Exercise-induced Fatigue In Mice Research Articles

Impact of Pediococcus pentosaceus YF01 on the exercise capacity of mice through the regulation of oxidative stress and alteration of gut microbiota.

Using treadmill training, this study replicated human exercise conditions and triggered exercise-induced fatigue in mice to examine the potential of Pediococcus pentosaceus YF01 in delaying this fatigue by regulating oxidative stress and its impact on the exercise capacity and gut microbiota of mice. The exercise capacity of mice was tested by conducting exhaustion tests, determining histopathological changes in mouse tissues, detecting the levels of serum biochemical markers, and evaluating the mRNA expression levels of relevant genes. YF01 prolonged the exhaustion time of mice, increased the serum levels of oxidative stress-related markers T-AOC, CAT, and GSH, as well as GLU and LA levels in the mice. YF01 decreased the levels of hepatic-related markers AST and ALT, as well as exercise-related markers LDH, BUN, UA, and CRE in the mice. YF01 upregulated the mRNA expression of MyHc I, SIRT1, and PGC in muscle tissues, as well as SOD1, SOD2, and CAT in both liver and muscle tissues. YF01 also downregulated the mRNA expression of MyHc IIa, MyHc IIb, and MyHc IIx in muscle tissues. Furthermore, YF01 increased the abundance of beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacillus and Lachnospiraceae in the gut microbiota of mice. In conclusion, P. pentosaceus YF01 may affect the exercise capacity of mice by modulating oxidative stress levels, thereby offering novel ideas for developing of sports science and human health.

A comparative study of the anti-fatigue activity of extracts from different parts of Cistanche tubulosa (Schenk) Wight

ObjectiveTo evaluate the anti-fatigue effects of different extracts from Cistanche tubulosa (Schenk) Wight (C. tubulosa, Rou Cong Rong), focusing on central and exercise-induced fatigue in mice. This study investigated the pharmacological effects of the total oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, and phenylethanoid glycosides (CPhGs) extracted from C. tubulosa. MethodsModels of sleep deprivation and forced swimming fatigue were established to simulate central and exercise-induced fatigue. The mice were treated with different extracts of C. tubulosa, and their effects were assessed using behavioral tests to measure exercise capacity, learning, and memory function. Biochemical analyses were performed to evaluate the changes in serum and brain neurotransmitter levels, liver and muscle glycogen storage, and various fatigue-related biomarkers. ResultsThis study found that treatment with C. tubulosa extract improved exercise capacity, learning, and memory in mice. Total oligosaccharides from C. tubulosa enhanced adrenocorticotropic hormone, cholinesterase, and thyroid-stimulating hormone levels, reduced cortisol levels in central fatigue models, and ameliorated biochemical markers of exercise-induced fatigue, including lowering lactic acid, blood urea nitrogen, and malondialdehyde levels. Among the tested extracts, the total oligosaccharides showed the most comprehensive anti-fatigue effects. ConclusionThe anti-fatigue effects of C. tubulosa, particularly those of its total oligosaccharides, are pronounced in both central and exercise-induced fatigue. These effects are mediated by the regulation of neurotransmitter levels, enhancement of glycogen storage, and improvement of antioxidant enzyme activity, suggesting potential therapeutic benefits in fatigue-related conditions.

Camellia oil exhibits anti-fatigue property by modulating antioxidant capacity, muscle fiber, and gut microbial composition in mice.

Camellia seed oil (CO) has high nutritional value and multiple bioactivities. However, the specific anti-fatigue characteristics and the implied mechanism of CO have not yet been fully elucidated. Throughout this investigation, male C57BL/6J mice, aged 8 weeks, underwent exhaustive exercise with or without CO pretreatment (2, 4, and 6mL/kgBW) for 28 days. CO could extend the rota-rod and running time, reduce blood urea nitrogen levels and serum lactic acid, and increase muscle and hepatic glycogen, adenosine triphosphate, and anti-oxidative indicators. Additionally, CO could upregulate the mRNA and Nrf2 protein expression levels, as well as enhance the levels of its downstream antioxidant enzymes and induce the myofiber-type transformation from fast to slow and attenuate the gut mechanical barrier. Moreover, CO could ameliorate gut dysbiosis by reducing Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio at the phylum level, increasing the percentage of Alistipes, Alloprevotella, Lactobacillus, and Muribaculaceae, and decreasing the proportion of Dubosiella at the genus level. In addition, specific bacterial taxa, which were altered by CO, showed a significant correlation with partial fatigue-related parameters. These findings suggest that CO may alleviate fatigue by regulating antioxidant capacity, muscle fiber transformation, gut mechanical barrier, and gut microbial composition in mice. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Our study revealed that camellia seed oil (CO) could ameliorate exercise-induced fatigue in mice by modulating antioxidant capacity, muscle fiber, and gut microbial composition in mice. Our results promote the application of CO as an anti-fatigue functional food that targets oxidative stress, myofiber-type transformation, and microbial community.

Novel herbal beverage ameliorates exercise-induced fatigue in mice by modulating oxidative stress and reshaping the gut microbiota

With the demands of enhancing exercise performance, dietary supplements are widely used in the health management of athletes and who engaged in strenuous exercise. Based on the list of edible and medicinal materials approved by China's National Health Commission, we composed an herbal beverage formula named SRB, initially identified its chemical composition, and clarified its preventive effect on exercise-induced fatigue (EIF). SRB supplementation for four weeks significantly enhanced exercise performance in mice, as reflected by exhaustive swimming test and treadmill exercise test. In mice that underwent one single exhaustive exercise, SRB supplementation markedly reduced metabolite accumulation, increased glycogen contents in the liver and muscle, promoted anti-oxidative enzyme activities, decreased hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) level, and protected quadriceps femoris morphology, respectively. Anti-oxidative stress effect of SRB may be relevant with increased gene expressions of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and antioxidant response element (ARE)-dependent gene. Moreover, SRB treatment altered gut bacterial community structure, e.g., increased the relative abundance of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)-producing bacteria and decreased the relative abundance of sulfate-reducing bacteria. Altogether, we identified SRB as an effective anti-EIF dietary supplement with prebiotic effects in C57BL/6 mice.

Molecular and biochemical investigations of the anti-fatigue effects of tea polyphenols and fruit extracts of Lycium ruthenicum Murr. on mice with exercise-induced fatigue.

Background: The molecular mechanisms regulating the therapeutic effects of plant-based ingredients on the exercise-induced fatigue (EIF) remain unclear. The therapeutic effects of both tea polyphenols (TP) and fruit extracts of Lycium ruthenicum (LR) on mouse model of EIF were investigated. Methods: The variations in the fatigue-related biochemical factors, i.e., lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-2 (IL-2), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), in mouse models of EIF treated with TP and LR were determined. The microRNAs involved in the therapeutic effects of TP and LR on the treatment of mice with EIF were identified using the next-generation sequencing technology. Results: Our results revealed that both TP and LR showed evident anti-inflammatory effect and reduced oxidative stress. In comparison with the control groups, the contents of LDH, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-2 were significantly decreased and the contents of SOD were significantly increased in the experimental groups treated with either TP or LR. A total of 23 microRNAs (21 upregulated and 2 downregulated) identified for the first time by the high-throughput RNA sequencing were involved in the molecular response to EIF in mice treated with TP and LR. The regulatory functions of these microRNAs in the pathogenesis of EIF in mice were further explored based on Gene Ontology (GO) annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses with a total of over 20,000-30,000 target genes annotated and 44 metabolic pathways enriched in the experimental groups based on GO and KEGG databases, respectively. Conclusion: Our study revealed the therapeutic effects of TP and LR and identified the microRNAs involved in the molecular mechanisms regulating the EIF in mice, providing strong experimental evidence to support further agricultural development of LR as well as the investigations and applications of TP and LR in the treatment of EIF in humans, including the professional athletes.

The Effects of Peanut Oligopeptides on Exercise-Induced Fatigue in Mice and Its Underlying Mechanism

The aim of this study was to clarify the anti-fatigue effect of peanut oligopeptides (POPs) in mice and to investigate its possible underlying mechanism. A total of 150 male ICR mice were randomly assigned into five groups: control, whey protein (0.50 g/kg·bw), and three peanut peptide groups (0.25, 0.50, and 1.00 g/kg·bw). All the mice were treated with intra-gastric administration for 30 days. Following the intervention, a weight-loaded swimming test, blood lactate concentration, glycogen content, the activities of antioxidant factors and energy metabolism enzymes, and the function of mitochondria in the skeletal muscle were examined. The results show that POP intervention significantly prolonged the exhaustive swimming time, decreased blood lactate concentration levels, regulated the process of energy metabolism, and increased the level of antioxidant enzymes, muscle glycogen, and expressions of mtTFA and NRF-1 in the mitochondria of the gastrocnemius muscle. The results suggest that POPs produce an anti-fatigue effect in the animals, and they may exert this effect through the mechanism of improving the animals' antioxidant capacity to reduce oxidative damage levels and regulating the process of energy metabolism.

Antifatigue effect of sea buckthorn seed oil on swimming fatigue in mice

The effect of sea buckthorn seed oil (SSO) on exercise-induced fatigue in mice was explored. The animals were randomly divided into a normal control group, exercise-induced fatigue group (EFG), SSO low-dose group, SSO medium-dose group, and SSO high-dose group. The mice in all the groups underwent swimming training for 10 days. Those in the treatment groups received different amounts of SSO (0.85, 1.68, and 3.35g/kgBW [body weight]) before the exercise. All the animals were sacrificed on the last day after an exhaustive swimming test, and serum, liver, and brain specimens were collected. In the exhaustive swimming test, the swimming durations in the SSO-treated animals were longer than those in the EFG. Furthermore, SSO reduced serum lactic acid, blood urea nitrogen, and hepatic malondialdehyde levels and increased liver glycogen level, hepatic superoxide dismutase level, hypothalamic dopamine content, and glutathione peroxidase level. The SSO treatment decreased hypothalamic 5-hydroxytryptamine content, lipid hydroperoxide level, NLRP3 inflammasome, and interleukin-1β protein expression in the prefrontal cortex. Furthermore, it promoted the protein expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 in the liver. SSO exhibited an excellent antifatigue effect, which may be related to its inhibition of oxidative and inflammatory injury and regulation of hypothalamic neurotransmitters. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: In the present study, the effect of sea buckthorn seed oil on fatigue in mice and its potential mechanism were explored. Taken together, the findings provide insight into the potential role of sea buckthorn seed oil in the development of antifatigue drugs.

Effects and mechanism of gastrodin supplementation on exercise-induced fatigue in mice.

Gastrodin reportedly exerts various pharmacological and health effects. However, the function of gastrodin in reducing exercise-induced fatigue remains elusive. Herein, we investigated the anti-fatigue effects of gastrodin on male mice and explored its possible mechanism of action. At 50 and 100 mg per kg per day, gastrodin significantly reduced fatigue in mice, confirmed using the forced swimming test, whereas no effect was noted at 20 mg per kg per day. Gastrodin preserved muscle and liver glycogen, increased superoxide dismutase activity, and decreased malondialdehyde, blood lactate, and blood urea nitrogen levels. Notably, gastrodin upregulated the mRNA expression levels of AMPK, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and heme oxygenase 1. Gastrodin also regulated the composition of intestinal flora. These results confirmed that gastrodin activated AMPK and Nrf2/HO-1 pathways and regulated intestinal flora to improve performance in exhaustive exercise, suggesting that gastrodin is an effective functional food to alleviate exercise-induced fatigue.

Spore Powder of Paecilomyces hepiali Shapes Gut Microbiota to Relieve Exercise-Induced Fatigue in Mice.

Paecilomyces hepiali, a fungal strain isolated from natural Ophiocordyceps sinensis, contains similar pharmacologically active components, has been used widely as a substitute of O. sinensis in functional food and medicine. However, the components and anti-fatigue effects of P.hepiali spores and their mechanisms of action are largely unknown. Here, we compared the chemical composition in P.hepiali spore (HPS) and mycelium (HPM) by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry analysis. We found 85 metabolites with significant differences, and HPS contains more L-Malic acid, Oxalacetic acid, Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, and L-Arginine than HPM. Then we evaluated their anti-fatigue effects and regulatory effects on the gut microbiota in mice. The forced swimming time (SW) was only significantly increased in HPS groups: the high and low dose of the HPS group was 101% and 72% longer than the control group, respectively. Both HPS and HPM treatment decreased lactic acid, blood urea nitrogen, creatine kinase while increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels in the blood. Moreover, mice treated with HPS and HPM showed less skeletal muscle fiber spacing and breakage. The relative abundance of Alistips, Eubacterium, Bacterium, Parasutterella, and Olsenella in the gut microbiota of the HPS group was higher than that in the HPM group through 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis. These changes may be related to the regulation of nucleotide, amino acid, and carbohydrate metabolism. Correlation analysis between the gut microbiota and fatigue-related indicators suggested that Alistips, Clostridium, Akkermansia, Olsenella, and Lactobacillus were positively correlated with the SW and LDH content. Our findings demonstrated that HPS has beneficial anti-fatigue effects by regulating gut microbiota.

Trilobatin, a Naturally Occurring Food Additive, Ameliorates Exhaustive Exercise-Induced Fatigue in Mice: Involvement of Nrf2/ARE/Ferroptosis Signaling Pathway.

Nrf2-mediated oxidative stress is a promising target of exhaustive exercise-induced fatigue (EEIF). Trilobatin (TLB) is a naturally occurring food additive with antioxidant effect and Nrf2 activation potency. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of TLB on EEIF and elucidate its underlying mechanism. Our results showed that TLB exerted potent anti-EEIF effect, as reflected by the rope climbing test and exhaustive swimming test. Moreover, TLB also effectively reduced the levels of lactate, creatine kinase, and blood urea nitrogen, and increased liver glycogen and skeletal muscle glycogen in mice after EEIF insult. Additionally, TLB also balanced the redox status as evidenced by decreasing the generation of reactive oxygen species and improving the antioxidant enzyme activities including superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, as well as the level of glutathione both in the tissue of muscle and myocardium. Furthermore, TLB promoted nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, and upregulated its downstream antioxidant response element (ARE) including quinone oxidoreductase-1 and heme oxygenase-1. Intriguingly, TLB also upregulated the GPx4 protein expression and reduced iron overload in mice after EEIF insult. Encouragingly, the beneficial effect of TLB on EEIF-induced oxidative stress and ferroptosis were substantially abolished in Nrf2-deficient mice. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate, for the first time, that TLB alleviates EEIF-induced oxidative stress through mediating Nrf2/ARE/ferroptosis axis.

Anti-fatigue effect of phlorizin on exhaustive exercise-induced oxidative injury mediated by Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway in mice

Oxidative stress plays a crucial role in fatigue, thus it is of significance to develop safe and efficient antioxidant to prevent fatigue. Phlorizin (PHZ) is a major active ingredient of dihydrochalcone from Lithocarpus polystachyus Rehd., which has already been approved as a new food material in China since 2017. The current study was designed to investigate the effect of PHZ on fatigue, and further to elucidate its possible underlying mechanism. Our results revealed that PHZ exerted beneficial effect on exhaustive exercise-induced fatigue in mice, as reflected by rotarod test and exhaustive swimming test. Moreover, PHZ also effectively decreased the levels of blood urea nitrogen, creatine kinase and plasma lactic acid, increased the liver glycogen and skeletal muscle glycogen of fatigued mice, as evidenced by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. PHZ balanced the redox status through reducing generation of reactive oxygen species, enhancing the activities of antioxidative enzymes. Furthermore, PHZ not only increased the ratio of Bcl2/Bax, but also decreased the level of cleaved-caspase 3. Notably, PHZ facilitated nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) translocated from cytoplasm to nucleus, and up-regulated its downstream antioxidant response element including heme oxygenase-1 and NADPH quinone oxidoreductase-1. Intriguingly, PHZ directly bound to Nrf2, as evidenced by molecular docking, and the anti-fatigue effects of PHZ were almost abolished in Nrf2 deficient mice. In summary, our findings suggest that PHZ might be a natural occurring antioxidant with safety profile to relieve fatigue via targeting Nrf2 to inhibit apoptosis.

Lactobacillus fermentum CQPC08 Attenuates Exercise-Induced Fatigue in Mice Through Its Antioxidant Effects and Effective Intervention of Galactooligosaccharide.

AimThe purpose of this study is to study the antioxidant effect of Lactobacillus fermentum CQPC08 (CQPC08) on exercise-induced fatigue, and the beneficial intervention of GOS on CQPC08.MethodsWe use the treadmill to establish a fatigue model caused by exercise, and perform drug treatment after exercise. We tested the exhaustive exercise time of mice; investigated the changes of mice body weight, liver index, histopathology, serum biochemical indicators and mRNA expression levels of oxidative and inflammation-related genes; and assessed the potential fatigue inhibitory effect of CQPC08, and the anti-oxidation effect of the combination of GOS and CQPC08.ResultsThe results suggest that CQPC08 and combination with GOS reduces fatigue-induced oxidative damage of the liver, and it decreases blood urea nitrogen (BUN), lactic acid (LA), glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT), malonaldehyde (MDA), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 in serum. Higher levels of serum catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were found. Treatment with the CQPC08 and combination with GOS correlates with lower relative mRNA expression levels of neuronal NOS (nNOS), iNOS, and TNF-α, and with higher mRNA expression levels of catalase and copper/zinc (Cu/Zn) and manganese (Mn) SOD enzymes in the liver and muscles.ConclusionThese results suggest that CQPC08 can resolve exercise-induced fatigue by improving antioxidant ability in mice, and the combination of GOS and CQPC08 enhances this ability of CQPC08.

THE RELIEVING EFFECT OF SUN-DRIED PROTEIN TONIC ON SPORTS FATIGUE

ABSTRACT Fatigue is a comprehensive process that involves many physiological and biochemical factors. It is a normal physiological reaction when human physical or mental activities reach a certain level. In recent years, it has been verified that free radicals are closely related to exercise-induced fatigue. Cardamine bursa purified selenoprotein has good oxygen-free radical scavenging ability and anti-lipid peroxide. It could protect mitochondria, liver, and red blood cells from peroxide injury. Therefore, it was speculated that the purification of selenoprotein Cardamine may play an active role in attenuating exercise-induced fatigue by scavenging free radicals. This study cleared the selenite protein Capsella bursa (SPC) as a research object, and evaluated its structural characteristics in relieving exercise-induced fatigue. The selenoprotein index system for exercise-induced fatigue was constructed by combining two AHP methods, principal component analysis and factor analysis. Purity, subunit composition, amino acid composition and RCM content were evaluated. The corresponding RCM protein was preliminarily predicted. The results showed that SPCH could significantly prolong the swimming time (P <0.01), improve the lactate clearance capacity (P <0.01), increase the glycogen content of the liver (P <0.01), and reduce the level of the BUN (P <0.05). SPCH has a good effect in relieving exercise-induced fatigue in mice, so it can be considered for development as a nutritional supplement to alleviate exercise-induced fatigue.

Ethanolic Extract of Vaccinium corymbosum Alleviates Muscle Fatigue in Mice.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of ethanol extracts of Vaccinium corymbosum (VCE) on exercise-induced fatigue in mice. Mice were randomly divided into three groups; nonexercise control group (CON), exercise control group (Ex-CON), and exercise and VCE supplementation group (Ex-VCE). Compared with Ex-CON, Ex-VCE showed increased endurance exercise capacity on day 21. In Ex-VCE mice, the accumulation of lactate was inhibited and the consumption of fatty acids was enhanced, indicating the delay of muscle fatigue. In addition, VCE supplementation elevated mRNA expression levels of mitochondrial biogenesis-associated genes such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-1γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α), nuclear respiratory factor (NRF), and mitochondrial transcription factor A (Tfam) and fatty acid β-oxidation-associated genes such as carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 (CPT-1), β-hydroxyacyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase (β-HAD), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-δ (PPAR-δ). These results suggest that VCE can potentially prevent muscle fatigue by enhancing mitochondrial biogenesis and fatty acid β-oxidation.

Effects of Low Temperature-Aged Garlic on Exercise Performance and Fatigue in Mice

We developed low temperature-aged garlic (LTAG) to remove its unique and spicy flavor and evaluated the anti-fatigue properties of LTAG against exercise-induced fatigue in mice. In the results, the treadmill running time to exhaustion in the mice fed LTAG was prolonged compared with the control. There was significant difference in blood parameters of glucose, lactate, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and free fatty acid (FFA) concentration between the LTAG-fed mice and the control. In addition, LTAG effectively increased the content of glycogen and creatine kinase and the activity of antioxidant enzymes in the muscle. The mechanism underlying the anti-fatigue activity of LTAG is hypothesized to involve increase in postexercise tissue glycogen accumulation to improve the aerobic and anaerobic exercise capacity. LTAG may have an ergogenic effect on endurance exercise while decreasing the levels of FFA, LDH, and lactate, which are associated with the anti-fatigue effect. Thus, LTAG has potential as a pharmacological anti-fatigue agent.

Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract supplementation affects exhaustive exercise-induced fatigue in mice.

BackgroundGrape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) has been extensively reported to possess a wide range of beneficial properties in multiple tissue damage. Previous studies have shown that exhaustive exercise-induced fatigue associates with oxidative stress injury, inflammatory response, and mitochondrial dysfunction.ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to investigate the anti-fatigue effects of GSPE in mice and explore its possible underlying mechanism.DesignThe mouse model of exhaustive exercise-induced fatigue was established by using the forced swimming test, and GSPE was orally treated for successive 28 days at 0, 1, 50 and 100 mg/kg/day of body weight, designated the control, GSPE-L, GSPE-M and GSPE-H groups, respectively.ResultsThe presented results showed that treatment of GSPE at a dose of 50 and 100 mg/kg/day of body weight significantly relieved exhaustive exercise-induced fatigue, indicated by increasing the forced swimming time. In addition, treatment of GSPE significantly improved the creatine phosphokinase and lactic dehydrogenase, as well as lactic acid level in exhaustive swimming. For underlying mechanisms, treatment of GSPE had anti-fatigue effects by promoting antioxidant ability and resisting oxidative effect, as represented by increased total antioxidative capability levels, enhanced superoxide dismutase and catalase activities, and ameliorated malondialdehyde levels. Furthermore, treatment of GSPE significantly inhibited the activity of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β, which suggested that its protective effects on exhaustive exercise-induced fatigue may be attributed to inhibition of inflammatory response. Last but not the least, treatment of GSPE significantly improved succinate dehydrogenase and Na+-K+-ATPase levels to enhance mitochondrial function during exhaustive swimming-induced fatigue.ConclusionsThese results proved that treatment of GSPE possessed the beneficial properties of anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and mitochondrial protection to improve exhaustive exercise, which suggested that GSPE could be used as an effective functional food to delay fatigue.

Evaluation of anti-fatigue property of the extruded product of cereal grains mixed with Cordyceps militaris on mice

BackgroundFatigue is a biological phenomenon that involves a feeling of extreme physical or mental tiredness that could potentially cause some severe chronic diseases. Recently, diet therapy has provided a new alternative to alleviate physical fatigue. In our previous study, addition of Cordyceps militaris (C. militaris) into an extruded product was shown to provide high nutrition and unique flavors; however, little is known whether this product has some scientific evidence regarding anti-fatigue property. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the anti-fatigue effects of extruded products of cereal grains (EC) and EC mixed with C. militaris (ECC).MethodsThe mice were divided into seven groups: one group received distilled water (Control group, n = 20), and the other groups received different dosages of EC (5, 10 and 20 g/kg body weight, n = 20 per group) or of ECC (5, 10 and 20 g/kg body weight, n = 20 per group) solution in water. All of the mice were administered with distilled water, EC or ECC continuously for 30 days by gavage and the anti-fatigue activity was evaluated using a weight-loaded swimming test, along with assessments of fatigue-related indicators. The mode of fighting fatigue was investigated by determining changes in exercise endurance and biochemical markers, including exhaustive swimming time, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), blood lactic acid (BLA), creatine kinase (CK), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and hepatic and muscle glycogen levels.ResultsEC and ECC prolonged the swimming endurance time of mice compared to the control. The content of BLA at high dose of ECC group (20 g/kg) was significantly lower than that in the negative control group. CK, BUN and MDA levels were significantly reduced by treatment with EC and ECC compared to the negative control, while the low and middle dose of EC had no significant effect on MDA levels. Additionally, only the middle and high dose of EC (10, 20 g/kg) could significantly decrease the BUN level. EC and ECC treatments increased glycogen, LDH, SOD, CAT and GSH-Px levels. Low and middle dose of EC had no significant effects on muscle glycogen. Moreover, low dose of EC could increase the level of SOD but it was not statistically significant. Compared to the EC treatment groups, ECC demonstrated the efficacy of anti-fatigue potential, particularly at a high dose of ECC, the best performance in relieving fatigue.ConclusionsThese results suggest that EC and ECC could prevent exercise-induced fatigue in mice and ECC provided a better effect. In addition, C. militaris in ECC might play a crucial role in the anti-fatigue activity of ECC.

The Effects of Polysaccharide from <i>Gynostemma pentaphyllum</i> Supplementation on Exhaustive Exercise-Induced Fatigue

The present study aimed to determine the effects of polysaccharides from Gynostemma Pentaphyllum (PGP) supplementation on exhaustive exercise-induced fatigue in mice. The mice were divided into four experimental groups at random, i.e. control, low-dose PGP, medium-dose PGP, and high-dose PGP treatment groups. An oral administration of distilled water was given to the mice in the control group, and different doses of PGP (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight/day) were given to the mice in the treatment groups. After 28 days, the weight-loaded swimming test was performed, along with the determination of blood biochemical parameters, liver glycogen and muscle glycogen contents. The results indicated that PGP supplementation had anti-fatigue effects, which could make mice swim for a longer time to exhaustion, with the blood lactic acid, serum urea nitrogen, serum triglycerides, and serum creatine kinase contents decreased, and the liver glycogen and muscle glycogen contents increased.

1-(1,3-Benzodioxol-5-yl-carbo-nyl) Piperidine, a Modulator of α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole Propionic Acid Receptor, Ameliorates Exercise-Induced Fatigue in Mice

The current study was designed to investigate the effects of 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl-carbonyl) piperidine (1-BCP) on swimming endurance capacity which as one indicator of fatigue in the weight-loaded forced swimming mice. Mice were given either vehicle or 1-BCP (0.1, or 0.2 mmol/kg body weight daily) by intraperitoneal injection once daily for 2 weeks. The 1-BCP groups showed a significant increase in swimming time to exhaustion compared with the control group. 1-BCP increased the liver glycogen (LG) and muscle glycogen (MG) contents significantly, while decreased the lactic acid (LA) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels notably compared with control group. Besides, 1-BCP treatment also significantly improved the endogenous cellular antioxidant enzymes in mice by increasing the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px). Therefore, this study demonstrated for the first time that the supplementation of 1-BCP, as a positive allosteric modulator of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) receptor, could enhance the endurance capacity of mice and facilitated them recovery from fatigue. Thus, we provide a new effective therapeutic strategy for fatigue.

Effects of Ganoderma lucidum Polysaccharides on Exercise-induced Fatigue in Mice

Effects of Ganoderma lucidum Polysaccharides on Exercise-induced Fatigue in Mice