific Satisfaction Questionnaire and the MedRisk questionnaire. Both groups saw significant improvements over time on all outcomes except for the BPI-S. CONCLUSION: Adding supervised multimodal physiotherapy sessions did not result in better clinical outcomes when compared to a single session of education and exercise. Patients were more satisfied with the multiple-session approach. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2024;54(10):1-13. Epub 9 September 2024. doi:10.2519/jospt.2024.12618.

Creatine Supplementation Prior to Strength Exercise Training Is Not Superior in Preventing Muscle Mass Loss Compared with Standard Nutritional Recommendations in Females After Bariatric Surgery: A Pilot Study.

This study examines whether creatine supplementation combined with strength training mitigates muscle mass loss in women during early rehabilitation post-bariatric surgery, as its effectiveness remains untested in this context. Fifteen women (37.8 ± 9.6 years; BMI, 38.8 ± 5.6 kg/m2) completed the intervention (creatine group = 7; placebo group = 8). Both groups followed a strength training program three times a week for 8 weeks. The dosage for both the creatine and placebo was 8 g prior to each exercise session. Body weight, skeletal muscle mass, fat mass, handgrip strength, and physical activity levels were measured before and after the intervention. The creatine group showed a reduction of 9.5 ± 1.5 kg in body weight, with a 0.72 ± 0.6 kg decrease in muscle mass and an 8.64 ± 1.2 kg reduction in fat mass. The placebo group had a reduction of 9.6 ± 3.5 kg in body weight, with a 0.6 ± 1.2 kg decrease in muscle mass and an 8.88 ± 3.2 kg reduction in fat mass, without significant differences between groups (p > 0.05). The pre-session strength exercise training creatine supplementation is not superior to placebo regarding body weight and fat mass losses and the attenuation of muscle mass loss during the first weeks of rehabilitation following bariatric surgery.

Efficacy of the mHealth-Based Exercise Intervention re.flex for Patients With Knee Osteoarthritis: Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.

Exercise therapy is recommended by international guidelines as a core treatment for patients with knee osteoarthritis. However, there is a significant gap between recommendations and practice in health care. Digital exercise apps are promising to help solve this undersupply. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of a 12-week fully automated app-based exercise intervention with and without a supporting knee brace on health-related outcomes, performance measures, and adherence in patients with knee osteoarthritis. This closed user group trial included participants with moderate to severe unicondylar painful knee osteoarthritis. Randomization was 1:1:2 into an intervention group (IG) with 2 subgroups (app-based training [IG A] and app-based training and a supportive knee brace [IG AB]) and a control group (CG). The intervention included a 12-week home exercise program with 3 sessions per week. Instructions for the exercises were given via the app and monitored using 2 accelerometers placed below and above the affected knee joint. Participants in the CG did not receive any study intervention but were allowed to make use of usual care. Osteoarthritis-specific pain (Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score) was defined as the primary outcome, and secondary outcomes included all other Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score subscales, general health-related quality of life (Veterans RAND 12-item Health Survey), psychological measures (eg, exercise self-efficacy), performance measures (strength and postural control), and the monitoring of adherence and safety. Outcomes were assessed at baseline and after 12 weeks. Intervention effects were calculated using baseline-adjusted analysis of covariance for the joint comparison of IG A and IG AB versus the CG using a per-protocol approach. Subgroup analyses were conducted for each IG separately. A total of 61 participants were included (IG: n=30, 49%; CG: n=31, 51%; male: n=31, 51%; female: n=30, 49%; mean age 62.9, SD 8.5 years; mean BMI 27.7, SD 4.5 kg/m2). Analysis revealed statistically significant effects in favor of the IG for pain reduction (P<.001; effect size [ES]=0.76), improvements in physical function (P<.001; ES=0.64), improvements in symptoms (P=.01; ES=0.53), improvements in sport and recreation activities (P=.02; ES=0.47), improvements in knee-related quality of life (P<.001; ES=0.76), and improvements in the physical component of general health-related quality of life (P<.001; ES=0.74). Mean differences ranged from 6.0 to 13.2 points (scale range 0-100). ESs indicated small to medium effects. No effects were found for psychological and performance measures. Participants adhered to 92.5% (899/972) of all scheduled exercise sessions. Individuals with knee osteoarthritis undergoing a 12-week sensor-assisted app-based exercise intervention with or without an additional knee brace experienced clinically meaningful treatment effects regarding pain relief and improvements in physical function as well as other osteoarthritis-specific concerns compared to controls. German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS) DRKS00023269; https://drks.de/search/de/trial/DRKS00023269.

Systematic review of adherence to technology-based falls prevention programs for community-dwelling older adults: Reimagining future interventions.

Prevention programs, and specifically exercise, can reduce falls among community-dwelling older adults, but low adherence limits the benefits of effective interventions. Technology may overcome some barriers to improve uptake and engagement in prevention programs, although less is known on adherence for providing them via this delivery mode. We aimed to synthesize evidence for adherence to technology-based falls prevention programs in community-dwelling older adults 60 years and older. We conducted a systematic review following standard guidelines to identify randomized controlled trials for remote delivered (i.e., no or limited in-person sessions) technology-based falls prevention programs for community-dwelling older adults. We searched nine sources using Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms and keywords (2007-present). The initial search was conducted in June 2023 and updated in December 2023. We also conducted a forward and backward citation search of included studies. Two reviewers independently conducted screening and study assessment; one author extracted data and a second author confirmed findings. We conducted a random effects meta-analysis for adherence, operationalized as participants' completion of program components, and aimed to conduct meta-regressions to examine factors related to program adherence and the association between adherence and functional mobility. We included 11 studies with 569 intervention participants (average mean age 74.5 years). Studies used a variety of technology, such as apps, exergames, or virtual synchronous classes. Risk of bias was low for eight studies. Five interventions automatically collected data for monitoring and completion of exercise sessions, two studies collected participants' online attendance, and four studies used self-reported diaries or attendance sheets. Studies included some behavior change techniques or strategies alongside the technology. There was substantial variability in the way adherence data were reported. The mean (range) percent of participants who did not complete planned sessions (i.e., dropped out or lost to follow-up) was 14% (0-32%). The pooled estimate of the proportion of participants who were adherent to a technology-based falls prevention program was 0.82 (95% CI 0.68, 0.93) for studies that reported the mean number of completed exercise sessions. Many studies needed to provide access to the internet, training, and/or resources (e.g., tablets) to support participants to take part in the intervention. We were unable to conduct the meta-regression for adherence and functional mobility due to an insufficient number of studies. There were no serious adverse events for studies reporting this information (n = 8). The use of technology may confer some benefits for program delivery and data collection. But better reporting of adherence data is needed, as well as routine integration and measurement of training and skill development to use technology, and behavior change strategies within interventions. There may be an opportunity to rethink or reimagine how technology can be used to support people's adoption and integration of physical activity into daily life routines.

Acute effect of different types of moderate intensity physical exercise on affective response and mood state in individuals with substance use disorder

Substance use disorder (SUD) affects a significant percentage of people around the world, negatively influencing aspects of physical and mental health. Physical exercise can promote acute and chronic effects on the affective response and mood of individuals and has shown promising effects in all phases of rehabilitation. The objective of this study was to verify the acute effects of two types of physical exercises at moderate intensity on the mood state and on the affective response of individuals hospitalized for the treatment of SUD. For this purpose, 43 individuals (31 men and 12 women) underwent two physical exercise sessions (one aerobic and one functional) and a control session. Before and immediately after the sessions, subjects answered questionnaires about mood, affective valence, and perceived arousal. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) followed by the Bonferroni post hoc test were used to assess the effect of timing and session on the variables. The results showed significant improvements after both physical exercise sessions in mood (reduction in levels of tension, depression, anger, fatigue, and confusion) and in affective valences (feeling of pleasure and arousal perception), with no changes after the control session. It is observed that different types of physical exercises can positively impact the mental health of individuals undergoing treatment for SUD and should be used as a non-pharmacological strategy in the rehabilitation process.

Aerobic exercise elevates perceived appetite but does not modify energy intake over a 3-day postexercise period: A pilot study.

While a low degree of energy compensation is typically reported over the 24 h following a session of exercise, the prolonged impact of a bout of exercise on energy intake remains unclear. To overcome the challenge associated with accurately measuring energy intake in a free-living environment, this study employed the use of a meal replacement beverage to assess the 3 day impact of an exercise session on energy intake. In a randomized, crossover study, 14 participants (8 male, 6 female) completed two trials: (1) EX: 75 min exercise on a motorized treadmill (75% VO2peak); and (2) SED: 75 min sedentary control session. Each condition was followed by 3 days of exclusive adlibitum consumption of a meal replacement beverage. Appetite-regulating hormones, subjective appetite, energy intake, and energy expenditure were assessed. Exercise transiently suppressed the orexigenic hormone acyl-ghrelin (p < 0.05) and elevated the appetite-supressing hepatokine GDF-15 (p < 0.05). Despite these acute changes, overall perceived appetite was elevated over the 3 day assessment period with exercise (p < 0.05). No increase in energy intake or change in postexercise physical activity patterns were observed. One acute session of moderate to vigorous exercise is unlikely to affect short-term, three-day energy balance in healthy individuals.

The Release of Lipolytic Hormones during Various High-Intensity Interval and Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training Regimens and Their Effects on Fat Loss.

To investigate the release of lipolytic hormones during various high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT), and their effects on fat loss. 39 young women categorized as obese (with a body fat percentage (BFP) ≥30%) were randomly allocated to one of the following groups: all-out sprint interval training (SIT, n =10); supramaximal HIIT (HIIT120, 120%V̇O2peak, n = 10); HIIT (HIIT90, 90%V̇O2peak, n = 10), or MICT, (60%V̇O2peak, n = 9) for a twelve-week observation period consisting of 3 to 4 exercise sessions per week. Serum epinephrine (EPI) and growth hormone (GH) were measured during the 1st, 20th, and 44th training sessions. Body weight (BW), body mass index (BMI), whole-body fat mass (FM) and BFP were assessed pre- and post-intervention. Following the 1st and 20th sessions, significant increases in EPI (p < 0.05) were observed post-exercise in HIIT120 and HIIT90, but not in SIT and MICT. In the 44th session, the increased EPI was found in SIT, HIIT120, and HIIT90, but not in MICT (p < 0.05). For the GH, a significant increase was observed post-exercise in all groups in the three sessions. The increased EPI and GH returned to baselines 3 hours post-exercise. After the 12-week intervention, significant reductions in FM and BFP were found in all groups, while reductions in BW and BMI were only found in the SIT and HIIT groups. Greater reductions in FM and BFP, in comparison to MICT, were observed in the SIT and HIIT groups (p < 0.05). 12-week SIT, HIIT120, and HIIT90, in comparison to MICT, were more efficacious in fat reduction in obese women, partly benefiting from the greater release of lipolytic hormones during training sessions.

Segmental multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis indicates dehydration status after exercise

AimHydration status monitoring is critical to help those in exercise training to avoid serious dehydration. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is a convenient and timely method to monitor body composition in resting conditions. The study obtained bioelectrical impedance (BI) from different segments at multi-frequency before and after exercise aiming to evaluate whether segmental multi-frequency (SMF)-BIA can indicate exercise dehydration in humans. MethodsA total of 43 young adults were recruited. Body weight (BW) and segmental BI at frequencies of 1, 5, 50, 250, 500, and 1000 kHz from each subject were measured before and after each bout of exercise. Hydration status was assessed by body weight loss (BWL), indicated by changes in body weight (ΔBW) and the percentage of body weight change (ΔBW%). Each subject participated in 3 to 4 exercise sessions on different days. ResultsA total of 143 pieces of data were collected with various degrees of dehydration: BWL ranging from 0.2–4.2 kg (0.4 %–5.8 %) in participants (aged 24.40 ± 6.47). Correlation analysis revealed that the changes of BI (ΔZ) in arms and legs during exercise were correlated with the BWL. Multivariate regression and machine learning analysis showed that predicted values of dehydration were correlated with true values of dehydration (ΔBW: R2 = 0.4471, R2 = 0.5502; ΔBW%: R2 = 0.4469, R2 = 0.5073). When the diagnosis of dehydration is based on BWL > 1 %: the AUC of the SMF-BIA regression model was 0.7262 (p < 0.001) and the specificity and sensitivity were 85.19 %, 60 %. When the diagnosis of dehydration is based on BWL > 2 %: the AUC of the SMF-BIA regression model was 0.8757 (p < 0.0001) and the specificity and sensitivity were 77.22 %, 81 %. ConclusionThese results suggested that SMF-BIA can indicate exercise dehydration in humans.

Molecular Transducers of Physical Activity Consortium (MoTrPAC): human studies design and protocol.

Physical activity, including structured exercise, is associated with favorable health-related chronic disease outcomes. Although there is evidence of various molecular pathways that affect these responses, a comprehensive molecular map of these molecular responses to exercise has not been developed. The Molecular Transducers of Physical Activity Consortium (MoTrPAC) is a multicenter study designed to isolate the effects of structured exercise training on the molecular mechanisms underlying the health benefits of exercise and physical activity. MoTrPAC contains both a preclinical and human component. The details of the human studies component of MoTrPAC that include the design and methods are presented here. The human studies contain both an adult and pediatric component. In the adult component, sedentary participants are randomized to 12 wk of Control, Endurance Exercise Training, or Resistance Exercise Training with outcomes measures completed before and following the 12 wk. The adult component also includes recruitment of highly active endurance-trained or resistance-trained participants who only complete measures once. A similar design is used for the pediatric component; however, only endurance exercise is examined. Phenotyping measures include weight, body composition, vital signs, cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength, physical activity and diet, and other questionnaires. Participants also complete an acute rest period (adults only) or exercise session (adults, pediatrics) with collection of biospecimens (blood only for pediatrics) to allow for examination of the molecular responses. The design and methods of MoTrPAC may inform other studies. Moreover, MoTrPAC will provide a repository of data that can be used broadly across the scientific community.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The Molecular Transducers of Physical Activity Consortium (MoTrPAC) will be the first large trial to isolate the effects of structured exercise training on the molecular mechanisms underlying the health benefits of exercise and physical activity. By generating a compendium of the molecular responses to exercise, MoTrPAC will lay the foundation for a new era of biomedical research on Precision Exercise Medicine. Presented here is the design, protocols, and procedures for the MoTrPAC human studies.

P212 COMPARISON OF COLLEGE STUDENTS’ HEALTH METRICS DURING TRADITIONAL AND VIRTUAL REALITY BASED CYCLING

Background: Most college students do not meet the recommended physical activity guidelines. Novel technology such as virtual reality (VR) may be used to promote physical activity among sedentary students. Purpose: To investigate physiological changes in heart rate (HR), blood-pressure (BP) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) among college students during stationary cycling with and without VR. Methods: Twenty-two college-students (7 M/15F; 18-30years) were recruited on campus. Students separately &amp; randomly completed 2 separate cycling-sessions (with and without VR). The VZFit Ring Racer application with Meta Quest 2 VR Headset synced to a RENPHO smart AI bike was used for the VR session. HR, BP and RPE were assessed at 5-min intervals. Results: Only, RPE at 5-min interval was significant (p=0.032) between the non-VR and VR groups, which may be attributed to the fact that participants were focused more on the VR environment rather than the exercise session, potentially lowering their RPE. Conclusions: In this preliminary data, college students HR, BP &amp; RPE were influenced during the VR session with RPE being lower. This suggests that VR may reduce the perception of effort for a given exercise intensity, and it could be used as a tool to engage students and promote physical activity, in an otherwise sedentary student population.

O93 BRIGHT LIGHT EXPOSURE ATTENUATES BLOOD PRESSURE REDUCTION POSTEXERCISE

Background and objective: A single session of aerobic exercise lowers blood pressure (BP), known as postexercise hypotension (PEH). Bright light (BL) exposure increases BP at rest compared to dim light (DL). However, whether BL exposure can attenuate PEH remains unknown, and this hypothesis was tested in the current study. Methods: Twenty healthy men (27±5 years) underwent two experimental sessions: one under BL (5000 lux) and another under dim light (DL ≤8 lux), performed in random order. In each session, subjects executed an aerobic exercise session on a cycle ergometer for 30 min at 50-60-% heart rate (HR) reserve. BP (oscillometric) and HR (HR monitor) were measured, and rate-pressure-product (RPP) was calculated (systolic BP * HR) pre- and postexercise. Additionally, subjects wore an ambulatory BP monitor (ABPM) for 24 hours after postexercise measurements. Results: Systolic BP decreased similarly postexercise in both sessions, but its levels were higher in BL than DL throughout the experimental session (Figure 1A). Diastolic and mean BPs decreased postexercise only in DL at 30 min, while they increased in BL at 60 and 90 min (Figure 1B and 1C, respectively). HR and RPP increased in both sessions postexercise, but RPP levels were higher throughout the experimental session in BL than DL (Figure 1D and 1E, respectively) and for the first three hours of ABPM. Conclusions: In healthy adult men, BL exposure increased systolic BP and cardiac work and attenuated PEH on diastolic and mean BPs.

Effects of postprandial exercise timing on blood glucose and fluctuations in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

The aim of this study was to assess how moderate-intensity aerobic exercise performed 45 minutes and 90 minutes after a meal affects blood glucose levels and fluctuations in individuals diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Twenty-two patients with T2DM, who were solely receiving oral hypoglycemic medication, were enrolled and divided randomly into two categories: those exercising 45 minutes after a meal (45-minute postprandial exercise group) and those exercising 90 minutes post-meal (90-minute postprandial exercise group). Both groups engaged in a 30-minute session of moderate-intensity aerobic stationary bike exercise following breakfast. This aerobic exercise regimen consisted of two stages, with the groups switching exercise timings after the initial phase. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) was utilized to evaluate the blood glucose levels and fluctuations in the participants. After breakfast, both overall daily blood glucose levels and the area under the curve for blood glucose following breakfast were reduced in the 45-minute postprandial exercise group compared to the 90-minute postprandial exercise group. The 45-minute postprandial exercise group demonstrated greater time spent within the target glucose range and less time above the target range than the 90-minute postprandial exercise group. Additionally, measures such as standard deviation, mean amplitude of glycemic excursions, largest amplitude of glycemic excursions, and postprandial glucose excursion for breakfast, peak postprandial glucose levels, and duration of elevated glucose levels were all lower in the 45-minute postprandial exercise group compared to the 90-minute postprandial exercise group. Moderate-intensity aerobic exercise lasting 45 minutes after meals was found to be more efficient in decreasing blood glucose levels and minimizing fluctuations compared to exercising 90 minutes after meals in patients with T2DM. Additionally, it notably reduced the peak in blood glucose levels after meals.

Skimmed, Lactose-Free Milk Ingestion Postexercise: Rehydration Effectiveness and Gastrointestinal Disturbances Versus Water and a Sports Drink in Physically Active People.

Postexercise hydration is fundamental to replace fluid loss from sweat. This study evaluated rehydration and gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms for each of three beverages: water (W), sports drink (SD), and skimmed, lactose-free milk (SLM) after moderate-intensity cycling in the heat. Sixteen college students completed three exercise sessions each to lose ≈2% of their body mass. They drank 150% of body mass loss of the drink assigned in randomized order; net fluid balance, diuresis, and GI symptoms were measured and followed up for 3hr after completion of fluid intake. SLM showed higher fluid retention (∼69%) versus W (∼40%; p < .001); SD (∼56%) was not different from SLM or W (p > .05). Net fluid balance was higher for SLM (-0.26kg) and SD (-0.42kg) than W (-0.67kg) after 3hr (p < .001), resulting from a significantly lower diuresis with SLM. Reported GI disturbances were mild and showed no difference among drinks (p > .05) despite ingestion of W (1,992 ± 425ml), SD (1,999 ± 429ml), and SLM (1,993 ± 426ml) in 90min. In conclusion, SLM was more effective than W for postexercise rehydration, showing greater fluid retention for the 3-hr follow-up and presenting with low-intensity GI symptoms similar to those with W and SD. These results confirm that SLM is an effective option for hydration after exercise in the heat.