Exercise Heart Rate Recovery Research Articles

Psychophysiological Responses to a Preseason Training Camp in High-Level Youth Soccer Players.

This study aimed to examine the responsiveness of commonly used measurement instruments to a short training camp by examining the time course of psychophysiological responses in high-level youth soccer players. Monitoring was carried out in 14 U15 male soccer players of 1 professional youth academy. Players provided data 3days prior to (D - 3), during (D2-D4), and 1 (D + 1) and 4days (D + 4) after the camp: 4 items for the Short Recovery and Stress Scale(SRSS), a countermovement jump (CMJ), and a submaximal run to assess exercise heart rate and heart-rate recovery. Training load during the camp followed an alternating low-high pattern, with lower training loads on D1 and D3 and higher training loads on D2 and D4. Changes in SRSS physical performance capability, emotional balance, overall recovery, muscular stress, and overall stress were small to moderate on D3 and moderate to large on D + 1, while changes were trivial on D + 4. Some CMJ parameters related to the eccentric phase were slightly improved on D3, and these parameters were slightly impaired on D4. Changes in CMJ parameters were trivial on D + 1 and D + 4. After a moderate decrease in exercise heart rate on D3, there was a small decrease on D + 4 and a moderate increase in heart-rate recovery. Measurement instruments such as the SRSS and submaximal runs can be used to monitor acute psychophysiological responses to load, while the CMJ may provide little insight during periods of intensified training load.

Poor Reliability of Measurement Instruments to Assess Acute Responses to Load in Soccer Players Irrespective of Biological Maturity Status.

To assess the short-term reliability of measurement instruments to quantify the acute psychophysiological response to load in adolescent soccer players in relation to biological maturity. Data were collected from 108 U12 to U17 soccer players on 2 consecutive weeks (pre, n = 32; at, n = 34; and post, n = 42 estimated peak height velocity). Measurements consisted of the Short Recovery and Stress Scale, a countermovement jump, assessment of leg stiffness, and a submaximal run to assess exercise heart rate and heart rate recovery. Test-retest reliability was assessed with the coefficient of variation (CV) and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Items of the Short Recovery and Stress Scale showed poor reliability across maturity groups (CV = 7.0%-53.5%; ICC = .28 to .79). Only few countermovement jump variables (jump height, concentric impulse, and concentric velocity) possessed good reliability. For most variables of the countermovement jump, reliability was better for the post peak height velocity group followed by at-peak height velocity and prepeak height velocity. Very high levels of reliability across maturity groups were observed for exercise heart rate (CV < 1.8%; ICC > .94), while heart rate recovery was more variable (CV < 16.5%; ICC > .48). Results suggest that the majority of investigated variables have poor reliability, questioning their ability to detect small, yet meaningful changes in acute responses to load in adolescent soccer players.

Correlation between Post Exercise Heart Rate Recovery and Body Composition in Healthy Female Adults

Introduction: Post-exercise heart rate recovery (HRR) is an indicator of parasympathetic stimulation and impaired HRR is an independent predictor of cardiometabolic risk factors.&#x0D; Aims &amp; Objectives: This study aims at documenting the correlation between different body composition variables and post-exercise HRR in the apparently healthy female population of Pakistan.&#x0D; Place and duration of study: The study was conducted at Shifa College of Medicine from April 10, 2019 to July 20, 2020.&#x0D; Material &amp; Methods: Ninety healthy females aged 18 to 50 years participated in this cross-sectional study. Body composition variables including waist circumference (WC), body fat ratio (BFR), body mass index (BMI), and physical activity were measured. Resting heart rate and the systolic and diastolic blood pressure prior to the exercise were measured. Peak heart rate (HR) was recorded immediately after exercise. After two minutes of rest, the drop in HR was measured and HRR was calculated.&#x0D; Results: Mean age and BMI of the participants were 30.63±9.18 years and 24.56±4.24, respectively. Impaired HRR after two minutes of exercise (HRR2) was found in 63.3% of participants. A significant negative correlation was found between the BMI, BFR and WC with heart rate recovery (r=-0.64, r=-0.67 and -0.66 respectively; p&lt;0.001*). Participants with BMI less than 23 reported higher HRR compared to the subjects with BMI ? 23 (p&lt;0.001*). Study subjects with a BFR of less than 30 reported significantly higher HRR compared to the participants with a body fat ratio?30 (p&lt;0.001*).&#x0D; Conclusion: A significant correlation was found between HRR2 and body composition variables in healthy female adults.

IDF21-0335 Does serum vitamin D level effects post exercise heart rate recovery in patients with diabetes mellitus?

Background: Vitamin D deficiency is very common irrespective of age, race, and geographic location. Studies showed that the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency is higher in people with diabetes than those without diabetes. Autonomic neuropathy is a common complication of diabetes mellitus. Autonomic dysfunction has been associated with all-cause mortality, cardiac disease morbidity, and mortality in diabetes. Heart Rate Variability (HRV) and Heart Rate Recovery (HRR) both are the measures of autonomic nervous system function.

Racial Differences On Post Exercise Heart Rate Recovery In Healthy Sedentary Adult Males-- A Meta-Analysis Study

Introduction: Post-exercise heart rate recovery (PEHRR) is the measure of parasympathetic function of heart which decreases the heart rate as the person stops exercising. The post exercise heart rate recovery is easily measurable index of heart parasympathetic activity. The post – exercise heart rate recovery is computed as peak heart rate minus the heart rate measured after 1 min of termination of exercise. The risk of cardiovascular disease in individual with African background is greater as compared to Caucasians and Asian population. The aim of this study was to analyze the difference in post exercise heart rate recovery in individuals from different ethnic backgrounds. Methods: A thorough literature search was carried out on PubMed, Google Scholar and PakMediNet with articles published between 2007 till 2021. The articles with post – exercise heart rate recovery in male adults with different ethnic backgrounds were included. A total of 8 studies were included after meeting the inclusion criteria for the meta-analysis. The studies that measured heart rate recovery after 1 minute of termination of exercise were included. Results: Out of 174 subjects 51 individuals were Africans, 104 were Asians and 19 were Caucasians. The post exercise heart raterecovery was not found to be statistically significant between the individuals from different ethnic groups (p value-0.258). Conclusion: The post – exercise heart rate recovery is not influenced by the racial differences. Further research on larger scale assessing the impact of parasympathetic activity in terms of heart rate recovery in individual from different ethnic background is required as very limited data is available till date.

Exercise heart rate reserve and recovery as risk factors for sudden cardiac death

BackgroundLittle is known if heart rate responses during and after exercise test may be associated with the risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD). Our aim was to determine if exercise heart rate reserve and recovery, providing non-invasive indices, may predict SCD risk in general male population. MethodsWe evaluated the impact of delayed heart rate reserve and slow heart rate recovery and the risk of SCD in the Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease prospective cohort study of randomly selected 1967 men aged 42–61 years at recruitment. Heart rate reserve was calculated as the difference between the maximal attained heart rate and resting heart rate, whereas heart rate recovery was defined as maximal heart rate minus the heart rate measured at 2 min of recovery, on a symptom-limited cardiopulmonary exercise testing. ResultsDuring a median follow-up interval of 25 years, 209 events of SCD occurred. The age and examination adjusted relative hazards of SCD were in the lowest third of heart rate reserve 3.86 (95% confidence interval (CI) 2.56–5.80, p < 0.001) and the lowest third of heart rate recovery 2.86 (95% CI 1.95–4.20, p < 0.001) as compared to men in the highest third of heart rate reserve and heart rate recovery, respectively. After adjusting for potential confounders, the respective relative hazards were 1.96 (95% CI 1.24–3.12) and 1.75 (95% CI 1.16–2.64). Each unit increment (1 beat/min) in heart rate reserve and heart rate recovery decreased the incidence of SCD by 1–2%. ConclusionsDelayed exercise heart rate reserve and slow heart rate recovery predicted the risk of SCD, suggesting that heart rate responses may be associated with an increased risk for SCD in general population.

Erratum.

Erratum.

Impaired myocardial reserve underlies reduced exercise capacity and heart rate recovery in preterm-born young adults.

Aims We tested the hypothesis that the known reduction in myocardial functional reserve in preterm-born young adults is an independent predictor of exercise capacity (peak VO2) and heart rate recovery (HRR).Methods and results We recruited 101 normotensive young adults (n = 47 born preterm; 32.8 ± 3.2 weeks’ gestation and n = 54 term-born controls). Peak VO2 was determined by cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET), and lung function assessed using spirometry. Percentage predicted values were then calculated. HRR was defined as the decrease from peak HR to 1 min (HRR1) and 2 min of recovery (HRR2). Four-chamber echocardiography views were acquired at rest and exercise at 40% and 60% of CPET peak power. Change in left ventricular ejection fraction from rest to each work intensity was calculated (EFΔ40% and EFΔ60%) to estimate myocardial functional reserve. Peak VO2 and per cent of predicted peak VO2 were lower in preterm-born young adults compared with controls (33.6 ± 8.6 vs. 40.1 ± 9.0 mL/kg/min, P = 0.003 and 94% ± 20% vs. 108% ± 25%, P = 0.001). HRR1 was similar between groups. HRR2 decreased less in preterm-born young adults compared with controls (−36 ± 13 vs. −43 ± 11 b.p.m., P = 0.039). In young adults born preterm, but not in controls, EFΔ40% and EFΔ60% correlated with per cent of predicted peak VO2 (r2 = 0.430, P = 0.015 and r2 = 0.345, P = 0.021). Similarly, EFΔ60% correlated with HRR1 and HRR2 only in those born preterm (r2 = 0.611, P = 0.002 and r2 = 0.663, P = 0.001).Conclusions Impaired myocardial functional reserve underlies reductions in peak VO2 and HRR in young adults born moderately preterm. Peak VO2 and HRR may aid risk stratification and treatment monitoring in this population.

Association of Epicardial Adipose Tissue Thickness with Resting and Post: Exercise Cardiac Output in Overweight and Obese Individuals

Background: Epicardial adipose tissue is known to have adverse effect on local coronary health, cardiac structure and function. Echocardiography has shown to be a reliable method to measure the adipose thickness. Aim: To study the association between epicardial adipose tissue thickness with resting and post-exercise test cardiac output. Method: A cross-sectional study of 26 overweight and obese subjects in the age group of 20 to 50 was included. Epicardial adipose tissue thickness was measured using M-mode echocardiogram. Resting and post exercise cardiac output, ejection fraction and heart rate recovery were measured during sub-maximal exercise on treadmill. Results: There was no significant correlation of epicardial adipose tissue thickness with resting and postexercise cardiac output, ejection fraction and heart rate recovery. Conclusion: Cardiac output, Ejection fractionat rest and post - exercise, also Heart rate recovery were not affected by epicardial adipose tissue thickness of less than 4mm.

Relationship between blood pressure response during hemodialysis and exercise tolerance or heart rate recovery measured using cardio-pulmonary exercise testing in maintenance hemodialysis patients

BackgroundThis study investigated the association between the blood pressure response during hemodialysis (HD) and exercise tolerance or heart rate recovery (HRR) measured with cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPX).MethodsThe study enrolled 23 patients who had been undergoing 4-h regular maintenance HD. The maximum workload (Loadpeak), peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), workload and oxygen uptake at the anaerobic threshold (LoadAT and VO2AT, respectively), and HRR were measured with CPX. The average systolic blood pressure during HD (SBPav) was measured, and the number of times the SBP was less than 100 mmHg was determined in the 2-week period after CPX.ResultsThe SBPav showed a significant correlation with LoadAT (r = 0.46) and Loadpeak (r = 0.43, p < 0.05). The number of times the SBP was less than 100 mmHg showed a significant correlation with the HRR (r = − 0.44, p < 0.05).ConclusionExercise intolerance and HRR in HD patients may be associated with blood pressure instability during HD.

Association of Epicardial Adipose Tissue Thickness with Resting and Post-Exercise Cardiac Output in Overweight and Obese Individuals

Background: Epicardial adipose tissue is known to have adverse effect on local coronary health, cardiac structure and function. Echocardiography has shown to be a reliable method to measure the adipose thickness. Aim: To study the association between epicardial adipose tissue thickness with resting and post-exercise test cardiac output. Method: A cross-sectional study of 26 overweight and obese subjects in the age group of 20 to 50 was included. Epicardial adipose tissue thickness was measured using M-mode echocardiogram. Resting and post exercise cardiac output, ejection fraction and heart rate recovery were measured during sub-maximal exercise on treadmill. Results: There was no significant correlation of epicardial adipose tissue thickness with resting and post-exercise cardiac output, ejection fraction and heart rate recovery. Conclusion: Cardiac output, Ejection fractionat rest and post-exercise, also Heart rate recovery were not affected by epicardial adipose tissue thickness of less than 4 mm.

Effect of acute watermelon juice supplementation on post-submaximal exercise heart rate recovery, blood lactate, blood pressure, blood glucose and muscle soreness in healthy non-athletic men and women

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of a single pre-exercise dose of watermelon juice on submaximal post-exercise heart rate (HR) recovery, blood lactate (BL), blood pressure (BP), blood glucose (BG), and muscle soreness in healthy adults. In a randomised crossover design, 27 healthy non-athletic participants (13 males/14 females) consumed 355 mL of watermelon juice, Gatorade, sugar water, or water. HR and BL were significantly higher post-exercise, and both watermelon juice and sugar water increased postprandial BG. However, there were no significant differences among the supplements in HR recovery, BL, or post-exercise muscle soreness. Watermelon juice prevented increased post-exercise systolic and diastolic BP in females, but not in males. More research is warranted to examine the effect of sex on the efficacy of watermelon consumption for controlling BP.

Exercise heart rate recovery in obesity

Exercise heart rate recovery in obesity

SP417Relationship between blood pressure instability during hemodialysis and exercise tolerance or heart rate recovery measured using cardio-pulmonary exercise testing in maintenance hemodialysis patients

SP417Relationship between blood pressure instability during hemodialysis and exercise tolerance or heart rate recovery measured using cardio-pulmonary exercise testing in maintenance hemodialysis patients

Heart Rate Response During Treadmill Exercise Test in Children and Adolescents With Congenital Heart Disease.

Background: Impaired exercise capacity is a common feature of congenital heart disease (CHD). In adults with CHD, it has been shown that impaired heart rate response during exercise may contribute to exercise limitation. Systematic data in children and adolescents on this topic is limited. We therefore purposed to assess heart rate response during treadmill exercise testing in children and adolescents with CHD compared to healthy controls.Methods: One hundred and sixty three children and adolescents (103 with CHD, median age 15 years and 60 age-matched controls) performed cardiopulmonary exercise testing and were included in this study. Beyond peak oxygen consumption, increase in heart rate from resting level to peak exercise (heart rate reserve) and decrease of heart rate after peak exercise (heart rate recovery) were measured. Chronotropic index was defined as percentage of age predicted maximal heart rate reserve. According to data from adults on bicycle exercise, chronotropic incompetence was assumed for chronotropic index below 0.8.Results: While resting heart rate was similar between both groups, peak heart rate, heart rate reserve as well as chronotropic index were lower in the CHD group than in controls. Chronotropic index was lowest in patients with single ventricle hemodynamics and correlated with peak oxygen consumption. Heart rate recovery was impaired in the CHD group 1 and 2 min after peak exercise compared to controls and correlated with peak oxygen consumption. Chronotropic index below 0.8 was a relatively frequent finding even in the control group suggesting that the threshold of 0.8 appears inadequate for the identification of chronotropic incompetence using treadmill exercise testing in children. After normalizing to the 2.5th chronotropic index percentile of the control group we obtained a chronotropic incompetence threshold of 0.69.Conclusion: As an adjunct to measurement of peak oxygen consumption, heart rate response to exercise appears to be a physiologically important diagnostic parameter in children and adolescents with CHD. However, interpretation of heart rate response needs to consider specific age characteristics and the mode of exercise test. Our data may help future studies on chronotropic incompetence using treadmill ergometer protocols in children and adolescents.

Relation of Exercise Heart Rate Recovery to Predict Cardiometabolic Syndrome in Men

We examined the hypothesis that delayed heart rate recovery (HRR) after exercise testing, an estimate of decreased autonomic function, predicts the risk of cardiometabolic syndrome (MetS) and is associated with continuous MetS risk scores in healthy men. Participants were 2,740 men who underwent general health examinations and had no evidence of MetS, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and hypertension at baseline. Baseline HRR was calculated as the difference between peak heart rate attained during exercise testing and the heart rate at 1 (HRR 1) and 2 minutes (HRR 2) after test termination. Incident MetS was defined as participants having ≥3 MetS components, and continuous MetS risk score was computed as the sum of z-score of 5 risk factors at follow-up. The incidence of MetS was 61/1,000 person-years during an average follow-up of 5 years. The relative risks and 95% confidence interval (CI) of incident MetS in the lowest quartiles of HRR 1 and HRR 2 versus the highest quartile were 1.24 (95% CI 1.02 to 1.51) and 2.02 (95% CI 1.58 to 2.60), respectively, after adjusting for potential confounders, including peak oxygen uptake and resting heart rate. HRR 1 (ß = -0.052, p = 0.005) and HRR 2 (ß = -0.058, p = 0.009) were independently associated with clustered MetS risk scores after adjusting for covariates. In conclusion, the independent association between delayed HRR after exercise testing and incident MetS and continuous MetS risk scores suggests that decreased autonomic function may be considered as a parameter to predict the future likelihood of MetS.

A Longitudinal Study of the Association of Clinical Indices of Cardiovascular Autonomic Function with Breast Cancer Treatment and Exercise Training.

Cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction is an early marker for cardiovascular disease. Anthracycline chemotherapy and left-sided radiation for breast cancer are associated with negative autonomic function changes. This study's objectives were to characterize changes in, and the association of exercise training with, clinical indices of cardiovascular autonomic function across the trajectory of breast cancer therapy. Seventy-three patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy participated to varying degrees in supervised aerobic and resistance exercise during chemotherapy ± radiation and for 20 weeks after. Resting heart rate (HRrest) and blood pressure were measured weekly during chemotherapy. HRrest, exercise heart rate recovery (HRrecovery), and aerobic fitness were measured at enrollment, end of chemotherapy ± radiation, and 10 and 20 weeks after treatment. During chemotherapy, HRrest increased in a parabolic manner within a single treatment and with increasing treatment dose, whereas systolic and diastolic blood pressure decreased linearly across treatments. Tachycardia and hypotension were present in 32%-51% of participants. Factors associated with weekly changes during chemotherapy included receiving anthracyclines or trastuzumab, days since last treatment, hematocrit, and exercise attendance. Receipt of anthracyclines, trastuzumab, and left-sided radiation individually predicted impairments of HRrest and HRrecovery during chemotherapy ± radiation; however, aerobic fitness change and at least twice-weekly exercise attendance predicted improvement. By 10 weeks after treatment, HRrest and blood pressure were not different from prechemotherapy. In this study, chemotherapy resulted in increased HRrest and tachycardia, as well as decreased blood pressure and hypotension. Anthracyclines, trastuzumab, and left-sided radiation were associated with HRrest elevations and impairments of HRrecovery, but exercise training at least twice a week appeared to mitigate these changes. This study characterized changes in clinically accessible measures with well-established prognostic value for cardiovascular disease, and investigated associations with cardiotoxic treatments and the positive influence of exercise. The chemotherapy-related incremental increase in resting heart rate, with tachycardia occurring in one third of patients, and decrease in blood pressure, with hypotension occurring in one half of the patients, is relevant to oncology practitioners for clinical examination or patient report of related symptoms (i.e., dizziness). The weekly dose of two 60-minute sessions of moderate-intensity aerobic and resistance exercise that was identified as protective of cardiovascular autonomic impairments can easily be prescribed to patients by oncologists.

P242Cardiovascular vigor derived from exercise capacity and heart rate recovery is a strong predictor of long-term survival in older adults

P242Cardiovascular vigor derived from exercise capacity and heart rate recovery is a strong predictor of long-term survival in older adults

Cardiorespiratory fitness, exercise haemodynamics and birth outcomes: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study.

Determine associations of cardiorespiratory fitness, exercise systolic blood pressure (SBP) and heart rate recovery (HRR) following a maximal exercise test performed years preceding pregnancy with odds of preterm birth (PTB; <37weeks' gestation) and small for gestational age (SGA; birthweight <10th percentile) delivery. Prospective, longitudinal. Multi-site, observational cohort study initially consisting of 2787 black and white women aged 18-30 at baseline (1985-86) and followed for 25years (Y25; 2010-2011). 768 nulliparous women at baseline who reported ≥1 live birth by the Y25 exam. We used Poisson regression to determine associations of exposures with PTB/SGA. PTB and/or SGA births. Women with PTB (n=143) and/or SGA (n=88) were younger, had completed fewer years of education and were more likely to be black versus women without PTB/SGA (n=546). Women with PTB/SGA had lower fitness (501±9 versus 535±6seconds, P<0.002) and higher submaximal SBP than women without PTB/SGA (144±1 versus 142±1mmHg, P<0.04). After adjustment, no exercise test variables were associated with PTB/SGA, though the association with HRR and submaximal SBP approached significance in the subset of women who completed the exercise test <5years before the index birth. Neither fitness nor haemodynamic responses to exercise a median of 5years preceding pregnancy, were associated with PTB/SGA. These findings indicate excess likelihood of PTB/SGA is not detectable by low fitness or exercise haemodynamic responses 5years preceding pregnancy, but exercise testing, especially HRR and submaximal SBP, may be more useful when conducted closer to the onset of pregnancy. Exercise testing conducted >5years before pregnancy may not detect women likely to have PTB/SGA.

Assessment of Cardiac Autonomic Function by Post Exercise Heart Rate Recovery in Diabetics

Abstract Background and Aims: Autonomic dysfunction in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) patients may translate into an increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Autonomic system regulates ‘heart rate recovery’ (HRR), an important predictor of cardiovascular mortality, which can be assessed using the exercise electrocardiogram (ECG). Hence, utilizing HRR, this study assessed the autonomic function of the cardiovascular system after one minute of exercise stress test in both, patients with and without type 2 DM. Materials and Methods: A prospective case control study involving 50 patients with type 2 DM and 50 without type 2 DM, matched for age and sex, was carried out. Each subject underwent an exercise stress test by treadmill using the Bruce protocol. Cardiovascular parameters like heart rate was recorded using a 12 lead ECG along with blood pressure. Results: Patients with T2DM had lesser HRR after exercise (p &lt; 0.001). Exercise capacity was significantly reduced among patients with T2DM when compared to controls (p = 0.01). A multiple linear regression analysis (R2=0.26) revealed that duration of diabetes (β=−0.02, p=0.048) and resting systolic blood pressure (SBP) (β=−010, p=0.048) are independent predictors of HRR. Conclusion: The study revealed HRR to be significantly reduced among patients with type 2 DM. HRR may hint at the presence of cardiac autonomic dysfunction and predict the cardiovascular mortality.