Exercise Education Research Articles

Efficacy of Aerobic Exercise on Widespread Pain Sensitization in Patients with Temporomandibular Disorders: A Preliminary Randomized Controlled Study

Myogenic temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) are commonly associated with pain sensitization (PS), manifesting decreased local and distal pressure pain thresholds (PPTs). Aerobic exercise (AE) has shown hypoalgesic effects on PS. This study aimed to analyze the effects of AE in addition to physical therapy (PT) on widespread PS in myogenic TMDs. A randomized controlled trial was carried out, involving 20 subjects allocated to PT (n = 10) or PT + AE (n = 10). Both groups performed six sessions over four weeks, consisting of education, manual therapy, and therapeutic exercise. The PT + AE group also performed high-intensity intervallic AE on a stationary bike. Primary outcome: PPT in the Achilles tendon assessed with an algometer. Secondary outcome: Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI). Outcomes were recorded at baseline (T0), post-intervention (T1), and after 12 weeks (T2). Significant between-groups differences were found favoring PT + AE at T1 and T2 for the left Achilles PPT (T1 p < 0.01; d = 1.3; T2 p < 0.001; d = 2.5) and CSI (T1 p < 0.001; d = 2.3; T2 p < 0.01; d = 1.7), and at T2 for the right Achilles PPT (p < 0.001; d = 0.9). Thus, adding AE to PT improved widespread PS more than only PT in myogenic TMD.

Development and Evaluation of a Community Health Program to Promote Physical Activity Among Vulnerable Community-Dwelling Older Adults: Protocol for a Prospective Cohort Study.

Vulnerable older adults have a high risk of morbidity and mortality. Regular physical activity (PA) can have a positive effect on the health and health-related behavior of this specific target group. However, evidence of the impact and feasibility of community-based PA promotion interventions for vulnerable older adults is still limited. The BeTaSen (Bewegungs-Tandems in den Lebenswelten Chemnitzer Seniorinnen und Senioren: ein Beitrag zur kommunalen Gesundheitsförderung) study aims to evaluate the (1) impact as well as the (2) feasibility, acceptance, and usefulness of a 12-month low-threshold PA intervention program for community-dwelling vulnerable older adults. For our population-based prospective observational cohort study, a total of 120 vulnerable older adults (aged 75 years or older) in the area of Chemnitz (Germany) will be recruited to participate in (1) weekly neighborhood-based low-threshold PA meetings with trained mentors (activity tandems) and (2) monthly exercise meetings led by trained exercise instructors. Within the intervention, participants will be encouraged to perform the PA independently. Participants will complete assessments, which will include questionnaires as well as objective measurements of their physical, cognitive, and psychosocial health at 3 different time points (baseline, 6 months after the start, and 6 months after the end of the intervention). Additionally, a process evaluation will be performed, including questionnaires and qualitative interviews, involving the participants, mentors, and municipal project partner representatives. The BeTaSen project process began in October 2021, with the start of data collection and intervention in August 2022 in the first neighborhoods of the city of Chemnitz. A total of 86 participants were recruited at the time of submission of the manuscript. Longitudinal results are expected by 2025. This study's results will provide insights on (1) the PA behavior of vulnerable older adults as well as the impact of PA interventions on health-related outcomes such as cognitive, physical, and psychosocial health, and (2) the feasible and useful components of community-based PA interventions. Thus, this pilot study contributes to future recommendations and provides a basis for further research, such as the development of feasible and sustainable target group-specific interventions in community settings. DERR1-10.2196/51462.

The Effect of Antenatal Education and Pregnancy Exercises on Delivery Outcomes

Aim: To assess the impact of pregnancy school training and exercises on obstetric outcomes in a tertiary center. Method: We conducted a retrospective evaluation of pregnant women who participated in pregnancy school exercises between January and April 2023 and had term deliveries. These pregnant women received theoretical education, relaxation, and breathing exercises. Pregnant women who did not attend the pregnancy school were included in the control group. Results: In the study group, we evaluated 175 pregnant women who attended prenatal education, while the control group consisted of 175 pregnant women who did not attend prenatal education. The rate of nulliparous patients was 74.9% (n = 131) in the study group and 56.6% (n = 99) in the control group (p < 0.001). The rate of oxytocin augmentation was 28.6% (n = 50) in the study group and 46.9% (n = 82) in the control group (p < 0.001). The episiotomy rate was lower in the study group (41.7% (n = 73)) compared to the control group (54.9% (n = 96), p = 0.014), and the cesarean section rate was also lower in the study group compared to the control group (p = 0.024). Conclusion: Pregnant women who regularly attend pregnancy school in the early weeks experience a significant reduction in the need for episiotomies, oxytocin supplements, and cesarean section rates. These positive outcomes are attributed to the benefits of pelvic floor exercises. Therefore, we recommend encouraging all pregnant women to participate in pregnancy school training in the early weeks to support natural birthing processes.

A guide for a student-led doctoral-level qualitative methods short course in epidemiology: faculty and student perspectives.

Qualitative research and mixed methods are core competencies for epidemiologists. In response to the shortage of guidance on graduate course development, we wrote a course development guide aimed at faculty and students designing similar courses in epidemiology curricula. The guide combines established educational theory with faculty and student experiences from a recent introductory course for epidemiology and biostatistics doctoral students at the University of Zurich and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich. We propose a student-centred course with inverse classroom teaching and practice exercises with faculty input. Integration of student input during the course development process helps align the course syllabus with student needs. The proposed course comprises six sessions that cover learning outcomes in comprehension, knowledge, application, analysis, synthesis and evaluation. Following an introductory session, the students engage in face-to-face interviews, focus group interviews, observational methods, analysis and how qualitative and quantitative methods are integrated in mixed methods. Furthermore, the course covers interviewer safety, research ethics, quality in qualitative research and a practice session focused on the use of interview hardware, including video and audio recorders. The student-led teaching characteristic of the course allows for an immersive and reflective teaching-learning environment. After implementation of the course and learning from faculty and student perspectives, we propose these additional foci: a student project to apply learned knowledge to a case study; integration in mixed-methods; and providing faculty a larger space to cover theory and field anecdotes.

The Effect of Corrective Educational Exercises According to the Speed Indicators and their Relationship to the Ground Accuracy of the Junior Tennis Players

The importance of research has emerged in the development of corrective exercises that help the player reach a good level in perfect skill performance, according to the speed indicators and their relationship to the accuracy of the straight service of tennis players which means the effectiveness that needs biomechanical requirements through its reliance on other sciences , especially the science of sports biomechanics in the indicators of speed and their relationship to the kinetic performance of the player depending on the means as required by the requirements of movement to correct the movement of the player which depends on some determinants during educational correction consisting of (24) educational units and by two units per week to learn skills according to indicators of speed of performance and the relationship with the accuracy of transmission, which is one of the requirements for the success of the educational process in the special tracks in performance and speed with tennis players .Therefore, the researcher used the tracks in the speed of narrative performance of the tennis precision skill of the individual sample. Researcher also recommended the use of other indicators in developing some skills for other activities

Educational exercises according to the kinematic variables in learning the approximate sprint stage of the Long jump jumpers


 The research aims to identify:Knowing the effect of educational units according to kinematic variables in learning the approximate run stage of the wide jumpers.The experimental approach was used, and (5) students were selected from the first stage / College of Basic Education, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Al-Mustansiriya University, for the academic season 2021-2022.The results revealed that there is a positive effect between the results of the pre and post tests of the two research groups and in favor of the post tests in learning the educational units according to the kinematic variables in learning the approximate run stage of the broad jumpers under study.It has been recommended to train teachers to use modern methods during the learning process as educational units according to the kinematic variables in learning.
 

Robotics training to improve STEM skills of Islamic boarding school students in Batam

One potential approach to addressing the challenges posed by the advent of Industry 4.0 and Society 5.0 is to offer robotics training. This endeavor aims to enhance students' foundational understanding of STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) disciplines. The study involved collaborating with the Pondok Pesantren Granada, an Islamic Boarding School located in Batam, to provide robotics training as community service activities. The study included 29 trainees: 15 from class XI and 7 from classes X and XII. The teaching was conducted using a combination of didactic instruction, interactive discourse, and hands-on exercises. Trainees are administered a written examination to assess their proficiency level before and after the training program. The training outcomes exhibited a significant improvement in the mean STEM proficiency of trainees, with an increase of 38.15%. Furthermore, a series of activities have been effectively implemented, resulting in trainee satisfaction ratings exceeding 50% concerning course materials, trainer, and teaching equipment. A mere 17% of the individuals undergoing training expressed dissatisfaction with the allocated time, particularly the hands-on component's duration.

Teachers’ Perceptions of ICT Use in Promoting Teaching Learning Processes and Its Outcomes at Senior Secondary Level in Mbeya Region, Tanzania: A Review

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has led to a debate between teacher-centred and student-centred approaches to teaching and learning in academia. While some teachers view ICT positively and think it makes teaching and learning exercises easier, others view it negatively and think it replaces the traditional teacher-centred approach, making teaching and learning exercises more challenging as respect for the teachers are eroding because students are using current technology to solve issues rather than depending only on teachers. The present study aims to understand teachers’ perceptions of ICT use in promoting teaching-learning processes and its outcomes at the senior secondary level in the Mbeya region, Tanzania as a conveniently designed study area for the researcher. The study is based on related reviewed materials/information which was gathered from different secondary sources between July and December 2023.
 Information was analysed and presented in a descriptive form for easy perception and understanding. It showed that the majority of teachers at’ senior secondary level used ICT to enhance their teaching effectiveness. At the same time, their perception focused on learning an aspect which was easy to grasp, deep understanding and long-lasting. It enhances the interaction between students and teachers and offers more imaginative answers to many learning queries in the teaching and learning process. The study recommends that educators should use a holistic strategy when thinking about how to integrate information and communication technology (ICT) to improve the teaching and learning process and embrace a culture of flexibility and lifelong learning to improve student comprehension and engagement.

Independent data collectors decrease bias in the measurement of adherence to anterior cruciate ligament injury prevention programs

ObjectivesStudies on adherence to neuromuscular training (NMT) for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury prevention are frequently biased due to the use of self-reporting by coaches or the athletes themselves. Few NMT studies use data collectors (aside from the athletes or the individuals administering the NMT program) to decrease bias when assessing the adherence of coaches and sports teams. We hypothesized that the use of a data collector who is independent of the team to evaluate adherence to NMT programs would be reliable. MethodsIn a prior a cluster-randomized controlled trial evaluating adherence to NMT training trial, twelve boys' and nine girls' high school athletic teams in a variety of sports were enrolled. Eight data collectors (unaffiliated with the NMT program) were hired specifically to record adherence of the athletes to the NMT exercises at each team's warm-ups 2–3 times a week, prior to practices and games. In addition to the data collectors, a control group of independent observers made visits throughout the season to also record adherence (solely for the purpose of this study, alongside the data collectors and in the same fashion) in order to evaluate the data collectors' performance and determine inter-observer reliability. The inter-observer reliability between data collectors and independent observers was measured using the Kappa statistic. ResultsA total of 399 warm-ups for practices or games were observed by data collectors to obtain adherence data. Independent observers also measured adherence at 58 practices or games for inter-observer reliability. Exercise instruction and alignment cues for 29 different exercises were analysed. The Kappa values ranged from 0.63 to 1.0, indicating substantial to perfect agreement. The overall Kappa values of 0.89 and 0.90 for exercise instruction and alignment cues, respectively, indicated almost perfect agreement. ConclusionThe use of a data collector who is independent of the team to evaluate adherence to NMT programs (rather than athlete or coach self-reporting), was shown to be a reliable method for measurement of adherence in studies of NMT for injury prevention. Avoiding self-reporting in adherence research to NMT training may decrease bias. Level of EvidenceI.

Current practice, guideline adherence, and barriers to implementation for Achilles tendinopathy rehabilitation: a survey of physical therapists and people with Achilles tendinopathy

ObjectiveTo explore clinical practice patterns of physical therapists (PTs) who treat people with Achilles tendinopathy (AT), and identify perceived barriers and facilitators for prescribing and engaging with therapeutic exercise among...

Instructors' Perceptions and Experiences of Teaching Online Exercise Classes to Older Adults: A Qualitative Study.

Online exercise programming has become increasingly popular in recent years, including for older adults. Instructors hold unique perspectives on such programming that could yield important insights for effective program design and delivery. The purpose of this study was to qualitatively examine instructors' perceptions and experiences teaching exercise classes online to older adults. Using qualitative description, 19 instructors from a community exercise program for seniors completed a one-on-one semistructured interview. We analyzed data using reflexive thematic analysis and generated three main themes: (a)characteristics of effective online instructors, (b)challenges to delivering online exercise programming to older adults, and (c)future of online exercise programming. Most participants enjoyed delivering online exercise classes and developing the unique skills (particularly related to fostering social experiences and engaging with participants) required to be effective online exercise instructors. Our findings speak to the importance of ensuring instructors are adequately trained to deliver online exercise to seniors.

Educational, Exercise, and Occupational Therapy-Based Telerehabilitation Program Versus "Wait-and-See" for Improving Self-perceived Exertion in Patients With Post-COVID Fatigue and Dyspnea: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

The aim of the study was to compare the effectiveness of a telerehabilitation exercise program versus "wait-and-see" on physical exertion, quality of life, dyspnea severity, heart rate, and oxygen saturation in patients with post-COVID fatigue and dyspnea. Sixty-four patients were enrolled in this randomized clinical trial. A telerehabilitation program based on patient education, physical activity, airway clearing, and breathing exercise interventions was conducted. Self-perceived physical exertion during daily living activities, dyspnea severity, health-related quality of life and physiological outcomes, and the 6-min walking test were assessed at baseline, after the program and at 1- and 3-mo follow-up periods. The experimental group experienced greater improvements in self-perceived physical exertion during daily living activities, dyspnea severity, health-related quality of life, and 6-min walking test (all, P < 0.001). In addition, patients undergoing the telerehabilitation program reported lower exertion scores at rest and after the 6-min walking test (both, P < 0.001). Between-group oxygen saturation differences were found at rest ( P < 0.001), but not after the 6-min walking test ( P = 0.024). Finally, significant between-group differences were found for heart rate after the 6-min walking test ( P < 0.001). Although both groups showed a significant improvement after 3 mos of follow-up, the group receiving the telerehabilitation program described a greater improvement compared with the group receiving no intervention.

A Novel Approach to Integrative Concussion Rehabilitation: A Pragmatic Study

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the novel Ziaks Integrative Neurological Concussion (ZINC) Protocol in evaluating and treating persistent post-concussion symptoms. Methods: Individuals with concussion were systematically evaluated for neurological impairments and subsequently received six modules of integrative and progressive therapies. Treatment addressed motor function impairment, oculomotor and binocular vision deficits, and central vestibular deficits while incorporating postural stability, dual task and cognitive loading skills and providing instruction in cardiovascular exercise to promote autonomic stability. Results: Of 30 patients, 15 completed all 6 protocol modules for inclusion in data analysis. Mean treatment duration was 6.6 (SD±.99) visits over 69.53 days (SD±21.92). The Post-Concussion Symptom Scale and Dizziness Handicap Inventory outcomes from pre- to post-treatment achieved clinical and statistical significance. Statistical significance was achieved for the Brain Injury Vision Symptom Survey, Brock String near point of convergence, King Devick and the novel binocular vision screening tool. Conclusions: A structured, integrative, and progressive rehabilitation program addressing the vestibulo-oculomotor and motor function domains of concussion may be effective in the management of persistent post-concussion symptoms. Impact Statement: This study details one potential comprehensive and sequential method to integrate the neurological domains of concussion rehabilitation while screening for impairments in the physical domains. There is a gap in knowledge regarding the most effective timing, sequencing, and implementation of intervention methods across the 4 concussion domains. This study provides the groundwork for future research to establish treatment protocols aimed to efficiently reduce symptoms associated with persistent post-concussion symptoms.

How to Read How to Do Things with Words: On Sbisà’s Proof by Contradiction

Midway through How to Do Things With Words, J.L. Austin’s announces a “fresh start” in his efforts to characterize the ways in which speech is action, and introduces a new conceptual framework from the one he has been using up to that point. Against a common reading that portrays this move as simply abandoning the framework so far developed, Marina Sbisà contends that the text takes the argumentative form of a proof by contradiction, such that the initial framework plays an instrumental role as part of a proof in favour of the subsequent one. Despite agreeing with Sbisà’s broad instrumentalist approach, we argue that her regimentation of Austin’s narrative into a proof by contradiction ultimately fails - both as a proof and as an interpretation of Austin. Instead, we suggest that a better way of interpreting the peculiar structure of How to Do Things With Words is as a pedagogical exercise whose point is to bring a concealed alternative into view in a manner that also explains its initial concealment, and that this approach provides richer resources for supporting Sbisà’s own conventionalist understanding of illocution than that afforded by reading the text as a proof by contradiction.

Demonstrating Pedagogical Content Knowledge Through the Development of Educational Science Board Games

Preservice teachers who are specialising in the teaching of the subject natural science at a primary school level, ought to demonstrate the ability to present lessons that provoke a joyful yet meaningful educational experience amongst learners. One such approach that was taken, was when natural science preservice teachers were tasked with developing educational science board games as a means to enrich their teaching practice during a recent school visitation opportunity. However, given this educational exercise, what remains a mystery from a teacher development perspective is whether this exercise provoked some form of ‘pedagogical thinking’ among preservice teachers? It is with this question in mind, that the study investigated whether the task of developing educational science board games sparked the ability of preservice teachers to demonstrate knowledge of pedagogical content. The study draws on a modified understanding of Shulman’s pedagogical content knowledge model, which in the context of gamification requires one to effectively transmit ‘subject knowledge’ in an interactive manner through ‘educational board game practices and engagement’. Using a focus group discussion and photo-voice methodology as data collection techniques, this qualitative study uncovered how preservice teachers demonstrated i) knowledge of the curriculum, ii) knowledge of instructional strategies, iii) knowledge of learner-thinking, and iv) knowledge of assessment. This study holds a series of implications for future research in the field of initial teacher development and STEM education. For example, it will be interesting to uncover how preservice teachers experience the use of educational board games in their teaching. In addition, it will also be interesting to discover how educational board games can be used in other STEM subjects such as mathematics, technology, and physical science. Ultimately, more research is also required on the learning benefits of educational board games from a learner’s perspective.

1880 Improving physical activity in hospitalised older people: The Saints Foundation - University Hospital Southampton Partnership

Abstract Introduction Deconditioning in the acute setting is associated with adverse outcomes, that cannot always be mitigated by increasingly stretched MDT workforce. We partnered with the Saints Foundation (SF), to test the feasibility and acceptability of a non-clinical Exercise Practitioner (EP) to work alongside therapies to promote physical activity (PA) of hospitalised older people. Methods Charity funded joint appointment of an NVQ3 EP with Postural stability Instructor (PSI) qualifications delivered quality education and rehabilitation programmes to hospitalised older patients. These took place in both one to one and gym-based group settings whilst working with the SF team to improve access to community-based exercise programmes. Results Between Sept 2022 and May 2023, the EP assessed 169 patients, mean age 86 yrs; male (62%), admitted after a fall. 105 patients (62%) underwent one to one rehabilitation consisting of falls education and individual exercise plans, 64 patients (38%) underwent gym-based rehabilitation, where strengthening and balance exercises were conducted in groups to improve overall function and increase confidence in functional ability. No adverse safety incidents were reported and a high level of satisfaction after interaction with the EP was conveyed. Initial focus was on patient feedback and satisfaction to ensure input o+- f an EP was well received and accepted. Conclusion Intervention by a non-clinical EP to improve the PA of hospitalised older people is acceptable, feasible, appears to be safe and is associated with increased patient satisfaction. By capitalising on SF expertise, we provided a clinical standard on exercise for older adults and built a strong relationship between our workforce to bridge community and acute services. Next steps are to increase the scope of interventions, evaluate quality of life pre and post hospitalisation, capture trust level metrics including length of stay, readmission rates and discharge destination to further evaluate the impact on service users.

1897 Older stroke survivors and rehabilitation therapists’ views on home-based resistance exercise for upper limbs

Abstract Introduction Upper limb recovery after stroke depends on participating in personalised task-specific exercise programmes. However, older adults with stroke find it challenging to maintain an optimal level of engagement with such exercise programmes due to personal and environmental factors. The aim of this study was to explore the views of stroke survivors and rehabilitation therapists on home-based resistance exercises for upper limbs. Method A qualitative study of semi-structured virtual and in-person interviews was conducted between January and March 2023 in England. Participants were 11 older adults &amp;gt;65 years (6 females (55%), with chronic stroke (&amp;gt;1 year after a stroke) and moderate to severe disabilities. Twenty rehabilitation therapists were also interviewed (3 physiotherapists, and 17 Action for Rehabilitation from Neurological Injury (ARNI) instructors). The group was asked about perceived personal and environmental barriers and facilitators as well as expectations of resistance exercises in relation to upper limb neurorehabilitation programmes. Interview sessions were audio recorded for transcription and thematic data analysis. The study was approved by Sheffield Hallam University ethics committee (reference number: AA43961583). Results Both groups mentioned that the main barrier to performing upper-limb exercises is weakness in the paretic arm affecting grip strength with consequent adverse impact on adherence to a home-based programme and poor patient motivation. Patients also reported safety concerns such as dropping equipment and being dependent on a carer to undertake regular exercises. Stroke survivors preferred a program that activates the paretic arm and is relevant to their daily functional activities. They preferred simple exercise instructions and demonstrations through visual aids and video materials. Patients also valued regular feedback on adjusting their exercise dose, monitoring progress over time, and ongoing encouragement. Conclusions Our study showed that designing home-based resistance exercises for upper limb in older stroke survivors should be individualised, functionally orientated, and motivational.

Will my shoulder pain get better? – secondary analysis of data from a multi-arm randomised controlled trial

ObjectiveTo determine whether higher level or improvements over time in pain self-efficacy (PSE) and expectations of intervention effectiveness lead to better outcomes and whether the intervention used to manage rotator cuff related shoulder pain (RCRSP) impacts PSE and expectations over time. DesignSecondary analysis of data from a randomised controlled trial. Participants123 individuals (48 [15] years old; 51% female) with RCRSP. InterventionsParticipants randomised into one of three 12-weeks interventions (education; education and motor control exercises; education and strengthening exercises). Main outcome measuresQuickDASH and Western Ontario Rotator Cuff Index (WORC) were administered at baseline and 12 weeks. Pain self-efficacy was assessed at 0 and 6 weeks. Patients’ expectations regarding intervention effectiveness were assessed before randomisation and after the first and the last intervention sessions. NparLD were used for the analyses. A time effect indicated a significant change in patients’ expectations or PSE over time, while a resolution effect indicated a significant difference in patients’ expectations or PSE between those whose symptoms resolved and those whose did not. ResultsPatients’ expectations (−3 to 3) increased over time (0.33/3 [0.19 to 0.77]). Overall expectations were higher for those who experienced symptom resolution based on the WORC (0.19/3 [0.05 to 0.33]). PSE increased over time (5.5/60 [3.6 to 7.4]). Overall PSE was higher for those who experienced symptom resolution based on the WORC (7.0 [3.9 to 10.1]) and the QuickDASH (4.9 [1.7 to 8.2]). ConclusionClinicians should consider monitoring PSE and patients’ expectations as they are important indicators of outcome. Contribution of the paper•Irrespective of the intervention, we observed an improvement in patients’ pain self-efficacy and expectations of intervention effectiveness over time.•Participants with a higher baseline expectations of intervention effectiveness, who received a combination of education and motor control exercises, reported better outcomes, measured by the WORC, than those receiving education alone or a combination of education and strengthening exercises.•Clinicians should consider monitoring pain self-efficacy and patients’ expectations in individuals with RCRSP as they could be useful indicators of outcome and their clinical interventions could be tailored towards improving understanding of RCRSP and self-management.

Bibliotherapy as an adjuvant tool in the treatment of emotional challenges in early schoolchildren

Bibliotherapy, known as bibliomania, literary, or reading therapy, is based on reflective and pedagogical exercises that use reading-aloud practices to promote introspective reflections for personal growth to strengthen problem-solving, the treatment of traumatic life situations and emotional health well-being. At the Corporación Universitaria Minuto de DIOS - UNIMINUTO, specifically in the ILVIC (Infancias, Lecturas y Vida Cotidiana, 2023) seedbed, a group of students and teachers used this work method with children from the Fundación de Cristo Rey, in the city of Bogotá. The class sessions revealed processes of teaching reading to infants between eight months and four years of age. The exercises were worked with disruptive and fraternal pedagogical purposes, concomitance with a participatory action-research methodology with a qualitative approach. This allowed students and teachers to systematize their practices through the instruments applied in the various class workshops. This diversified knowledge broadened the possibilities of teaching children's literature and forked paths in forming readers from childhood.

Children’s Thoughts on Wonder in Fairy Tales

AbstractFairy tales are a means to introduce the Polish language and social education exercises in Polish kindergartens and schools (early childhood literature education). In their methodological proposals, authors of school handbooks use fairy tales as a medium for teaching moral values. The Goldfish is an example of such an approach (Fałdzińska and Rączyńska, 2017). This article presents the thoughts of children aged six to nine (Polish kindergarten and primary school years one to three) constructed around the fairy tale in question, which, on the one hand, can be understood as a cautionary lesson about the importance of remaining satisfied with one’s station (Tatar 2014), and on the other serves as a meta-tale, exposing a rule of the genre’s poetics (Somoff, 2019). Assuming the role of observer-as-participant, intent on providing interpretations, the author of this study aims to identify children’s categories of wonder occurring in Aleksandr Afanasyev’s The Goldfish (Afanasyev, 1984). It was observed that children reflect on the rules of wonder in fairy tales (as culture-specific texts) and derive social meanings significant from the viewpoint of fairy tale categories. As such, they were not only limited to the lesson of condemning greed, which is often assigned to The Goldfish.