Exercise Self-Efficacy Scale Research Articles

The Indonesian Version of the Exercise Self-Efficacy Scale: Cross-cultural Adaptation and Psychometric Testing

The study aimed to translate the Exercise Self-Efficacy Scale (ESES) into Indonesian and test the cultural equivalence, reliability, and validity of the new version for university students. The cross-sectional study recruited 379 Indonesian university students using convenience sampling. Phase 1, a culturally appropriate version of the ESES was developed in the Indonesian language. Phase 2, the psychometric properties were determined through exploratory factor analysis, bootstrap factor analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis. The internal consistency reliability was tested using Cronbach'sα, whereas the stability using intraclass correlation coefficientto assess. The students' ages ranged from 17 to 39 years, and 65.0% were women. For translation equivalence, the mean item content validity indexes ranged from 3.5 to 4, and all items were understandable. The 16-item scale exhibited cross-cultural appropriateness and readability, with a three-factor model explaining 62.3% of the variance in exercise self-efficacy. A bootstrap analysis using 100 resamples further confirmed the three-factor model. The indices of the good-fit model that used the three-factor by two-stage least squares method were satisfactory, with χ2/df=3.3, goodness of fit index=.88, and root mean-square error of approximation=.05 (p<.001). The Cronbach'sα was .78, .80, and .92 for factors 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The test--retest reliability was demonstrated with an intraclass correlation coefficient of .91, indicating adequate measurement stability. The 16-item ESES-I has acceptable validity and reliability; however, a broader application of the scale requires further testing in different populations to confirm its external validity.

Cross-cultural adaption, translation and reliability tests of the Danish version of the Pregnancy Exercise Self-Efficacy Scale

ObjectiveSelf-efficacy has been shown to influence initiating and maintaining physical activity. Pregnancy often leads to a decline in physical activity and exercise self-efficacy assessments could be a tool to help women stay active during pregnancy. The Pregnancy Exercise Self-Efficacy Scale (P-ESES) is an English questionnaire assessing the self-efficacy in pregnant women to perform physical activity. The aim of this study was to translate the P-ESES questionnaire into a valid and reliable Danish version, P-ESES-DK. Study designThe study included a qualitative design for the validation of the questionnaire and a prospective longitudinal observational study for the reliability testing. Main outcome measuresThe questionnaire was translated into Danish in a four-stage process with translation, back-translation and synthesis. The pre-final version was tested by eight women and changes were made to complete the final version of P-ESES-DK. The reliability testing was performed using a test-retest analysis of P-ESES-DK with 75 Danish pregnant women. Reliability was assessed using Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC), Cronbach’s alpha and agreement was visualized using a Bland-Altman plot. ResultsThe questionnaire was found to have a good content validity. The assessment of the test re-test reliability showed an ICC of 0.809 and a Cronbach’s alpha of the test and re-test were 0.839 and 0.869, respectively. The Bland-Altman plot showed that 93.9% of the answers were within the 95% limits of agreement. ConclusionsThe Danish version of P-ESES was found to be both reliable and valid. Thus, it can be used as a helpful tool to measure self-efficacy related to physical activity during pregnancy.

Psychometric validation of the Brazilian Portuguese version of Bandura's exercise self-efficacy scale in diabetes patients.

The management of diabetes comprises diet, pharmacological therapy, lifestyle counseling, patient education, and physical exercising, to achieve change in health behavior and control of the disease. However, a large proportion of diabetes patients does not adhere to treatment recommendations, mainly in the lifestyle aspect, which remains sedentary. Considering that self-efficacy is an essential determinant of health behaviors such as exercise practicing, the objective of the study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Brazilian Portuguese version of Bandura's Exercise Self-Efficacy Scale (BESES) to be used in diabetes patients. The BESES was initially completed by thirty diabetes patients to confirm the feasibility of the answers be provided by themselves. The psychometric properties (i.e., internal consistency, test-retest reproducibility, convergent validity, and ceiling and floor effects) were tested in other two-hundred diabetes patients (≥18years old). The BESES achieved significant internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha coefficient = 0.92), substantial test-retest reproducibility (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.83). The convergent validity was confirmed by negative correlations between BESES total scores and barriers to exercise total scores (ρ = -0.333; P = 0.018) and rate of perception exercise corrected by distance covered in the incremental shuttle walking test (ρ = -0.426; P = 0.002). Ceiling and floor effects were not found. In addition, physically active patients had BESES total scores higher compared to sedentary (56.8 ± 21.4 vs. 47.9 ± 20.0; P = 0.003). The Brazilian Portuguese version of the BESES showed adequate psychometric properties and proved to be valid for assessing the exercise self-efficacy in diabetes patients in Brazil.

Spousal support underlying self-determined physical activity in adults with multiple sclerosis

Aim Identifying motivational factors that facilitate physical activity engagement in adults with multiple sclerosis (MS) is important given beneficial health outcomes. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between physical activity of adults with MS and perceived spousal behaviors underlying self-determination. Methods One-hundred and twelve individuals with MS completed the Patient Determined Disease Steps, Physical Exercise Self-Efficacy Scale, Spousal Support for Physical Activity Scale, and Godin Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, scale reliabilities, and bivariate correlations were obtained. To examine the influence of perceived spousal behavior on total metabolic equivalents, a regression analysis was conducted. Results All subscales were found to be highly reliable. Strong and significant associations between each of the variables and physical activity existed except for that of expectations, social control, and self-efficacy. Physical activity was best predicted by spousal behaviors supporting the self-determination constructs of relatedness, competence, and autonomy (R = 0.49, R 2=0.24, F 8,93=2.27, p < 0.05), with spousal support contributing 14.8% to total self-determined physical activity. Conclusions Given the significant role of the spouse in fostering intrinsic motivation for physical activity in adults with MS, delivering more partner-oriented and targeted interventions that build relationship, competence and autonomy appear warranted. Implications for Rehabilitation Physical activity offers significant physical and psychological benefit to adults with multiple sclerosis (MS) and can contribute to greater marital satisfaction. Self-determined physical activity of individuals with MS can be facilitated by spouses who support their partner’s needs for relatedness, competency, and autonomy. Delivering more partner-oriented and targeted interventions that develop self-determination have the potential to increase physical activity and improve quality of life in those with MS.

Acute Vs. Chronic Responses To Exercise Training In Type-2 Vs. Pre-diabetic Adults.

Exercise is recommended for improving glycemic control yet it remains unclear whether exercise training produces similar acute and chronic adaptations in T2DM vs. pre-diabetic individuals given their varying states of insulin resistance. PURPOSE: To compare acute and chronic exercise training adaptations in response to the same exercise training program in T2DM vs. pre-diabetic individuals. METHODS 18 male (n=8) and female (n=10), previously inactive (no planned physical activity), adults with T2DM (n=10) or pre-diabetes (n=8) completed the same exercise training program (3 days/wk, 8 wks). Before and exactly 72-hr after participants’ last exercise session, chronic adaptations in body fat percentage ([BF%] assessed via dual x-ray absorptiometry), fitness determined by a 6-minute walk test, resting systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure, fasting blood glucose (BG), and self-efficacy using the Self-Efficacy for Exercise Scale (SEE) were measured. Participants’ SBP, DBP, and BG were also monitored immediately before and 5-min after each exercise session to determine acute responses to exercise. RESULTS: A significant improvement in 6MWT was observed for T2DM (1544 ± 82 vs. 1752 ± 80 ft., p<0.01) and pre-diabetic (1414 ± 97 vs. 1624 ± 115 ft., p<0.01) participants. No significant chronic or acute changes were observed in SBP for either group. A significant improvement in resting DBP was observed in T2DM (80 ± 2 vs. 75 ± 3 mmHg, p=0.03) but not pre-diabetic (75 ± 2 vs. 79 ± 3 mmHg, p=0.13) participants yet no acute changes were observed in DBP for either group. No significant changes were observed in fasting BG in either group. Acutely exercise resulted in significantly lower BG in diabetic (172 ± 12 vs. 145 ± 11 mg/dL, p<0.01) and pre-diabetic (104 ± 4 vs. 95 ± 3 mg/dL, p<0.01) participants. A significant improvement in SEE was observed in diabetic (34.3 ± 9.0 vs. 65.0 ± 9.0, p=0.029), but not pre-diabetic (38.8 ±12.8 vs. 60.0 ± 12.8, p=0.24) participants. CONCLUSION: Despite varying states of insulin resistance, exercise training resulted in similar improvements in fitness and acute improvements in blood glucose in both diabetic and pre-diabetic adults. However, unlike pre-diabetics, diabetic participants experienced additional benefits in resting diastolic blood pressure and exercise self-efficacy.

Effects of Functional Electrical Stimulation Cycling on Fatigue and Quality of Life in People with Multiple Sclerosis Who Are Nonambulatory.

Functional electrical stimulation (FES) cycling provides an exercise opportunity for people with multiple sclerosis (MS) who are nonambulatory. This study evaluated the efficacy of FES cycling for reducing fatigue and improving quality of life in people with MS who are nonambulatory and compared outcomes with those in a control group that did not take part in FES cycling. Adults with MS with self-reported Expanded Disability Status Scale scores of 7.0 to 8.5 were randomized into a training group (n = 12) or a control group (n = 9). The training group performed FES cycling for 30 minutes, two to three times a week for 12 weeks. The primary outcome was safety, measured as the number and type of adverse events and any increase in symptoms. Other outcomes collected before and after the intervention were scores on the modified Ashworth Scale, manual muscle test, 5-item Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS-5), Fatigue Scale for Motor and Cognitive Functions (FSMC), Medical Outcomes Study Pain Effects Scale, Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life-54 (MSQOL-54), and Exercise Self-Efficacy Scale. Twelve participants completed the study and were analyzed. Six participants completed training with no adverse events. The MFIS-5 (Cohen's d = 0.60), FSMC (Cohen's d = 0.37), and PHQ-9 (Cohen's d = 0.67) scores and the physical health composite of the MSQOL-54 (Cohen's d = 1.48) improved for the training group compared with the control group (n = 6). Functional electrical stimulation cycling is safe for people with MS who are nonambulatory and may reduce fatigue and improve measurements of quality of life.

Factors associated with exercise self-efficacy among people with chronic diseases

AimThe aim of this study is to assess the level of exercise self-efficacy in a population with chronic diseases and identify the factors that could influence exercise self-efficacy. BackgroundPerforming physical exercise is an important part of self-care in chronic diseases. It is highly influenced by individual's self- efficacy. However, little attention has been given to the identification of the factors that could affect the exercise self-efficacy among people with chronic diseases. MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the exercise self-efficacy among people with chronic diseases using the Exercise Self-Efficacy Scale (ESE). Demographic and exercise profiles were also collected. ResultsA total of eighty-five people with chronic diseases from outpatients' clinics participated in this study. The mean age of the participants was 52 ± 13.92 and more than half of them were females (58.8%). The mean score of exercise self-efficacy was 39 ± 21.55. Education level was the main factor that correlated with lower levels of exercise self-efficacy. ConclusionsThis study is first to provide preliminary evidence about levels of exercise self-efficacy and its associated factors among people with chronic diseases in Saudi Arabia. The level of exercise self-efficacy is low in people with chronic diseases and this mainly associated with educational factor. Nurses have an important role to promoting exercise self-efficacy through implementing a comprehensive plan that is patient's centered approach. However, further research is needed to assess perception, detect barriers and conduct intervention that aims to improve exercise Self-efficacy.

The Effect of the Transtheoretical Model Based Walking Exercise Training and Follow-Up on Improving Exercise Behavior and Metabolic Control in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.

This study aims to determine the effects of transtheoretical model-based walking exercise training and follow-up on improving exercise behavior and metabolic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. This randomized controlled trial was conducted as a pre-test and post-test experimental model with 76 intervention and 76 control individuals. The intervention group received the transtheoretical model-based exercise training. Data were collected using patient identification form, transtheoretical model scales, pedometer and metabolic outcomes. Data were analyzed by Chi square, two-way ANOVA, Mauchly's, Greenhouse-Geisser, Friedman, and McNamer test. The overall score means for the exercise change processes, decision-making balance and self-efficacy scales increased compared to the pre-test (p < .001). The mean HDL increased from 41.39 ± 10.35 to 49.18 ± 11.58, and average number of steps per day increased from 3264.31 ± 1933.03 to 5639.37 ± 2317.01. Consequently, this difference between the groups was significant (p < .05).

Dimensions of Exercise Self-efficacy Scale by Type of Activity in Independent Older Adult Women

Por cuestiones culturales, para muchas mujeres en México la adopción de una conducta activa fue restringida a la ejecución de tareas en el hogar. Se propuso analizar las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Autoeficacia para el Ejercicio. Como objetivo secundario, se analiza la asociación de las dimensiones de la escala por tipo de actividad física en adultas mayores independientes de la comunidad. Investigación instrumental y empírica con dos muestras que suman 614 mujeres mayores (M= 70.27 años, DE= 6.3). Las participantes presentan independencia funcional e integridad cognitiva y son asistentes de clubes de adultos mayores del área urbana. Se aplicaron la Escala de Autoeficacia para el Ejercicio y el Cuestionario de Actividad Física de Adultos Mayores. Se presentan propiedades psicométricas de la escala, análisis descriptivos e inferenciales con matriz de correlación de Spearman. Se utilizaron SPSS versión 21,0 y LISREL 8,80. La adaptación al castellano en esta población presenta cuatro dimensiones con propiedades psicométricas aceptables: estrés, demandas en competencia, influencias externas y el clima. Se estimó un gasto de 1,25 METs (DE= ,54) de actividad física en el hogar, 5,83 METs (DE= 4,40) de ejercicio y 2,09 METs (DE= 1,90) del tiempo libre. Se presenta modelo de ajuste y propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Autoeficacia para el Ejercicio. Dirigir estrategias para incrementar la autoeficacia secundaria a influencias externas pudiera incrementar la actividad física de este creciente grupo poblacional. For cultural reasons, for many women in Mexico the adoption of active behavior was restricted to the execution of tasks at home. It was proposed to analyze the psychometric properties of the Self-efficacy to Regulate Exercise Scale. As a secondary objective, the association of scale dimensions by type of physical activity in older adults independent of the community was analyzed. Instrumental and empirical research with two samples totaling 614 older women (M = 70.27 years, SD = 6.3). The participants present functional independence and cognitive integrity and were assistants of seniors clubs in the urban area. The Self-efficacy to Regulate Exercise Scale and the Physical Activity Scale of the Elderly were applied. Psychometric properties of the scale, descriptive and inferential analyzes with Pearson's correlation matrix are presented. SPSS version 21.0 and LISREL 8.80 were used. The adaptation to Spanish in this population has four dimensions with acceptable psychometric properties: stress, competing demands, external influences and climate. It was estimated an expenditure of 1,25 METs (SD= ,54) of physical activity in the home, 5,83 METs (SD= 4,40) for exercise and 2,09 METs (SD= 1,90) during free time. After the elimination of three items an adjustment model with four dimensions are presented. Directing strategies to increase self-efficacy secondary to external influences could increase the physical activity of this growing population group. Por razões culturais, para muitas mulheres no México, a adoção de comportamento ativo restringia-se à execução de tarefas em casa. Foi proposto analisar as propriedades psicométricas da Escala de Autoeficácia para o Exercício. Como objetivo secundário, analisa-se a associação das dimensões da escala por tipo de atividade física em idosos independentes da comunidade. Pesquisa instrumental e empírica com duas amostras, totalizando 614 mulheres mais velhas (M = 70,27 anos, DP = 6,3). Os participantes apresentam independência funcional e integridade cognitiva e são assistentes de clubes idosos na área urbana. Foram aplicadas a Escala de Autoeficácia para Exercício e o Questionário de Atividade Física para Idosos. São apresentadas propriedades psicométricas da escala, análises descritivas e inferenciais com a matriz de correlação de Spearman. Foram utilizadas as versões 21.0 e LISREL 8.80 do SPSS. A adaptação ao espanhol nessa população possui quatro dimensões com propriedades psicométricas aceitáveis: estresse, demandas concorrentes, influências externas e clima. Estima-se uma despesa de 1,25 METs (DP =, 54) de atividade física em casa, 5,83 METs (DP = 4,40) de exercício e 2,09 METs (DP = 1,90) de tempo livre. O modelo de ajuste e as propriedades psicométricas da Escala de Autoeficácia para o Exercício são apresentados. Direcionar estratégias para aumentar a autoeficácia secundária a influências externas pode aumentar a atividade física desse crescente grupo populacional.

The Influence of Social Support on Physical Activity in Chinese Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Exercise Self-Efficacy.

The purpose of this study was to examine the associations of social support and self-efficacy with physical Activity (PA) and the mediating effect of self-efficacy on the relationship between social support and PA in Chinese adolescents. Participants included a total of 2341 Chinese adolescents (aged 12.75 ± 1.46 years). Self-reported instruments, including the physical activity questionnaire for adolescents, the social support revalued scale and the exercise self-efficacy scale, were used to measure physical activity, social support and exercise self-efficacy. Results showed that social support (r = 0.29, p < 0.05) and exercise self-efficacy (r = 0.43, p < 0.05) were significant and positive predictors of PA among Chinese adolescents, and exercise self-efficacy was a significant mediator in the relationship between social support and PA (standardized effect size = 0.15, p < 0.001). Such findings were evident with similar patterns in both male and female adolescents. The findings of this study have indicated the importance of social support and exercise self-efficacy on PA promotion in adolescents, which will aid the development of effective interventions in this population.

Relationships of physical activity with the transtheoretical model constructs among Korean adults

ABSTRACT The current study investigates the physical activity distribution of Korea adults, examines the differences in the TTM constructs by the stage of physical activity, and identify the relationship between physical activity and the TTM constructs. A total of 799 adults (male: 326, female: 473, age = 46.8 years) recruited from S district in Seoul, Korea. Four Korean-version questionnaires were used to identify the stages of physical activity and its related psychological variables: stage of physical activity change scale, decision balance scale for physical activity, exercise self-efficacy scale, and processes of change scale for physical activity. Results indicated that a significant difference among male and female adults for physical activity stage distribution emerged (χ2 = 67.2, df = 4, p <.001). Data were analyzed by frequency analysis, χ2 test, MANOVA, and regression analysis. Self-efficacy, pros, cons, cognitive processes of change and behavioral processes of change differentiated across the stages of physical activity. Furthermore, the findings revealed that adults’ physical activity was significantly correlated with the TTM constructs, and that the TTM constructs had a statistically significant impact on the physical activity. The current study provides starting points for interventions aimed at increasing physical activity levels based on the TTM.

Effect of Digital Cardiac Rehabilitation Program on Self Efficacy of Patients with Coronary Artery Diseases

Background: Coronary artery disease is the umbrella term for a spectrum of diseases caused by myocardial ischemia decreasing blood supply to the heart muscle. Self-efficacy is a vital modifiable personal resource affecting rehabilitation adherence, and disease outcomes such as health-related quality of life among people with cardiovascular disease. Aim: To evaluate the effect of digital cardiac rehabilitation program on self efficacy of patients with coronary artery diseases. Subjects and method: Design: A quasi-experimental research design was used. Setting: The study was conducted at the cardiology unit and outpatients’ clinics at El Nasr Insurance Hospital in Hehwan city. Subjects: A Purposive sample of (100) adult patients diagnosed with coronary artery disease, was selected and equally divided into study & control groups, (50) patients for each one. Tools for data collection: It included 1) a structured interviewing questionnaire, 2) cardiac self-efficacy scale, and 3) cardiac exercise self-efficacy scale. Results: Majority of the patients in the study group had satisfactory knowledge level , had high cardiac self efficacy, and practice exercise self efficacy post rehabilitation program implementation. Conclusion: There was a statistically significant difference between the study and control groups concerning knowledge, cardiac self efficacy, and cardiac exercise self-efficacy post, and follow-up rehabilitation program implementation. The results of the current study supported the hypothesis that digital cardiac rehabilitation programs affect positively patients’ knowledge and cardiac self-efficacy. Recommendations: Future researches are required to develop and refine interventions to improve patient's compliance to treatment and prevent further deterioration of cardiac self-efficacy

Malay Version of Exercise Self-Efficacy: A Confirmatory Analysis among Malaysians with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Exercise self-efficacy (ESE) is one of the psychological constructs in the Transtheoretical Model (TTM). The objective of the present study is to assess the validity and reliability of the Malay version of Exercise self-efficacy scale (ESE-M) among Malaysians with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A cross-sectional study design with convenience sampling method using a self-administered questionnaire was carried out. Participants were invited to complete the ESE-M with 18 items. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted and composite reliability (CR) was computed using Mplus 8. A total of 331 Malaysians with T2DM with a mean age of 63 years old (Standard Deviation = 0.57) completed the questionnaire. Most of the participants were male (52%) and Malay (89.4%). Two initial CFA models (single factor and three factors) of ESE-M scale were tested and they did not fit to the data well. Several re-specifications of the models were conducted. The final model for the ESE-M showed improvement on the value of model fit indices for the single factor model (comparative fit index (CFI) = 0.952, Tucker and Lewis index (TLI) = 0.938, standardised root mean square (SRMR) = 0.044, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.054) and three factors model (CFI = 0.891, TLI = 0.863, SRMR = 0.049, RMSEA = 0.081). The CR for the self-efficacy factor was 0.921 (single factor), while CR for internal feelings, competing demands and situational (three factors) were 0.762, 0.818 and 0.864, respectively. The final model of single factor ESE-M showed better fit to the data compared to the three factors ESE-M. This indicated that the single factor ESE-M is more suitable to be adopted for future study among Malaysians with T2DM.

Feasibility and short-term effects of Activity Coach+: a physical activity intervention in hard-to-reach people with a physical disability

Purpose Existing physical activity interventions do not reach a considerable proportion of physically disabled people. This study assessed feasibility and short-term effects of Activity Coach+, a community-based intervention especially targeting this hard-to-reach population. Methods Feasibility was determined by reach, dropouts, and compliance with the protocol. Physical activity was measured with the Activ8 accelerometer and the adapted SQUASH questionnaire. Health outcomes were assessed by body composition, blood pressure, hand grip force, 10-metre walk test, 6-minute walk test, and the Berg Balance Scale. The RAND-36, Exercise Self-Efficacy Scale, Fatigue Severity Scale, and IMPACT-S were administered. Measurements were performed at baseline and after 2 and 4 months. Changes over time were analysed by Friedman tests. Results Twenty-nine participants enrolled during the first 4 months, of whom two dropped out. Intervention components were employed in 86–100% of the participants. Physical activity did not change after the implementation of Activity Coach+. Body mass index (p = 0.006), diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.032), walking ability (p = 0.002), exercise capacity (p = 0.013), balance (p = 0.014), and vitality (p = 0.049) changed over time. Conclusions Activity Coach + is feasible in a community setting. Indications for effectivity of Activity Coach + in hard-to-reach people with a physical disability were found. Implications for rehabilitation Activity Coach + was able to reach physically disabled people living in community, a population that is assumed hard-to-reach. Activity Coach + was feasible in a population of persons with a physical disability that was heterogeneous with respect to age and (severity of) disability. The current study provides the first indications for the beneficial health effects of Activity Coach + in hard-to-reach people with a physical disability.

The Effects of Exercise Training on Physical Performance and Self-efficacy in Hemodialysis Patients: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial.

Background:Hemodialysis patients are faced with challenges in carrying out their daily activities. Self-efficacy is a social cognitive concept that can affect behavioral control in these patients. Hence, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of exercise training on physical performance and self-efficacy in hemodialysis patients.Materials and Methods:This randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted on 60 hemodialysis patients who visited hospitals affiliated to Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences in Sari, Iran. The participants were randomly divided into two groups. The patients in the intervention/exercise group received the 8-week exercise program. Patients in the control group received routine care. The Six-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) was used to assess the patients' functional ability and the Exercise Self-Efficacy Scale (ESES) and Chronic Disease Self-Efficacy Scale (CDSES) were used to assess their self-efficacy before and 2 and 8 weeks after the intervention. For statistical analysis, independent t-test and paired t-test were used.Results:The comparison of self-efficacy between the exercise group and control group after 8 weeks of intervention showed a significant difference between the groups in terms of the CDSES (F1,43= 22.92, p < 0.001) and ESES (F1,38= 10.84, p < 0.001) results. Moreover, the comparison of mean distance walked based on the 6MWT showed significant changes in this variable (F1= 2.05, p = 0.015).Conclusions:The designed exercise program can improve self-efficacy and physical performance in hemodialysis patients. This intervention is recommended for hemodialysis patients due to its effectiveness, simplicity, and uncomplicated characteristics

Effect of exercise referral schemes upon health and well-being: initial observational insights using individual patient data meta-analysis from the National Referral Database

ObjectivesTo examine if exercise referral schemes (ERSs) are associated with meaningful changes in health and well-being in a large cohort of individuals throughout England, Scotland, and Wales from the National...

Exercise, Mood, Self-Efficacy, and Social Support as Predictors of Depressive Symptoms in Older Adults: Direct and Interaction Effects.

BackgroundDepression is a chronic condition that affects up to 15% of older adults. The healthogenic effects of regular exercise are well established, but it is still unclear which exercise-related variables characterise the antidepressant effects of exercise. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the extent to which exercise-related variables (exercise behaviour, exercise-induced mood, exercise self-efficacy, and social support) can predict depressive symptoms in a cohort of community-dwelling older adults.MethodsThis study employed a cross-sectional analysis of questionnaire data from a sample of 586 community-dwelling older Australians aged 65 to 96 years old. Participants completed the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, modified CHAMPS Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Adults, Four-Dimension Mood Scale, Self-Efficacy for Exercise Scale, and Social Provisions Scale – Short Form. Bivariate correlations were performed, and hierarchical multiple regression was subsequently used to test the regression model.ResultsExercise behaviour, exercise-induced mood, exercise self-efficacy, and social support were all negatively associated with depressive symptoms (r = −0.20 to −0.56). When the variables were entered as predictors into the hierarchical multiple regression model, social support was the strongest predictor of depressive symptoms (β = −0.42), followed by exercise-induced mood (β = −0.23), and exercise self-efficacy (β = −0.07). Exercise behaviour did not explain any additional variance in depressive symptoms. A modest interaction effect was also observed between exercise-induced mood and social support.ConclusionThese findings indicate that social support is the strongest predictor of depressive symptomology in community-dwelling older adults, particularly when combined with positive exercise-induced mood states. When addressing the needs of older adults at risk of depression, healthcare professionals should consider the implementation of exercise programmes that are likely to benefit older adults by improving mood, enhancing self-efficacy, and building social support.

Determinants of Physical Activity among Jordanian University Students

Study Purpose: The purposes of this study were to examine the relationships between university students’ physical activity, self-efficacy and perceived benefits and barriers to exercise, and to identify predictors of physical activity among university students.Methods: A cross-sectional design was used in this study. A translated version of Exercise Benefits/Barriers Scale and Exercise Self-efficacy Scale were used to collect study data. A convenience sample of 517 university students participated in the study. Pearson correlation and multiple linear regression analysis were used to analyze the data.Results: Exercise self-efficacy demonstrated the highest positive correlation with physical activity (r=0.31, p&lt;0.001) followed by exercise benefits (r=0.24, p&lt;0.001). Exercise barriers were negatively correlated with physical activity. Exercise self-efficacy and exercise benefits significantly predicted physical activity among university students. Conclusions: The results of this study indicated that exercise self-efficacy and perceived benefits of exercise affect university students’ participation in physical activity.

Environmental correlates of health-promoting leisure physical activity in persons with multiple sclerosis using a social cognitive perspective embedded within social ecological model.

There is abundant evidence for the benefits of physical activity (PA) among persons with multiple sclerosis, however only 20% of persons with MS engage in sufficient PA. This cross-sectional study examined features of the built environment, social environment, and individual as hierarchical correlates of PA in persons with MS from a social-cognitive theory (SCT) perspective embedded within a social-ecological model (SEM). Five hundred eighty eight persons with MS completed an online survey between September 2018–January 2019 including: demographics, Patient Determined Disease Steps (PDDS), abbreviated Neighborhood Walkability Scale (NEWS-A), Social Provisions Scale (SPS), Exercise Self-Efficacy Scale (EXSE), and Godin Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire (GLTEQ). Correlation analyses were used to examine associations among NEWS-A subscales, SPS, EXSE, PDDS, Employment, Education and GLTEQ. We then conducted hierarchical, linear regression analysis whereby we regressed GLTEQ with PDDS, Education, and Employment (Step 1), NEWS-A subscales (Step 2), SPS (Step 3), and EXSE (Step 4) based on a SEM. Land-use mix diversity, land-use mix access, aesthetics, crime, SPS, EXSE, and PDDS correlated with GLTEQ. PDDS was a significant correlate of GLTEQ in Step 1 (β = −0.37;R2 = 0.15). Aesthetics (β = 0.08) and PDDS (β = −0.33) were significant correlates of GLTEQ in Step 2 (R2 = 0.18). SPS (β = 0.23) and PDDS (β = −0.30) were significant correlates of GLTEQ in Step 3 (R2 = 0.23). The final model in Step 4 identified PDDS (β = −0.11), aesthetics (β = 0.07), SPS (β = 0.09), and EXSE (β = 0.54) as correlates of GLTEQ (R2 = 0.43). Such results may inform the design of multi-level interventions that target environmental and individual correlates of PA consistent with the SEM framework and guided by SCT.

Validity and reliability of the Iranian version of the Cardiac Exercise Self-Efficacy Scale.

BACKGROUNDThe assessment of exercise self-efficacy in patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) is necessary to conduct tailored interventions. The aim of the current study was to validate the Iranian version of the Cardiac Exercise Self-efficacy Scale (CESE) for patients with CVD.METHODSTo develop the Iranian version of the CESE scale, a forward and back translation procedure was followed. Data were collected from 260 patients with CVD who were admitted to Imam Ali Cardiovascular Hospital, Iran, using convenience sampling. Psychometric properties of the scale including validity (face and content validity, discriminant, concurrent, convergent, divergent, and construct validity) and reliability (internal consistency, and test-retest reliability) were assessed. SPSS software was used for statistical analysis.RESULTSThe questionnaire had a good face and content validity and reliability, with Cronbach's alpha of 0.87 and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of 0.42. The questionnaire discriminated well between subgroups according to their medical conditions and the “health transition” item in the Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36). There was a significant correlation between CESE and the physical components of the SF-36 (P < 0.001). In addition, a strong to moderate significant correlation was found between the CESE and the Exercise Self-efficacy Scale (ESES) (r = 0.77; P < 0.01) and between CESE and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) total (r = -0.45; P < 0.001). The exploratory factor analysis (EFA) identified a four-factor structure model, explaining 71.02% of the observed variance.CONCLUSIONThe Persian version of the CESE is a valid and reliable instrument for the evaluation of CVD patients’ exercise self-efficacy level in performing regular exercise behaviors.