Combined Exercise Program Research Articles

Blood pressure pattern following a combined exercise session in hypertensive older women

Abstract Objective: The aim of the present study was to verify the behavior of hemodynamic variables in hypertensive older women following a combined exercise session and to identify the intensity of effort achieved in this session. Method: The study included 14 hypertensive older women (72.0±6.7 years old) who regularly practiced physical activities. The participants underwent a one-hour combined exercise session performed in a group, with intensity of effort monitored by accelerometry (Actigraph, model GT3X+). The hemodynamic parameters (systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output and peripheral vascular resistance) were individually measured by finger photoplethysmography (Finometer) before and after (60 min) the exercise session. Results: The sessions consisted predominantly of low-light intensity activities (60%) and 20% of class time was spent on sedentary behavior. None of the evaluated variables exhibited changes when the pre and post-exercise values were compared (p>0.05). Systolic blood pressure behavior correlated positively with time spent in sedentary behavior (r=0.541; p=0.045). Conclusion: The combined exercise sessions, as conducted, did not generate post-exercise hypotension. In addition, the time spent in typically sedentary activities during the classes positively correlated with changes in blood pressure, suggesting that combined exercise programs, applied in the form of collective aerobic exercises, should be composed of higher intensity activities.

장기간의 태권체조와 복합운동이 폐경기 비만 여성의 건강관련체력과 신체활동량 및 우울에 미치는 영향

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Taekwondo aerobic and combined exercise program on health-related physical fitness and physical activity and depression scale in menopausal obesity women. Seventeen menopausal obesity women were assigned in exercise group (n=8), and control group (n=9). The exercise program consisted of Taekwondo aerobic and combined exercise program 90min/session, 3 days each week for 24 weeks. The results of this study were as follow: In body composition and blood pressure, Weight(p In health related physical fitness and daily physical activity and depression scale, Grip strength(p These findings suggest that Taekwondo aerobic and combined exercise program may represent an effective intervention strategy for health-related physical fitness and daily physical activity and depression.

복합운동이 당뇨병환자의 대사증후군 요인에 미치는 영향

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of combined exercise on body composition and metabolic syndrome in diabetic patients. The combined exercise program was designed to suggest exercise program and exercise program effect in daily life through aerobic exercise and resistance exercise. For this purpose, we applied 60 minutes of aerobic exercise and resistance exercise three times a week for 12 weeks in diabetic patients.BR The following conclusions were obtained through this objective and experimental procedure.BR First, there was a significant interaction effect between skeletal muscle and fat mass. Also, BMI and body fat percentage showed significant effects only in repetitive factors.BR Second, significant interaction effects were observed in blood glucose and LDL, and in the sagittal, diastolic and blood glucose levels. In the main effect group, only HDL was significant.

8주간의 복합 운동이 여성 노인들의 노인특성체력, 간기능 및 동맥경화 지표에 미치는 영향

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 8-weeks combined exercise program on senior fitness levels, liver function and indexes of arteriosclerosis such as pulse wave velocity and ankle brachial index in the female old adults. all participants in this study were divided into two groups, control and exercise group. All study participants were assessed and measured for their senior fitness levels, serum level of ALS, AST, r_GTP and pulse wave velocity and ankle brachial index. Paired t-test and wilcoxon signed-rank test were used to confirm all factors before and after 8-weeks combined exercise program. The results were following: There were no significant changes of physical characteristics such as body weight, skeletal muscle amount, body fat percentage. In addition, liver function such as ALT, AST, r-GTP also were not significantly different between the two groups. However, in the exercise group, the right and left ankle brachial index were changed by 8-weeks combined exercise program compared to control group. In conclusion, we suggest that 8-weeks combined exercise program can improve the senior fitness level and index of arteriosclerosis in the female old adults.

Efectos de un programa de ejercicio combinado de impacto, fuerza y resistencia en la prevención de osteoporosis de mujeres posmenopáusicas

Background and objectivePost-menopausal women are a population susceptible to osteoporosis. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of a combined physical exercise program including impact, strength and progressive resistance exercises in post-menopausal women. Materials and methodsProspective quasi-experimental study, with an intervention group that included post-menopausal women with no prescribed pharmacological treatment for the prevention of osteoporosis. A 2-year intervention program was implemented, with 2 training sessions per week, based on impact, strength and progressive resistance exercises. The T-score index in the femur and lumbar spine was estimated in order to determine possible changes in bone mineral density after the intervention. ResultsA total of 16 women, with a mean age of 49.4 (SD: 5.2) participated. After the intervention, no significant differences were found with respect to baseline T-score of femur and spine (P>.05), suggesting that bone density levels were maintained after 2 years. ConclusionsTwo years of osteoporosis prevention training based on a combined resistance, strength and impact program is effective in maintaining bone mineral density levels in post-menopausal women. The results suggest that physical exercise without pharmacological treatment is effective for the prevention of osteoporosis in this population.

Investigating the effectiveness and feasibility of exercise on microvascular reactivity and quality of life in systemic sclerosis patients: study protocol for a feasibility study

BackgroundRaynaud’s phenomenon is one of the first clinical manifestations observed in systemic sclerosis (SSc). This microvasculature disorder affects mostly the digits in over 95% of SSc patients, significantly affecting their health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and incurring higher hospital admissions and other healthcare costs. Exercise is known to improve both micro- and macrovascular function – aerobic exercise and resistance training, separately or combined, have been demonstrated to lead to significant vasculo-physiological improvements in conditions that present vasculopathy. However, the effects of a combined exercise programme on microcirculation in SSc patients has yet to be investigated. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to assess the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) combined with circuit resistance training on the microvascular function in the digital area of SSc patients.MethodsThis will be a randomised controlled, feasibility trial with two arms, wherein 30 patients with SSc in receipt of medical treatment will be randomly assigned to usual care (medical treatment) or to a 12-week supervised exercise programme. Patients in the exercise group will undertake two, 45-min sessions each week consisting of 30 min HIIT (30 s 100% peak power output/30 s passive recovery) on the arm crank ergometer and 15 min of upper body circuit resistance training. Patients will be assessed before as well as at 3 and 6 months following randomisation. Primary outcomes of the study will be recruitment and retention rate, intervention acceptability and adherence to the exercise programme. Secondary outcomes include the digital area cutaneous microvascular function (laser Doppler fluximetry combined with iontophoresis), physical fitness, functional ability, upper back transcutaneous oxygen tension, body composition and quality of life (EQ-5D-5L). Selected interviews with a subsample of patients will be undertaken to explore their experiences of having Raynaud’s phenomenon and the acceptability of the exercise intervention and study procedures.DiscussionData from this study will be used to identify the feasibility of a combined exercise programme to be implemented in SSc patients, the acceptability of the intervention and the study design, and to determine the effects of exercise on the microvasculature. Overall, this study will provide sufficient data to inform and support a full multicentre clinical trial.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov (NCT number): NCT03058887, February 23, 2017.

Effects of exercise and nutrition supplementation in community-dwelling older Chinese people with sarcopenia: a randomized controlled trial.

Limited trials examining the effect of exercise and nutrition supplementation in older people with sarcopenia are available. to assess the impact of resistance exercise program targeting muscle strength and power with and without nutrition supplementation on gait speed, body composition, physical function and quality of life. this trial randomized 113 community-dwelling older Chinese adults aged ≥65 and with sarcopenia defined using the Asian Criteria into one of the three groups: exercise program alone, combined-exercise program and nutrition supplement or waitlist control. The exercise program consisted of 90-min group training twice weekly and one-home session weekly for 12 weeks. Participants in the combined group were additionally asked to consume nutrition supplement twice daily for 12 weeks. Both groups were encouraged to keep home exercise after intervention period for another 12 weeks to detect sustained effect. The primary outcome was gait speed. at 12 and 24 weeks, gait speed did not differ significantly between groups. Significant improvement in leg extension, and five-chair stand test occurred in both intervention groups that persisted to 24 weeks. Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly improved in both intervention groups that persisted until 24 weeks only in the combined group. Lower limb muscle and appendicular skeletal muscle mass increased significantly in the combined group but the increase was not sustained to 24 weeks. the exercise program with and without nutrition supplementation had no significant effect on the primary outcome of gait speed but improved the secondary outcomes of strength and the five-chair stand test in community-dwelling Chinese sarcopenic older adults. NCT02374268.

Effects of a finger exercise program on hand function in automobile workers with hand osteoarthritis: A randomized controlled trial

Hand osteoarthritis reduces a person's ability to perform work activities and return to their occupation. We investigated the effects of a finger exercise program on hand grip strength, pain, physical function, and stiffness in automobile manufacturing workers with hand osteoarthritis. This randomized controlled trial was conducted on 29 subjects. Fifteen experimental subjects received a finger exercise program with paraffin baths, while 14 control subjects received only paraffin baths. Hand grip strength, pain, physical function, and stiffness were assessed at baseline and 8 weeks later. In the experimental group, hand grip strength (P < 0.001) and Australian/Canadian osteoarthritis hand index (AUSCAN) scores (pain, P < 0.001; stiffness, P < 0.001; physical function, P < 0.001) were significantly improved by 3.52 ± 2.03, 21.6 ± 8.3 (pain), 16.8 ± 10.21 (stiffness), and 13.86 ± 4.54 (physical function) compared with preintervention values. In the control group, hand grip strength (P = 0.004) and AUSCAN scores (pain, P < 0.001; stiffness, P = 0.019; physical function, P < 0.001) were significantly improved by 0.57 ± 0.62, 7.85 ± 5.46 (pain) 11.42 ± 7.18 (stiffness), and 10.28 ± 14.41 (physical function) compared with preintervention values. Significant differences between groups were found for postintervention hand grip strength (P = 0.015) and AUSCAN index subscale scores (pain, P < 0.001; physical function, P = 0.020). A combined finger exercise and paraffin bath program is effective in reducing pain, improving physical function, and increasing hand grip strength in workers with hand osteoarthritis.

건강교육과 개인별 맞춤형 운동처방을 통한 교양체육 수업이 대학생들의 건강관련 체력 및 대사관련 지표들에 미치는 영향

건강교육과 개인별 맞춤형 운동처방을 통한 교양체육 수업이 대학생들의 건강관련 체력 및 대사관련 지표들에 미치는 영향

Aerobic and resistance exercise improves physical fitness, bone health, and quality of life in overweight and obese breast cancer survivors: a randomized controlled trial

BackgroundExercise is an effective strategy to improve quality of life and physical fitness in breast cancer survivors; however, few studies have focused on the early survivorship period, minorities, physically inactive and obese women, or tested a combined exercise program and measured bone health. Here, we report the effects of a 16-week aerobic and resistance exercise intervention on patient-reported outcomes, physical fitness, and bone health in ethnically diverse, physically inactive, overweight or obese breast cancer survivors.MethodsOne hundred breast cancer survivors within 6 months of completing adjuvant treatment were assessed at baseline, post-intervention, and 3-month follow-up (exercise group only) for physical fitness, bone mineral density, serum concentrations of bone biomarkers, and quality of life. The exercise intervention consisted of moderate-vigorous (65–85% heart rate maximum) aerobic and resistance exercise thrice weekly for 16 weeks. Differences in mean changes for outcomes were evaluated using mixed-model repeated measure analysis.ResultsAt post-intervention, the exercise group was superior to usual care for quality of life (between group difference: 14.7, 95% CI: 18.2, 9.7; p < 0.001), fatigue (p < 0.001), depression (p < 0.001), estimated VO2max (p < 0.001), muscular strength (p < 0.001), osteocalcin (p = 0.01), and BSAP (p = 0.001). At 3-month follow-up, all patient-reported outcomes and physical fitness variables remained significantly improved compared to baseline in the exercise group (p < 0.01).ConclusionsA 16-week combined aerobic and resistance exercise program designed to address metabolic syndrome in ethnically-diverse overweight or obese breast cancer survivors also significantly improved quality of life and physical fitness. Our findings further support the inclusion of supervised clinical exercise programs into breast cancer treatment and care.Trial registrationThis trial is registered on ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01140282 as of June 9, 2010.

A Randomized Controlled Trial of Exercise to Prevent Bone Loss in Premenopausal Women with Breast Cancer.

Premenopausal women (n = 206) age ≤ 55 years at cancer diagnosis who were within two years of receiving adjuvant chemotherapy were randomized to a 12-month exercise program or a control group. BMD was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at baseline and after 1 year; blood was drawn for skeletal markers. Change from baseline to end of study was compared within and between treatment groups using paired and unpaired t-tests. Lumbar spine BMD declined in both treatment groups with no significant difference between treatment groups (-0.008 ± 0.003 g/cm2 exercise vs. -0.014 ± 0.003 g/cm2 control, p = 0.24). However, among the women who did not lose lean mass during the study (n = 100, 54 control, 46 exercise), the exercise intervention prevented lumbar spine bone loss (0.001 ± 0.005 g/cm2 treatment group vs. -0.014 ± 0.005 g/cm2 control group, p = 0.03). Bone turnover markers decreased significantly in both groups with no differences between groups. Among women who maintained lean mass, our exercise intervention prevented bone loss; however, our intervention did not prevent bone loss among women who lost muscle mass. Additional investigation into exercise regimens that can prevent both bone and muscle loss may help prevent long-term consequences of premenopausal breast cancer treatment.

Virtual reality exercise intradialysis to improve physical function: A feasibility randomized trial.

The main objective of this investigation was to assess feasibility of conducting a future RCT with an intradialysis non-immersive virtual reality exercise intervention. The secondary aim was to explore the impact of either conventional or VR exercise on physical function. Feasibility randomized trial. Eighteen subjects who participated in a 16-week intradialysis combined exercise program. The program lasted four additional weeks of either combined exercise or virtual reality exercise. Physical function was measured through several reliable tests (sit-to-stand-to-sit tests 10 and 60, gait speed, one-leg heel-rise tests, and 6-minute walk test) at baseline, after 16weeks of intradialysis combined exercise and by the end of four additional weeks of exercise. Adherence to the exercise programs was registered. There was a significant time effect, so that physical function improved in both groups. By the end of the 20weeks, function improved as measured through the sit-to-stand-to-sit tests 10 and 60, gait speed, one-leg heel-rise left leg, and the 6-minute walk test. Changes that did not occur due to error in the test were seen after 20weeks were achieved in the sit-to-stand-to-sit test 60, gait speed, one-leg heel-rise test for the left leg, and 6-minute walking test. Virtual reality was a feasible intervention. Both interventions improved physical function. Adherence was not significantly different between groups.

Resultados de um programa de exercício físico combinado na força muscular e capacidade funcional de um indivíduo com síndrome Pós-Poliomielite

A Poliomielite Anterior Aguda (PAA) é uma patologia causada por um enterovírus, que predominantemente prejudica os neurônios motores inferiores, o que causa a paralisia muscular flácida e assimétrica, principalmente nos membros inferiores e que, tardiamente causa sintomas neuromusculares e declínio funcional denominados como Síndrome Pós-Poliomielite (SPP). Objetivo: Aplicar um programa de exercícios combinado e verificar os resultados na força muscular e capacidade funcional de um indivíduo idoso, com SPP. Métodos: A amostra foi composta por 1 mulher, idade 66 anos, com SPP, hipertensão arterial sistêmica, dislipidemia, hipotireoidismo. A força muscular foi mensurada por meio do teste de 7 – 10 repetições máximas (RM). A distância percorrida ao pedalar foi realizada por meio do Teste 12 minutos adaptado e o equilíbrio dinâmico foi avaliado por meio do Timed Up &amp; Go Test. Os exercícios foram realizados em 2 séries de 10 repetições, com intensidade de 60% de 1 RM, por 24 semanas. Resultados: Após 24 semanas, a força muscular de MMII apresentou aumento de 333,3% e a força de MMSS 216,5%. O equilíbrio dinâmico melhorou 34,3%. A distância percorrida ao pedalar aumentou 11,8%. Conclusão: Os dados por nós obtidos sugerem que pessoas com SPP, mesmo que idosas, poderão se beneficiar de um programa de exercícios para aumento da força muscular e melhora da capacidade funcional, porém é importante que outros estudos sejam desenvolvidos para verificar esses resultados em um número maior de pessoas.

Strength exercises during physical education classes in secondary schools improve body composition: a cluster randomized controlled trial

BackgroundMetabolic health in people with obesity is determined by body composition. In this study, we examined the influence of a combined strength exercise and motivational programme –embedded in the school curriculum– on adolescents body composition and daily physical activity.MethodsA total of 695 adolescents (11-15y) from nine Dutch secondary schools participated in a one year cluster randomised controlled trial (RCT). In the intervention schools, physical education teachers were instructed to spend 15–30 min of all physical education lessons (2× per week) on strength exercises. Monthly motivational lessons were given to stimulate students to be more physically active. Control schools followed their usual curriculum. The primary outcome measure was body composition assessed by the deuterium dilution technique. Daily physical activity and sedentary behaviour measured by accelerometry served as a secondary outcome.ResultsAfter 1 year, a 1.6% fat mass difference was found in favour of the intervention group (p = .007). This reflected a 0.9 kg difference in fat free mass (intervention>control; p = .041) and 0.7 kg difference in fat mass (intervention<control; p = .054). Daily physical activity decreased from baseline to posttest in both groups, but less so in the intervention group (p = .049). After 1 year, a difference of 0.4% was found for moderate to vigorous physical activities in favour of the intervention group (p = .046). No differences in sedentary behaviour, or light physical activity were found between groups.ConclusionIn 11–15 year olds, the combination of strength exercises plus motivational lessons contributed to an improvement in body composition and a smaller decrease in physical activity level.Trial registration ID(NTR5676 – retrospectively registered 8 February 2016; enrolment of first participant: 2 March 2015).

Correction to: Effects of a combined exercise plus diet program on cardiorespiratory fitness of breast cancer patients.

In the original publication of this article, Table1 was published incorrectly. The correct Table1 is given in the following page.

18개월의 복합 운동이 시설 거주 남성노인의 체구성, 심혈관 기능과 하지 등속성 근기능에 미치는 영향

The purpose in this study is to investigate the influence of 18-month combined exercise program on body composition, cardiovascular function and isokinetic leg strength in older men living in residential aged care facilities. 12 healthy older men over 65 years without any clinical problem participated in the combined exercise program. The combined exercise program was composed of over 18 months, 3 times per week and 40 minutes per day. Body composition, cardiovascular fitness, and isokinetic leg strength were measured at pre-exercise, 6-month after exercise, 12-month after exercise, and1 8-month after exercise with the same standard operating process. The data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA with repeated measures, and Dunnett post-hoc.. In this study, the results are as follows: First, the 18-month combined exercise did not significantly change in body composition related factors except basal metabolic rate. Basal metabolic rate significantly increased in 18-month after exercise. Second, After the long term exercise, peak hear t rate significantly increased. Third, in factors of muscle strength, the long-term exercises significantly enhanced bilateral leg muscle strength at 60°/sec isokinetic conditions only. In conclusion, the 18- month combined exercise has a positive effect on basal metabolic rate and peak heart rate, and 60°/sec leg muscle strength in older men living in residential aged care facilities.

8주간의 복합운동프로그램이 여성들의 신체조성, 체력, 프레밍햄 리스크 스코어 및 혈관상태에 미치는 영향

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of combined exercise on physical fitness level, framingham risk score and vascular elasticity on women. All participants performed physical fitness test and measurement of vascular elasticity between pre and post exercise intervention program. Cardiovascular disease risk factor was assessed using the framingham risk score. Wilcoxon signed-rank test or paired t-test were performed to confirm changes in each factors pre and post the exercise program. The results were following : Except the hand grip strength and muscle power, all physical fitness levels such as muscular endurance, cardiovascular endurance, flexibility, agility, muscle power were significantly increases between pre and post exercise program. Furthermore, significant differences were found in the framingham risk score and vascular elasticity wave type between pre and post exercise program. In conclusion, we suggest that the combined exercise program reduces the cardiovascular disease risk and improve vascular elasticity on women.

Distinct lipid droplet characteristics and distribution unmask the apparent contradiction of the athlete's paradox

ObjectiveIntramyocellular lipid (IMCL) storage negatively associates with insulin resistance, albeit not in endurance-trained athletes. We investigated the putative contribution of lipid droplet (LD) morphology and subcellular localization to the so-called athlete's paradox. MethodsWe performed quantitative immunofluorescent confocal imaging of muscle biopsy sections from endurance Trained, Lean sedentary, Obese, and Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) participants (n = 8/group). T2DM patients and Trained individuals were matched for IMCL content. Furthermore we performed this analysis in biopsies of T2DM patients before and after a 12-week exercise program (n = 8). ResultsWe found marked differences in lipid storage morphology between trained subjects and T2DM: the latter group mainly store lipid in larger LDs in the subsarcolemmal (SS) region of type II fibers, whereas Trained store lipid in a higher number of LDs in the intramyofibrillar (IMF) region of type I fibers. In addition, a twelve-week combined endurance and strength exercise program resulted in a LD phenotype shift in T2DM patients partly towards an ‘athlete-like’ phenotype, accompanied by improved insulin sensitivity. Proteins involved in LD turnover were also more abundant in Trained than in T2DM and partly changed in an ‘athlete-like’ fashion in T2DM patients upon exercise training. ConclusionsOur findings provide a physiological explanation for the athlete's paradox and reveal LD morphology and distribution as a major determinant of skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity.

Combined exercise improves gastrointestinal motility in psychiatric in patients

AIMTo examine the effect of combined exercise on colonic transit time (CTT) in admitted psychiatric patients.METHODSOver a 6-mo period, consecutive in patients with mental illness were recruited from the Somang Hospital Psychiatry Unit. A combined exercise program that included 60 min per day of exercise 3 d per week for 12 wk was performed. Physical fitness and CTT of the patients were measured twice before and twice after the exercise program. CTT was measured using a multiple marker technique with a radio-opaque marker. Changes in the exercising patients’ CTT and weight-, cardiovascular- and fitness-related parameters were statistically assessed.RESULTSAfter the 12-wk combined exercise intervention, decreased intestinal transit time was observed in all CTTs of the exercise group, including the right CTT (exercise: 15.6 ± 15.2 vs 9.2 ± 11.9, control: 13.1 ± 10.4 vs 10.9 ± 18.7), left CTT (exercise: 19.7 ± 23.5 vs 10.4 ± 13.2, control: 19.2 ± 19.0 vs 16.9 ± 19.8), recto-sigmoid CTT (exercise: 14.3 ± 16.7 vs 6.7 ± 7.9, control: 15.0 ± 14.4 vs 19.3 ± 30.3), and total colonic transit time (TCTT) (exercise: 50.2 ± 38.1 vs 27.1 ± 28.0, control: 47.4 ± 34.6 vs 47.3 ± 47.3). After the 12-wk combined exercise period, TCTT was significantly shortened in the exercise group compared with that in the control group. In addition to eating habits, water intake, and fiber intake, the increased physical activity level as a result of the 12-wk combined exercise program reduced the CTT.CONCLUSIONThe CTT of the psychiatric patients was reduced due to increased physical activity via a 12-wk combined exercise program.

Effects of exercise intervention on visceral fat in obese children and adolescents.

This meta-analysis study was aimed to assess the effects of exercise intervention on visceral fat in obese children and adolescents. Electronic database searches were performed in Academic Search Complete, CINAHL, Healthsource, MEDLINE, and SportDiscus, and from the earliest record to November 2017. Keywords included "exercise or training," "visceral fat," and "child or adolescent or youth." The inclusion criteria for eligible studies were as follows: 1) subjects were obese at baseline; 2) aged 6-19 years; 3) visceral fat was reported at baseline and after an intervention; and 4) studies were published in peer-reviewed journals written in English. A total of 207 studies were observed at the initial search and 73 effect sizes (ESs) were derived from the 34 selected studies. The overall exercise intervention effect was large (Cohen's d [ES]=-1.003, 95% CI=-1.114, -0.892). Moderator analyses results showed that gender (Qb=8.23, df=2, P=0.016), exercise type (Qb=10.68, df=2, P=0.005), and intervention length (Qb=24.71, df=2, P<0.001) influenced the overall ES. The group of both boys and girls (ES=-0.95) who participated combined exercise program (Aerobic + Resistance training; ES=-1.17) for 12 months (ES=-1.24) appeared to be the most effective exercise strategy for reducing visceral fat in obese youth.