Exercise Participants Research Articles

Estimating cognitive load from speech gathered in a complex real-life training exercise

Abstract Speech-enabled applications are becoming prevalent, providing opportunities for real-time detection of speaker characteristics. Estimation of cognitive load from speech is one type of speaker characteristic that can provide insight into the human state in complex, highly dynamic human-machine teaming scenarios and be used to adapt interaction with the user to their current cognitive state. Cognitive load estimation from speech experiments are typically performed on speech gathered in laboratory settings. By contrast, this research is performed on a real-life dataset that was not created for the purpose of cognitive load assessment. Speech was extracted from recordings of a military simulation exercise in which air battle managers communicated with pilots flying simulated aircraft. This paper assesses whether cognitive load can be estimated from speech self-labelled by exercise participants and collected in a realistic setting, and examines how well cognitive load estimation methods translate from the laboratory setting to the real-world. Analysis suggests that participants’ self-assessment of workload at periodic intervals can be used to label speech to create 2-class cognitive load classifiers. The analysis also shows that including some target speaker speech in speaker independent training data results in higher classification accuracy than when classifiers are built solely from speaker dependent data.

Abstract 17026: Effects of Supervised Exercise Therapy on Free-Living Physical Activity Among Patients With Symptomatic Peripheral Artery Disease

Introduction: Evidence supporting the effects of supervised exercise therapy (SET) on alleviating symptoms and improving walking ability for patients with symptomatic peripheral artery disease (PAD) is robust and well recognized. However, little is known about the impact of SET on free-living physical activity (PA). The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between participation in SET and changes in free-living PA among individuals in the the EX ercise Training to Reduce Claudication: Arm ER gometry versus T readmill Walking ( EXERT ) trial. Methods: In this randomized, controlled trial, 104 participants (mean age 68±9; 29% female) were allocated to receive treadmill (TM) exercise (n=41), upper body ergometry (UBE) exercise (n=42), or usual-care (UC) (n=21) for 12 weeks. Exercise participants attended SET three times per week; UC participants met with study staff weekly. PA was measured over 7 days via waist-worn ActiGraph accelerometers at baseline, 6, and 12 weeks. Steps per day was the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes were proportion of time in light and moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA), and sedentary time. PA was controlled for in TM participants by using SET logs. Results were analyzed using descriptive statistics, two-sample t-tests, and analysis of variance. Results: Regardless of randomization, average daily steps were low at baseline and 6 weeks (4,013 steps, p =.72; and 3,911 steps, p =.84, respectively), and slightly higher at 12 weeks (4,307 steps; p =.93). Although not statistically significant but perhaps clinically relevant, UBE participants exhibited greater increases in MVPA over 12 weeks (0.9% to 1.3%; F =.48, p =.62) compared to TM (1.2% to 1.3%; F =.35, p =.71) and UC (1.3% to 1.5%, F =.03, p =.97); similarly all participants exhibited reductions in sedentary time and increases in free-living PA between baseline and 12 weeks. Conclusions: These data suggest individuals with PAD attending SET replace sedentary time with light or moderate intensity PA regardless of exercise modality. Despite study participants meeting the recommended daily steps for adults with chronic conditions (3,500-5,500 steps), it is suspected that they did not reach the daily goal of 30 minutes of enhanced PA to reduce health risks. Future research should incorporate activity tracking devices that can provide feedback on PA as an approach to meet daily PA goals. Activity tracking devices used in conjunction with SET may further improve walking distance, symptom management, and quality of life among patients with symptomatic PAD.

Exercise beliefs and contributing factors among elderly nursing home residents

Background/Aims: Despite the benefits of exercise for older adults, elderly nursing home residents remain largely inactive. This study examined differences in outcome expectations for exercise, and self-efficacy for exercise between older adults in nursing home care, and older adults in the community. We also assessed the association between these exercise beliefs and participants' physical, psychological and medical conditions. Methods: A total of 22 nursing home residents and 20 community-dwelling older adults completed the Outcome Expectations for Exercise Scale, and the Self-Efficacy for Exercise Scale. Findings: Outcome expectations did not differ between the groups (P=0.78). Self-efficacy for exercise was significantly lower among nursing home residents than in community-dwelling older adults (P=<0.01). Findings indicate that the presence of depressive symptoms were significantly associated with poor exercise beliefs in older adults. Conclusions: Self-efficacy and psychological health could be targets of interventions to increase older adults' exercise participation.

Gender Differences in Energy Expenditure During Walking With Backpack and Double-Pack Loads.

To investigate gender differences in energy expenditure during walking with backpack and double-pack loads. Studies have reported that energy expenditure during walking with double-pack loads is lower compared with backpack carriage. However, the effect of gender on energy expenditure while walking with these two load distribution systems has not been investigated. Thirty healthy young adults (15 female and 15 male participants) walked on a treadmill with backpack and double-pack loads weighing 30% of their body weight at a speed of 0.89 m/s for 10 min. The energy expenditure in terms of oxygen consumption (VO2) and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) were continuously monitored using a portable gas analyzer throughout each walking exercise. A mixed-design analysis of variance model was adopted to test the effects of gender, pack, and time on VO2 and RER. No time effect was observed on VO2. However, significant gender, pack, and interaction effects were observed. The lowest VO2 was found in female participants under double-pack carriage. No significant gender or pack differences existed in RER. However, RER significantly and incrementally increased in time from the 4th through 6th, 8th, and 10th min. This study revealed that heavy double-pack load carriage for healthy young female participants had significantly lower energy expenditure (normalized by the entire system weight, i.e., the participant's weight plus the weight of the pack) than that of the male participants in a 10-min walking exercise. The findings of this study indicated that healthy young female participants carried a heavy double-pack with less energy cost (normalized by the entire system weight, i.e., the participant's weight plus the weight of the pack) compared with their male counterparts during a 10-min walking exercise.

Metacognitive processes and attentional focus in recreational endurance runners

This study examined the metacognitive processes and attentional focus of recreational endurance runners. The emphasis was on understanding the metacognitive processes important to acquire, develop, and refine cognitive strategies in novice endurance exercise participants. The potential impact of metacognitive processes and cognitive strategies on longer-term endurance activity adherence was also of interest. To meet these aims, ten recreational runners were interviewed to retrospectively explore metacognitive processes and attentional focus during running. Data were analysed using deductive and inductive content analyses. The data revealed that runners engaged in a relatively limited array of metacognitive skills and may not possess a detailed knowledge of task-specific attentional strategies to regulate cognition. Few runners engaged in metacognitive planning or reviewing by themselves, for example. Cognitive strategies were developed with experience, however, and often as a consequence of unpleasant, effort-related sensory experiences. Other, more experienced runners were also influential sources for cognitive strategy acquisition. These findings are novel within an endurance activity context. Based on our interpretation of the findings, we propose that interventions to enhance metacognitive abilities and assist novice endurance participants to acquire, develop, and refine task-appropriate cognitive strategies, may be important to longer-term endurance activity adherence.

The impact of workplace ergonomics and neck-specific exercise versus ergonomics and health promotion interventions on office worker productivity: A cluster-randomized trial.

Objectives Using an employer's perspective, this study aimed to compare the immediate and longer-term impact of workplace ergonomics and neck-specific exercise versus ergonomics and health promotion information on health-related productivity among a general population of office workers and those with neck pain. Methods A prospective one-year cluster randomized trial was conducted. Participants received an individualized workstation ergonomics intervention, combined with 12 weeks of either workplace neck-specific exercises or health promotion information. Health-related productivity at baseline, post-intervention and 12-months was measured with the Health and Work Performance Questionnaire. Intention-to-treat analysis was performed using multilevel mixed models. Results We recruited 763 office workers from 14 organizations and allocated them to 100 clusters. For the general population of office workers, monetized productivity loss at 12 months [AU$1464 (standard deviation [SD] 1318) versus AU$1563 (SD=1039); P=0.023]; and presenteeism at 12 months [2.0 (SD 1.2) versus 2.4 (SD 1.4); P=0.007] was lower in the exercise group compared to those in the health promotion information group. For office workers with neck pain, exercise participants had lower sickness absenteeism at 12 months compared to health promotion information participants [0.7 days (SD 1.0) versus 1.4 days (SD 3.1); P-=0.012], despite a short-term increase in sickness absenteeism post-intervention compared to baseline for the exercise group [1.2 days (SD 2.2) versus 0.6 days (SD 0.9); P<0.001]. Conclusion A workplace intervention combining ergonomics and neck-specific exercise offers possible benefits for sickness presenteeism and health-related productivity loss among a general population of office workers and sickness absenteeism for office workers with neck pain in the longer-term.

Relationships between nutritional status, sarcopenia and frailty in nursing-home residents

Rationale: Malnutrition, sarcopenia and frailty frequently coexist in older people. The aim of this study was to assess how these conditions related to each other in nursing-home residents that were participants in the Older Persons Exercise and Nutrition (OPEN) study.

The effect of acute caffeine ingestion on upper body anaerobic exercise and cognitive performance

The current study examined the effect of acute caffeine ingestion on mean and peak power production during upper body Wingate test (WANT) performance, rating of perceived exertion, readiness to invest effort and cognitive performance. Using a double-blind design, 12 males undertook upper body WANTs, following ingestion of caffeine (5 mg*kg−1) or placebo. Pre-substance ingestion, 60 mins post substance ingestion and post exercise participants completed measures of readiness to invest physical and mental effort and cognitive performance. Peak power was significantly higher (P = .026), fatigue index greater (P = .02) and rating of perceived exertion lower (P = .025) in the presence of caffeine. Readiness to invest physical effort was also higher (P = .016) in the caffeine condition irrespective of time point (pre, 60 mins post ingestion and post exercise). Response accuracy for incongruent trials on the Flanker task was superior in the presence of caffeine (P = .006). There was a significant substance × time interaction for response speed in both congruent and incongruent conditions (both P = .001) whereby response speeds were faster at 60 mins post ingestion and post exercise in the caffeine condition, compared to placebo. This is the first study to examine the effects of caffeine ingestion on this modality of exercise and suggests that caffeine ingestion significantly enhances peak power, readiness to invest physical effort, and cognitive performance during WANT performance.

The Development and Testing of a Module on Child Functioning for Identifying Children with Disabilities in Surveys

Enhanced methods of evaluation are necessary to identify community-based exercise interventions that promote physical activity and improve health and participation for individuals with disabilities. The heterogeneity of the populations served, interventions implemented, and outcome measures used remains a barrier to effectively evaluate programs and generate evidence to inform best practice.To explore goals and benefits of community-based exercise for individuals with disabilities and determine barriers and facilitators to evaluation in a community setting.We conducted semi-structured interviews with exercise participants and staff of a community-based exercise program for individuals with disabilities. We then coded responses to interview questions for themes using thematic analysis or deductive content analysis, with codes linked to categories within the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF).Identified goals and benefits spanned the ICF domains of Body Functions and Activities and Participation. Commonly cited goals and benefits included improving strength and endurance, general health, self-efficacy, community participation, and the importance of returning to exercise. Barriers and facilitators to evaluation identified by staff included maintaining a balance between evaluation and services, negative attitudes toward evaluation, access to data, and consistency with scheduling.These results can be used to enhance evaluation within community-based exercise programs for individuals with disabilities, which may improve both the quality and impact of these programs.

Differences in Falls between Older Adult Participants in Group Exercise and Those Who Exercise Alone: A Cross-Sectional Study Using Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study (JAGES) Data.

This study examined the difference in falls between older adults who participated in group exercise and those who exercised alone. We used cross-sectional data from the Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study. Data were obtained from functionally independent residents aged 65 years or older across 30 municipalities in Japan (n = 19,257). Logistic regression analysis was performed with experience of multiple falls over the past year as the dependent variable and type of exercise as the independent variable. Respondents were divided into three groups according to how they performed exercise: (1) non-exercisers (NE, no exercise), (2) those who only exercised alone (IE, individual exercise), and (3) those whose exercise included participation in group exercise (GE, group exercise). In total, 887 (4.6%) respondents reported multiple falls. After adjustment for 10 possible confounders, the GE group had an odds ratio (OR) for falls of 0.75 (95% confidence intervals 0.60–0.95) compared with the IE group. After adjustment for physiological factors and a psychological factor, the OR for the GE group increased slightly; however, an association between falls and exercise type was indicated. Older adults who participate in group exercise may receive additional benefits related to falls prevention compared with those who exercise alone.

The Effect of Different Intensity and Duration of Running on Balance in Male Football Player

The aim of study was to investigate the static and dynamic balance performance after different intensity and duration of running. Fifteen male football player (a=21.6 p 0.9 y, h=172.4 p 6.1 cm, w=68.4 p 6.7 kg) participated. Conconi test on treadmill and variables of different exercises (Aerobic, Anaerobic, Mixed, Prolonged Intermittent and Super Maximal Intermittent) were measured. Then before and after each exercise participants did Y balance test (YBT), balance error scoring system (BESS), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE). Repeated measure ANOVA was used to data analysis. Results showed no significant difference in double leg position on firm surface after various exercises (p<0.05). However, static balance on firm and foam surfaces in single leg and tandem positions decreased after all exercises (p<0.05). Although, balance impairment was more noticeable after anaerobic, mixed and super maximal intermittent exercises (p<0.05). Dynamic balance declined in three direction after all exercises and the most outstanding decrease occurred after anaerobic exercise in anterior direction (p<0.05). Thus, during balance assessment, intensity and duration of exercise and balance positions should considered evaluating sport performance and clinical application.

Lessons Learnt From Exercise Celestial Navigation: The Application of a Geographic Information System to Inform Legionnaires' Disease Control Activity.

Geographic information systems (GIS) have emerged in the past few decades as a technology capable of assisting in the control of infectious disease outbreaks. A Legionnaires' disease cluster investigation in May 2016 in Sydney, New South Wales (NSW), Australia, demonstrated the importance of using GIS to identify at-risk water sources in real-time for field investigation to help control any immediate environmental health risk, as well as the need for more staff trained in the use of this technology. Sydney Local Health District Public Health Unit (PHU) subsequently ran an exercise (based on this investigation) with 11 staff members from 4 PHUs across Sydney to further test staff capability to use GIS across NSW. At least 80% of exercise participants reported that the scenario progression was realistic, assigned tasks were clear, and sufficient data were provided to complete tasks. The exercise highlighted the multitude of geocoding applications and need for inter-operability of systems, as well as the need for trained staff with specific expertise in spatial analysis to help assist in outbreak control activity across NSW. Evaluation data demonstrated the need for a common GIS, regular education and training, and guidelines to support the collaborative use of GIS for infectious disease epidemiology in NSW. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2019;13:372-374).

A scoping review of evaluation methods for health emergency preparedness exercises.

To review and analyze evaluation methods currently utilized in health emergency preparedness exercises (HEPE). This study, part of a larger scoping review that systematically collected and reviewed published evidence related to the benefits of HEPE, provides a further analysis of the evaluation methods utilized in such exercises. We separately analyzed discussion-based and operation-based exercises according to their purpose. This addresses a methodological limitation related to the poorly understood relationship between the purpose and context in which a specific evaluation method is selected to be used. In the reviewed 64 studies, a variety of evaluation methods were utilized for HEPE including observations, participants' survey, and post-exercise debriefs. At present, the selection and use of these methods is not guided by any methodology, but seems rather arbitrary. No specific evaluation methods were isolated for any exercise type. The purpose of evaluation should guide the selection of evaluation methods for HEPE, and these are not context specific. If evaluation is for accountability purposes, such as to test organizational capability to respond, participant feedback should be collected in addition to objective data on performance in an exercise. Advantages of routinely collecting data from exercise participants to study their reactions (exercise feedback, perceptions, satisfaction with the exercise) and routinely conducting post-exercise debriefs (both hot debrief and cold debrief), are discussed to support evaluation for development or learning purposes in any context.

Application plan for radiological exposure model using virtual reality–based radiological exercise system

Abstract New exercise technology such as the virtual reality (VR)–based exercise system is required to meet soaring demand for target participants in exercises and to alleviate the difficulties in personnel mobilization through an alternative approach to the exercise system. In a previous study, event tree methodologies were introduced in setting up an exercise scenario of a VR-based radiological exercise system. In the scenario, the locations at which major events occur are rephrased as nodes, routes as paths, and public response actions as protective actions or contents of an exercise at individual locations. In the study, a model for estimating effective doses to the participants is proposed to evaluate the exercise system, using the effective dose rates at particular times and locations derived from a computer program. The effective dose received by a student when she/he follows a successful route is about a half of the dose received when she/he does not follow the exercise guide directions. In addition, elapsed time to finish an exercise when following a successful route is less than one-third of the time spent to finish an exercise when following the guide's directions.

Augmented reality experimentation on oxygen gas generation from hydrogen peroxide and bleach reaction.

The appreciation and understanding of gas generation through processes is vital in biochemical education. In this work, an augmented reality tool is reported to depict the redox reaction between hydrogen peroxide and sodium hypochlorite solutions, two ubiquitous oxidizing agents, to create oxygen, a combustible gas. As it operates out of smartphones or tablets, students are able to conduct the exercise collaboratively, respond in a manner similar to an actual physical experiment, and able to depict the oxygen volume changes in relation to the volume of hydrogen peroxide of different concentrations used. The tool offers to help students acquire bench skills by limiting handing risks and to mitigate possible student anxiety on handling chemical materials and implements in the laboratory. The feedback received from Year 11 and 12 high school student participants in an outreach exercise indicate the overall effectiveness of this tool. © 2018 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 46(3):245-252, 2018.

Healthcare Cost Savings over a One-year Period for SilverSneakers Group Exercise Participants

Healthcare Cost Savings over a One-year Period for SilverSneakers Group Exercise Participants

Aerobic Exercise as an Adjuvant to Aphasia Therapy: Theory, Preliminary Findings, and Future Directions

PurposeThis study investigated whether participation in aerobic exercise enhances the effects of aphasia therapy, and the degree to which basal serum brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) concentrations fluctuate after the beginning of aerobic exercise or stretching activities in individuals with poststroke aphasia. MethodsThe study used a single-subject, multiple-baseline design. Seven individuals with chronic poststroke aphasia participated in 2 Blocks of aphasia therapy: aphasia therapy alone (Block 1), followed by aphasia therapy with the addition of aerobic activity via bicycle ergometer (n = 5) or stretching (n = 2) (Block 2). Serum BDNF concentrations from blood draws were analyzed in 4 participants who exercised and in 1 participant who stretched. FindingsThree of the five exercise participants demonstrated larger Tau-U effects when aphasia therapy was paired with aerobic exercise, whereas 1 of the 2 stretching participants demonstrated a larger effect size when aphasia therapy was paired with stretching. Group-level comparisons revealed a greater overall increase in effect size in the aerobic exercise group, as indicated by differences in Tau-U weighted means. BDNF data showed that all 4 exercise participants demonstrated a decrease in BDNF concentrations during the first 6 weeks of exercise and an increase in BDNF levels near or at baseline during the last 6 weeks of exercise. The stretching participant did not show the same pattern. ImplicationsAdditional research is needed to understand the mechanism of effect and to identify the factors that mediate response to exercise interventions, specifically the optimal dose of exercise and timing of language intervention with exercise. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01113879.

ANALYSIS ON THE RELATION BETWEEN VELOCITY AND POWER VALUES DURING PROPULSIVE PHASE OF BENCH THROW EXERCISE AND UPPER-BODY STRENGTH CHARACTERISTICS IN PROFESSIONAL HANDBALL PLAYERS

The purpose of this study is to analyze the relation between velocity and power values during propulsive phase of bench throw exercise and upper-body strength characteristics in professional handball players and to determine whether upper-body strength characteristics have a significant effect on velocity and power parameters. In accordance with this purpose, a total of 13 professional handball players competing in Turkish Handball 1. League (age: 25.4 ± 3.86 years; height: 187.5 ± 8.33 cm; body weight: 90.9 ± 14.8 kg) voluntarily participated in the research. In this study, maximal dynamic strength test was applied in bench press (BP) exercises in addition to the right and left hand grip strength test with the purpose of determining the upper-body strength characteristics. In order to determine velocity and power parameters, bench throw (BT) exercises were applied by using an external load that corresponds to 30% of body weights of the participants via an isoinertial velocity converter (T-Force dynamic measurement system) and values of mean propulsive velocity (MPV), peak velocity (PV), mean propulsive power (MPP) and peak power (PP) were obtained. Descriptive statistics, Spearman correlation analysis and Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality tests were used in order to analyze data. According to analysis results, while mean one-repetition maximal (1RM) strength values of the participants in BP exercise were obtained as 97.8 (± 15.0 kg), their right and left hand grip strength values were respectively obtained according to the order specified as 55.4 (± 8.16 kg) and 53.7 (± 5.81 kg). It has been concluded that while there is a statistically positive and significant relation between the MPV (r = .674, p 0.05, respectively) and PP values (r = .487; r = .401, p> 0.05, respectively). It has also been concluded that there is a statistically positive and highly significant relation between 1RM strength values in BP exercises of the participants and MPV (r = .728), PV (r = .775), MPP (r = .703) and PP (r = .759) values obtained during the propulsive phase of BT exercises (p < 0.01). As a result, it can be suggested that upper-body strength characteristic positively affects velocity and power parameters, velocity and power characteristics are dominant and provide a significant contribution to the performance and these results will contribute to trainers and conditioners while preparing training programs in sports branches. Article visualizations:

Effects of supervised exercise training on lower-limb cutaneous microvascular reactivity in adults with venous ulcers

PurposeTo investigate the effects of a 12-week supervised exercise programme on lower-limb cutaneous microvascular reactivity in adults with venous leg ulceration.MethodsThirty-eight adults with unilateral venous ulceration who were being treated with lower-limb compression therapy (58% male; mean age 65 years; median ulcer size 5 cm2) were randomly allocated to exercise or control groups. Exercise participants (n = 18) were invited to attend thrice weekly sessions of lower-limb aerobic and resistance exercise for 12 weeks. Cutaneous microvascular reactivity was assessed in the gaiter region of ulcerated and non-ulcerated legs at baseline and 3 months using laser Doppler fluxmetry coupled with iontophoresis of acetylcholine (ACh) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP). Cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) was calculated as laser Doppler flux (AU)/mean arterial pressure (mmHg).ResultsThirty-seven participants completed follow-up assessments. Median session attendance was 36 (range 2–36). Analyses of covariance revealed greater peak CVC responses to ACh in the exercise group at 3 months in both the ulcerated (adjusted difference = 0.944 AU/mmHg; 95% CI 0.504–1.384) and non-ulcerated (adjusted difference = 0.596 AU/mmHg; 95% CI 0.028–1.164) legs. Peak CVC responses to SNP were also greater in the exercise group at 3 months in the ulcerated leg (adjusted difference = 0.882 AU/mmHg; 95% CI 0.274–1.491), but not the non-ulcerated leg (adjusted difference = 0.392 AU/mmHg; 95% CI − 0.377 to 1.161).ConclusionSupervised exercise training improves lower-limb cutaneous microvascular reactivity in adults with venous leg ulceration.

Adipose tissue inflammation in breast cancer survivors: effects of a 16-week combined aerobic and resistance exercise training intervention.

Obesity is a leading modifiable contributor to breast cancer mortality due to its association with increased recurrence and decreased overall survival rate. Obesity stimulates cancer progression through chronic, low-grade inflammation in white adipose tissue, leading to accumulation of adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs), in particular, the pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype macrophage. Exercise has been shown to reduce M1 ATMs and increase the more anti-inflammatory M2 ATMs in obese adults. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a 16-week exercise intervention would positively alter ATM phenotype in obese postmenopausal breast cancer survivors. Twenty obese postmenopausal breast cancer survivors were randomized to a 16-week aerobic and resistance exercise (EX) intervention or delayed intervention control (CON). The EX group participated in 16weeks of supervised exercise sessions 3 times/week. Participants provided fasting blood, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and superficial subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue biopsies at baseline and following the 16-week study period. EX participants experienced significant improvements in body composition, cardiometabolic biomarkers, and systemic inflammation (all p<0.03 vs. CON). Adipose tissue from EX participants showed a significant decrease in ATM M1 (p<0.001), an increase in ATM M2 (p<0.001), increased adipose tissue secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as adiponectin, and decreased secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF- α (all p<0.055). A 16-week aerobic and resistance exercise intervention attenuates adipose tissue inflammation in obese postmenopausal breast cancer survivors. Future large randomized trials are warranted to investigate the impact of exercise-induced reductions in adipose tissue inflammation and breast cancer recurrence.