Exercise Duration Research Articles

Postoperative exercise in gastric cancer patients undergoing gastrectomy: A randomized controlled trial.

358 Background: Faster physical recovery after gastrectomy may lead to better physical and psychological health in patients with gastric cancer. Post-surgical exercise may prevent physical dysfunction and improve recovery, but its effects on physical function are not fully explored. Methods: In this trial, 52 gastric cancer patients (Stage 1-3) were randomly assigned to early postoperative exercise rehabilitation or usual care (1:1 ratio). Interventions Inpatient Supervised Exercise sessions were conducted for 15 minutes once a day on Postoperative Day (POD) 1 and 2 in the ward. Home-based Exercise involved 30-minute remote exercise sessions at home once a week following discharge, with additional recommendations for daily 30-minute sessions of low to moderate-intensity aerobic exercises and bodyweight exercises. Moreover, the exercise group was provided with an exercise log and instructional videos to record the duration of bodyweight exercises and aerobic exercises. Measurements were taken three times (baseline, POD3, and the first outpatient visit 1 month after surgery). The primary outcome was a Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), with secondary outcomes including grip strength, 30-second sit-to-stand (STS), body composition, C-reactive protein (CRP), and quality of life (QOL). Results: A total of 46 (88%) participants (mean [SD] age, 60.2 [12.24] years; 26 [57%] male) completed the trial. Compliance with intervention in-patient exercise was 96% and remote exercise was 79%. The significant difference in SPPB scores of 11.4±1.3 in the exercise group compared with 10.7±1.43 usual care group (mean difference, -1.09 score; 95%CI, -1.7 to -0.4; p=<.001). Moreover, there were significant differences between groups in the STS exercise group 14.3±2.8 usual care group 13.6±4.5 (mean difference, 1.86; 95%CI, -3.3 to -0.4; p=.028), and CRP in POD3 exercise group 66.9±40.73 usual care group 103.7±54.25 (mean difference, -22.54 score; 95%CI, -46.5 to 1.4; p=.016). However, there was no significant difference in grip strength, body composition, and QOL. Conclusions: Postoperative exercise presents as a beneficial strategy to enhance physical recovery in patients undergoing gastrectomy, improving key physical function markers and reducing inflammation. Clinical trial information: NCT06260293 .

Associations of sedentary time, sleep duration and physical exercise with multimorbidity among older adults in Shanghai, China: a cross-sectional study based on national physical fitness surveillance data

BackgroundMultimorbidity has emerged as a significant challenge for healthcare systems globally. This study aims to examine the associations between key determinants of lifestyle behavior and various multimorbidity patterns.MethodsIn a cross-sectional sample of older adults (aged 60–79) from the Fifth National Physical Fitness Surveillance in Shanghai, latent class analysis (LCA) was used to identify multimorbidity patterns among 9 chronic diseases. Multinomial logistic regression was performed to analyze the associations between sedentary time, sleep duration, physical exercise, and the different multimorbidity patterns. Weighted analysis was performed to appropriately account for complex sampling designs and provide more robust results.ResultsAmong 13,465 study participants (unweighted mean age 69.3 years; weighted mean age 67.4 years, 50.7% female), the overall prevalence of multimorbidity was 40.9%–42.3%. Four latent classes among the older adults were identified, with the relatively healthy class (63.6%–64.6%) had an average of less than 1 chronic disease. The other 3 classes, namely the metabolic-cardiovascular-joint-digestive-respiratory disease class (2.9%–3.0%), the metabolic-cardiovascular disease class (14.5%–15.5%), and the joint-digestive-respiratory disease class (17.9%–18.0%), each had an average of more than 2 chronic diseases, representing different multimorbidity patterns. Prolonged sedentary time (> 3 h/day) increased the odds of belonging to the metabolic-cardiovascular-joint-digestive-respiratory disease class by 56%–57% (unweighted odds ratio [OR] 1.57, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.27–1.94; weighted OR 1.56, 95% CI 1.36–1.80), the metabolic-cardiovascular disease class by 38% (unweighted OR 1.38, 95% CI 1.25–1.53; weighted OR 1.38, 95% CI 1.29–1.48), and the joint-digestive-respiratory disease class by 30%–32% (unweighted OR 1.32, 95% CI 1.19–1.45; weighted OR 1.30, 95% CI 1.22–1.38). Shorter sleep duration (< 7 h/day) also increased the odds of membership in the metabolic-cardiovascular disease class by 48%–49% (unweighted OR 1.49, 95% CI 1.35–1.65; weighted OR 1.48, 95% CI 1.38–1.58), the metabolic-cardiovascular-joint-digestive-respiratory disease class by 37%–47% (unweighted OR 1.47, 95% CI 1.19–1.80; weighted OR 1.37, 95% CI 1.19–1.58), and the joint-digestive-respiratory disease class by 41%–42% (unweighted OR 1.42, 95% CI 1.29–1.56; weighted OR 1.41, 95% CI 1.32–1.50). Each additional daily hour of low-intensity physical exercise (LIPE) reduced the odds of membership in the metabolic-cardiovascular-joint-digestive-respiratory disease class by 24%–25% (unweighted OR 0.76, 95% CI 0.64–0.90; weighted OR 0.75, 95% CI 0.66–0.84), the joint-digestive-respiratory disease class by 20%–21% (unweighted OR 0.79, 95% CI 0.73–0.86; weighted OR 0.80, 95% CI 0.76–0.85), and the metabolic-cardiovascular disease class by 11%–12% (unweighted OR 0.88, 95% CI 0.81–0.95; weighted OR 0.89, 95% CI 0.85–0.94). Compared to LIPE, high-intensity physical exercise (HIPE) showed a significant advantage only in reducing the odds of the metabolic-cardiovascular disease class by 18%–23% (unweighted OR 0.77, 95% CI 0.62–0.97; weighted OR 0.82, 95% CI 0.71–0.95).ConclusionsOver 40% of older adults in Shanghai, China, suffer from multimorbidity. Prolonged sedentary behavior and shorter sleep duration were associated with membership in the metabolic-cardiovascular-joint-digestive-respiratory disease class, the metabolic-cardiovascular disease class, and the joint-digestive-respiratory disease class. Physical exercise showed varying degrees of protection against these 3 multimorbidity patterns, with special attention warranted for LIPE. Identifying the relationship between determinants of lifestyle behavior and patterns of multimorbidity can help develop more targeted prevention and management strategies.

The Influence of Dietary Supplements on Exercise-Induced Gut Damage and Gastrointestinal Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Endurance exercise, especially under heat stress, temporarily compromises the integrity of the intestinal barrier in healthy individuals. Consequently, there is growing interest in developing effective dietary strategies to alleviate exercise-induced gastrointestinal symptoms and gut damage. This meta-analysis investigated the effects of dietary supplements on mitigating these challenges. The search was performed in November 2024 following PRISMA guidelines, and 26 peer-reviewed studies were included across three meta-analyses: (1) gastrointestinal symptoms, (2) circulating intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (i-FABP), and (3) exercise performance. The moderating effect of variables was assessed via sub-group analysis and meta-regression. Overall, there was no pooled effect of supplement interventions on gastrointestinal symptoms (Hedges’ g = 0.42, 95% CI −0.17: 1.02, p = 0.15), and probiotics had a moderate significant effect for gastrointestinal symptoms (Hedges’ g = −0.62, 95% CI −1.01; 1.01, p = 0.05). There was a significant increase in i-FABP concentrations pre- to post exercise (∆ 106%; Hedges’ g = 1.01, 95% CI 0.63; 1.38, p = 0.01). There were no pooled or sub-group differences for exercise performance for any supplements (p = 0.53). Moderate-to-large heterogeneity was observed across studies (I2 ≥ 58.6%), and candidate moderators (exercise duration, modality, and environmental temperature) had no significant effect on any outcomes (p &gt; 0.05). A significant increase in circulating i-FABP during exercise was observed. However, when examining the effects of different supplement categories, although significance was observed for a select few supplements, the changes in i-FABP, gastrointestinal symptoms, and exercise performance were outside of clinical relevance. Although probiotics showed a moderate significant effect for gastrointestinal symptoms, the conflicting findings across studies may have been due to inadequate control of confounding variables across studies. Further research is required to assess the alternative dietary supplements’ effects on gastrointestinal health and exercise performance, particularly under varied environmental conditions, where more rigorous control for cofounding factors is implemented.

The Role of Exerkines in the Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis: From Mechanisms to Exercise Strategies.

With the increasing prevalence of knee osteoarthritis (KOA), the limitations of traditional treatments, such as their limited efficacy in halting disease progression and their potential side effects, are becoming more evident. This situation has prompted scientists to seek more effective strategies. In recent years, exercise therapy has gained prominence in KOA treatment due to its safety, efficacy, and cost-effectiveness, which are underpinned by the molecular actions of exerkines. Unlike conventional therapies, exerkines offer specific advantages by targeting inflammatory responses, enhancing chondrocyte proliferation, and slowing cartilage degradation at the molecular level. This review explores the potential mechanisms involved in and application prospects of exerkines in KOA treatment and provides a comprehensive analysis of their role. Studies show that appropriate exercise not only promotes overall health, but also positively impacts KOA by stimulating exerkine production. The effectiveness of exerkines, however, is influenced by exercise modality, intensity, and duration of exercise, making the development of personalized exercise plans crucial for KOA patients. Based on these insights, this paper proposes targeted exercise strategies designed to maximize exerkine benefits, aiming to provide novel perspectives for KOA prevention and treatment.

Individual patterns of activity predict the response to physical exercise as an intervention in mild to moderate depression.

Physical exercise (PE) as antidepressive intervention is a promising alternative, as shown by multiple meta-analyses. However, there is no consensus regarding optimal intensity and duration of exercise, and there are no objective criteria available for personalized indication of treatment. The aims of this study were (1) to evaluate whether individual activity patterns before intervention can predict the response to treatment; and (2) to evaluate whether the patient outcome can be improved by using prior information on treatment efficacy at individual level. The study included subjects with mild to moderate depression randomized to three PE regimens as antidepressive intervention. Features extracted from actigraphy recordings were used for training linear regression ensembles to predict the response to treatment. The Bayesian analysis of coefficients yielded distinct signatures in enriched feature subsets for each PE. Next, we used a counterfactual approach by virtually assigning each patient to the PE regimen predicted to yield best outcome. This procedure significantly increased the remission rates as compared to random assignment to treatment. Our data suggest that the analysis of individual patterns of activity can identify a PE regimen to yield the best results, and that assignment to PE regimen using this information would significantly increase remission rate.

Impact of Exercise on Tramadol-Conditioned Place Preference.

Tramadol (TRA) is an opioid that is used to manage moderate to severe pain. Long-term use of TRA can lead to the development of opioid use disorder. This study investigates the role of forced exercise in reducing TRA-seeking behavior. Adult male rats (240-260 g) were divided into five groups; the control group received vehicle injections, the TRA group received TRA (75 mg/kg, i.p) every other day for 8 days, and three TRA-exercise groups were forced to run on a treadmill (60 min/day, 5 days/week) for 2, 4, or 6 weeks prior to conditioning with TRA. A tramadol-conditioned place preference (CPP) procedure assessed TRA reinforcement, after which all rats were euthanized, tissue extracted, and mRNA expression for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (Bdnf) and interleukin 1 beta (Il-1β) determined in hippocampus (Hipp), prefrontal cortex (PFC), and nucleus accumbens (NAc). TRA-seeking behavior was seen in the TRA group and the 6 weeks forced exercise group. By contrast, forced exercise for 2 or 4 weeks attenuated TRA-seeking behavior. This attenuation was associated with a significant increase in Bdnf mRNA expression in the Hipp and NAc, but not the PFC. Additionally, the TRA-induced elevations in Il-1β mRNA expression were reversed by all durations of exercise in Hipp. However, only 2 and 4 weeks, but not 6 weeks, of exercise reduced elevations in PFC and NAc Il-1β expression. Forced exercise for 2 and 4 weeks attenuates TRA-seeking behavior partially through the regulation of Bdnf and Il-1β mRNA expression.

Eight weeks of aerobic exercise, but not four, improves insulin sensitivity and cardiovascular performance in young women

Regular aerobic exercise has a significant impact on glucose metabolism and lipid profiles, contributing to overall health improvement. However, evidence for optimal exercise duration to achieve these effects is limited. This study aims to explore the effects of 4 and 8 weeks of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise on glucose metabolism, lipid profiles, and associated metabolic changes in young female students with insulin resistance and varying body mass, seeking to determine the optimal duration for physiological adaptations. Twenty-eight physically semi-active female students were randomly assigned to 4-week (G4, n = 13, age = 23.31 ± 5.19, BMI = 24.78 ± 5.87) and 8-week (G8, n = 15, age = 21.8 ± 2.56, BMI = 24.95 ± 4.81) training groups. The aerobic intervention maintained an intensity of 40–70% of maximum heart rate (HRmax). 6-min-walk test (6MWT), handgrip strength tests, insulin, HOMA-IR, lipid profiles, and metabolic profiles were assessed pre- and post-intervention. Following the intervention, G8, but not G4, exhibited a significant decrease in HOMA-IR (-14.59%, p = 0.047). The improvement in HOMA-IR was accompanied by notable improvements in 6-MWT (+ 38.18%, p < 0.001) and handgrip strength (+ 11.62, p = 0.027 and + 17.59%, p = 0.013), and increased levels of bilirubin degradation products, ribose, and glutarate. The elevated levels of bilirubin degradation products, known for their antioxidant properties, suggested a potential antioxidative response triggered by prolonged aerobic exercise. Additionally, an increase in ribose and glutarate indicated improved metabolic flexibility and enhanced utilization of alternative energy substrates. The 8-week aerobic exercise regimen demonstrated enhanced insulin sensitivity, upper body strength, and cardiovascular performance in young females compared to a 4-week regimen by triggering specific metabolic adaptations. These findings emphasize the complex relationship between exercise duration, metabolic adaptations, and overall well-being in young women, providing valuable insights for optimizing exercise prescriptions in promoting metabolic health.

The impact of physical activity on mental health

This article critically evaluates the interconnectedness of physical activity and mental health, drawing on a diverse body of evidence from observational studies, controlled trials, and emerging neuroscientific research. We explore how engaging in regular exercise is associated with improved mood regulation, reductions in anxiety and depressive symptoms, and better coping strategies under stress. By examining a range of exercise modalities, intensities, and durations across various age groups and demographic contexts, we shed light on the differential impacts of physical activity on mental well-being. Neuroscientific findings including those from neuroimaging and biomarker analyses offer insights into the biological mechanisms behind these improvements, revealing alterations in neural circuits and neurotransmitter systems that underpin emotional resilience and cognitive functioning. We further consider the psychological and social benefits that accompany regular physical activity, such as enhanced self-esteem, feelings of belonging, and the establishment of positive routines. Finally, we identify gaps in existing research, including the need for more tailored, evidence-based exercise prescriptions and an improved understanding of how to optimize interventions for individuals with specific mental health profiles. Overall, this review underscores the imperative of incorporating strategic physical activity programs into mental health prevention, treatment, and policy initiatives.

Exercise Training in Heart Failure: Current Evidence and Future Directions.

Heart Failure (HF) is a prevalent condition which places a substantial burden on healthcare systems worldwide. Medical management implemented with exercise training (ET) plays a role in prognostic and functional capacity improvement. The aim of this review is to determine the effect of exercise training (ET) on HFpEF and HFrEF patients as well as exercise modality recommendations in frail and sarcopenic subpopulations. Pharmacological therapy structures the cornerstone of management in HF reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and aids improved survival rates. Mortality reduction with pharmacological treatments in HF preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) are yet to be established. Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) and ET can play an important role in both HFrEF and HFpEF. Preliminary findings suggest that CR significantly improves functional capacity, exercise duration, and quality of life. ET has shown beneficial effects on peak oxygen consumption (pVO2) and 6 min walk test distance in HFrEF and HFpEF patients, as well as a reduction in hospitalisation and mortality rates; however, the limited scope of larger trials reporting on this underscores the need for further research. ET also has been shown to have beneficial effects on depression and anxiety levels. High-intensity training (HIT) and moderate continuous training (MCT) have both shown benefits, while resistance exercise training and ventilatory assistance may also be beneficial. ET adherence rates are higher when enrolled to a supervised programme, but prescription rates remain low worldwide. Larger robust trials are required to determine ET's effects on HF, as well as the most efficacious and personalised exercise prescriptions in HF subtypes.

Comparative Electrocardiographic Analysis Between Physical Exercise Practitioners and Athletes: A Cross-Sectional Study.

The trained heart adapts through geometric changes influenced by concentric and eccentric hypertrophy, depending on the predominance of the isometric or dynamic components of the exercise performed. Additionally, alterations in heart rhythm may occur due to increased vagal system activity. Cardiological evaluation with an electrocardiogram (ECG) aims to identify cardiac conditions that could temporarily or permanently disqualify an athlete from competition. This study sought to compare electrocardiographic findings in regular exercisers with those observed in athletes and to correlate these findings with training duration and load. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 154 participants divided into two groups: exercisers (EG) and athletes (AG). Data were collected on exercise type, weekly training time and practice duration. Each participant underwent a resting ECG, analyzed by two independent physicians, with a third review in case of disagreement. The Seattle criteria were applied to categorize ECG changes as physiological, borderline or abnormal. The findings revealed that 75% of athletes exhibited ECG changes, with left and/or right ventricular hypertrophy and incomplete right bundle branch block (IRBBB) being the most prevalent. Age (PR = 0.92; p = 0.004) and exercise duration (PR = 1.00; p = 0.004) significantly influenced the observed electrocardiographic changes. The majority of both regular exercisers and athletes displayed ECG alterations, with the prevalence increasing with age and training duration.

The effect of exercise intervention on inhibitory function in obese and overweight children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background and objectivesObese and overweight children and adolescents exhibit significant deficits in inhibitory function compared to their typical-weight peers. There is a high variability in the effectiveness of exercise interventions on inhibitory function in obese and overweight children and adolescents, and clinical protocols lack consistency. This study aims to systematically review the effects of exercise interventions on inhibitory function in obese and overweight children and adolescents.MethodsA systematic search was conducted on Web of Science, PubMed, Cochrane Library, EBSCO, WanFang Database, and China Knowledge Resource Integrated Database (CNKI) to gather randomized controlled trials (RCTs) examining the impact of exercise interventions on inhibitory function in obese and overweight children and adolescents. The search covered publications from January 2000 to January 8, 2024. Two researchers independently conducted a meta-analysis, screening the literature, extracting information, and assessing the methodological quality of the included studies.ResultsThe analysis included 24 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with a total of 1,247 participants. The meta-analysis showed that post-intervention improvements in inhibitory function were significantly greater in the experimental group compared to the control group (SMD = -0.65, 95% CI = -1.01 to -0.29, p < 0.01), indicating a medium effect size. Subgroup analyses indicated that open motor skills (SMD = -0.73, 95% CI = -1.20 to -0.27, p < 0.01), moderate intensity (SMD = -0.80, 95% CI = -1.37 to -0.23, p < 0.01), and long-term regular exercise (SMD = -1.04, 95% CI = -1.47 to -0.62, p < 0.01) were significantly more effective than controls in improving inhibitory function. Both small exercise (SMD = -1.60, 95% CI = -2.25 to -0.94, p < 0.01) and large exercise volume (SMD = -0.85, 95% CI = -1.33 to -0.37, p < 0.01) outperformed the control group. Additionally, Stroop, Flanker, and Go/No-go tasks (SMD = -0.88, -0.62, 0.73, 95% CI = -1.43 to -0.32, -1.09 to -0.15, 0.20 to 1.25, p < 0.01) effectively assessed inhibitory function in obese and overweight children and adolescents.ConclusionExercise can improve the inhibitory function of obese and overweight children and adolescents. The effectiveness of this intervention is influenced by exercise type, intensity, and duration. Long-term regular exercise involving open motor skills and moderate intensity yields better results in enhancing the inhibitory function of obese and overweight children and adolescents.Systematic review registrationThe protocol of this systematic review was registered with INPLASY. The protocol ID was INPLASY202450061.

Effects of physical exercise on anxiety depression and emotion regulation in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to comprehensively evaluate the impact of physical exercise interventions on anxiety, depression, and emotional regulation in children diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). A comprehensive search was conducted across multiple databases, including Embase, Web of Science (WOS), PubMed, The Cochrane Library, Wanfang Data, VIP Information, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), from their inception up to July 2024. The search aimed to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the impact of physical exercise on anxiety, depression, and emotional regulation in children diagnosed with ADHD. The Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale was employed to assess the quality of the literature, while the revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool (ROB-2) was used to evaluate the overall risk of bias. The Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) profiler method was utilized to further assess the quality of evidence. Meta-analysis, sensitivity analysis, and publication bias testing were performed using Stata 18.0 software. Effect sizes were calculated using the standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). The analysis included 18 RCTs, encompassing 830 participants. Physical exercise exhibited a significant positive effect on anxiety (SMD = -0.58, p < 0.05), depression (SMD = -0.57, p < 0.05), and emotional regulation (SMD = 1.03, p < 0.05) in children diagnosed with ADHD. Subgroup analysis revealed that exercise programs with monotypic and mixed modalities, short duration, high frequencies, medium duration, and moderate intensities were the most efficacious in ameliorating anxiety symptoms. The mixed exercise program, when conducted for short duration, with low frequencies, medium duration, and moderate intensity was the most effective in alleviating depression symptoms. Exercise programs featuring mixed modalities, longer duration, moderate to high frequencies, shorter duration, and low intensity yielded the most significant improvements in emotional regulation. Research demonstrates that physical exercise mitigates anxiety and depression and improves emotional regulation in children with ADHD. A dose-response relationship is evident, correlating with the type, duration, intensity, frequency, and overall exercise duration. https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, PROSPERO identifier (CRD42024571577).

Impact of high intensity and long duration exercise in genetic arrhythmogenic left ventricular cardiomyopathy

Impact of high intensity and long duration exercise in genetic arrhythmogenic left ventricular cardiomyopathy

Exercise-driven cellular autophagy: A bridge to systematic wellness.

Exercise enhances health by supporting homeostasis, bolstering defenses, and aiding disease recovery. It activates autophagy, a conserved cellular process essential for maintaining balance, while dysregulated autophagy contributes to disease progression. Despite extensive research on exercise and autophagy independently, their interplay remains insufficiently understood. This review explores the molecular mechanisms of exercise-induced autophagy in various tissues, focusing on key transduction pathways. It examines how different types of exercise trigger specific autophagic responses, supporting cellular balance and addressing systemic dysfunctions. The review also highlights the signaling pathways involved, their roles in protecting organ function, reducing disease risk, and promoting longevity, offering a clear understanding of the link between exercise and autophagy. Exercise-induced autophagy is governed by highly coordinated and dynamic pathways integrating direct and indirect mechanical forces and biochemical signals, linking physical activity to cellular and systemic health across multiple organ systems. Its activation is influenced by exercise modality, intensity, duration, and individual biological characteristics, including age, sex, and muscle fiber composition. Aerobic exercises primarily engage AMPK and mTOR pathways, supporting mitochondrial quality and cellular homeostasis. Anaerobic training activates PI3K/Akt signaling, modulating molecules like FOXO3a and Beclin1 to drive muscle autophagy and repair. In pathological contexts, exercise-induced autophagy enhances mitochondrial function, proteostasis, and tissue regeneration, benefiting conditions like sarcopenia, neurodegeneration, myocardial ischemia, metabolic disorders, and cancer. However, excessive exercise may lead to autophagic overactivation, leading to muscle atrophy or pathological cardiac remodeling. This underscores the critical need for balanced exercise regimens to maximize therapeutic efficacy while minimizing risks. Future research should prioritize identifying reliable biomarkers, optimizing exercise protocols, and integrating exercise with pharmacological strategies to enhance therapeutic outcomes.

Empirically validating a computational model of automatic behavior shaping.

Mobile sensing technology allows automated behavior shaping routines to be incorporated into health behavior interventions and other settings. In previous work, a computational model was built to investigate how to best arrange automatic behavior shaping procedures, but the degree to which this model reflects actual human behavior is not known. To translate a previously developed computational model of automatic behavior shaping into an experimental setting. Participants (n = 54) operated a computer mouse and attempted to locate a hidden, randomly-placed target circle on a blank computer screen and clicks within some threshold distance of the target circle were reinforced by a pleasant auditory tone. As the trial progressed, the threshold distance narrowed according to a shaping function until eventually only clicks within the target circle were reinforced. Accumulated Area Under Trajectory Curves and Time Until 10 Consecutive Target Clicks were used to quantify the probability of the target behavior. Linear mixed effects models were used to assess differential outcomes for concave up, concave down, and linear shaping functions. In congruence with the computational model, concave-up functions most effectively shaped participants' behavior, with linear and then concave-down shaping functions producing the next best outcomes. Concave-up shaping routines most effectively generated target behavior, which should be confirmed in health behavior trials. The automatic shaping routines that this study helps develop can be applied in a number of domains, including exercise intensity and duration, tobacco/cannabis smoking, caloric intake, and screen time.

Exploring Dynamics of Perceived Exertion Rating in Successive Football Training Sessions: Insights into Training Load Sensitivity to Exercise Duration and Physiological Variables in Youth Players

Exploring Dynamics of Perceived Exertion Rating in Successive Football Training Sessions: Insights into Training Load Sensitivity to Exercise Duration and Physiological Variables in Youth Players

Systematic review of the best evidence for resistance exercise in maintenance hemodialysis patients.

This study aims to search, evaluate, and consolidate the best evidence for resistance exercise in maintenance hemodialysis patients, providing evidence-based support for the clinical implementation of resistance exercise in these patients. We conducted a comprehensive search of literature in databases on resistance exercise for maintenance hemodialysis patients, including guidelines, expert consensus, evidence summaries, systematic reviews, and randomized controlled trials. The search spanned from the inception of the database to March 2023. During the process of evaluation and data extraction, two researchers rigorously assessed the quality of the literature. A total of 24 articles were included in this review, consisting of 2 guidelines, 3 expert consensus documents, 9 systematic reviews, and 10 randomized controlled trials. From nine aspects, including target population, contraindications for exercise, pre-exercise assessment, exercise frequency, exercise intensity, exercise duration, exercise type, exercise benefits, and exercise precautions, we extracted a total of 23 pieces of best evidence. Given the findings of this study, we recommend that future researchers design and conduct larger-scale, multi-center, longitudinal studies to validate our results and further explore the long-term impacts of combined resistance and aerobic exercises on muscle strength and other health indicators. Such research will provide deeper insights and contribute to the development of evidence-based exercise programs.

Effect of Aerobic Exercise on Blood Glucose Among Those with Prediabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Prediabetes, a state between normoglycemia and diabetes, is increasingly affecting population health; thus, it should not be overlooked. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to explore the efficacy of aerobic exercise on blood glucose indicators among those with prediabetes. Five databases, including PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and CINAHL, were searched up to September 2024 to identify randomized controlled trials measuring the effect of aerobic exercise on blood glucose levels among individuals with prediabetes. Data on fasting blood glucose (FBG), 2-h postprandial plasma glucose (2hPG), and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) were extracted. Subgroup analyses were conducted based on intervention duration, weekly exercise duration, and volume. In total, 2518 relevant records were initially retrieved, and 16 studies were included in this systematic review, with 14 providing sufficient data for meta-analysis. Compared to the control group, the weighted mean difference (MD) for FBG, 2hPG, and HbA1c was -1.33 (95%CI: -1.87, -0.89), -1.00 (95%CI: -1.60, -0.39), and -1.05 (95%CI: -1.49, -0.61), respectively. Subgroup analysis showed that pooled effect size for FBG, 2hPG, and HbA1c was greater in the subgroup subjected to ≥48 weeks of intervention compared to the subgroup subjected to ≤24 weeks of intervention, although only the difference in FBG was significant (p < 0.05). Weekly exercise longer than 180 min/week led to greater reductions in FBG, 2hPG, and HbA1c compared to weekly exercise shorter than 150 min/week, and only differences in 2hPG were not significant (p > 0.05). Total weekly exercise of 1314-1323 MET·min/week led to greater reductions in FBG and HbA1c levels compared to 975-1080 MET·min/week (p > 0.05). Aerobic exercise effectively decreases FBG, 2hPG, and HbA1c and controls blood glucose levels. The volume and duration of aerobic exercise are important factors affecting the reduction in blood glucose levels, exhibiting a positive correlation within a specific range. Aerobic exercise can serve as a viable therapeutic approach for reducing the risk of diabetes among individuals with prediabetes.

The Effect of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Levels (BNDF): A Systematic Review.

High-intensity interval training (HIIT) alternates short periods of intense exercise with recovery, effectively enhancing cardiorespiratory fitness, endurance, and strength in various populations. Concurrently, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) supports neuronal resilience and activity-dependent plasticity, which are vital for learning and memory. This study aims to systematically review changes in BDNF levels in response to HIIT, with three primary objectives: evaluating the benefits of HIIT for BDNF modulation, assessing methodological quality and the risk of bias in reviewed studies, and identifying patterns in BDNF response based on HIIT protocols and population characteristics. Comprehensive database searches were conducted in PubMed and SPORTDiscus to identify relevant studies published up to April 2024. Given the diversity in study designs and outcomes, a narrative synthesis was performed rather than a meta-analysis. Bias was evaluated using visualization tools such as RobVis, and the review was conducted by a single researcher, which may limit its comprehensiveness. Twelve studies met the inclusion criteria, with most indicating significant increases in BDNF levels post-HIIT, suggesting HIIT's potential to enhance neuroplasticity and cognitive functions. However, variations in BDNF responses were observed across different HIIT protocols and study populations. Some studies reported decreases or no change in BDNF levels, reflecting the complex regulation of BDNF influenced by factors such as exercise intensity, duration, and individual variability. HIIT shows promise as an intervention for increasing BDNF levels, with potential benefits for brain health and cognitive function. These findings underscore the need for further research to confirm the optimal conditions under which HIIT can effectively enhance neurological outcomes. Future studies should explore standardized HIIT protocols and the long-term impact of HIIT on BDNF and neuroplasticity.

Aerobic Exercise and Weight Loss in Adults

Current guidance on the duration of aerobic exercise recommended in existing guidelines comes primarily from individual trials. Meta-analyses are lacking to examine the dose-response association of aerobic exercise with adiposity measures. To clarify the dose-response association of aerobic exercise with adiposity measures. PubMed, Scopus, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and gray literature sources (ProQuest and ClinicalTrials.gov) from inception to April 30, 2024. Randomized clinical trials with intervention durations of at least 8 weeks evaluating the effects of supervised aerobic training on adults with overweight or obesity. The PRISMA guidelines were followed to report the results of the meta-analysis. Data extraction was conducted by 2 teams of 2 reviewers each, working independently and in duplicate. Random-effects meta-analyses were performed to estimate mean differences and 95% CIs for each 30-minute per week aerobic exercise and to clarify the shape of the curvilinear associations. Measures of body weight, waist circumference, body fat, adverse events, medication use reduction, and health-related quality of life score. The certainty of evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) tool, with a range from very low to high certainty. In total, 116 randomized clinical trials involving 6880 participants (4199 [61%] female; mean [SD] age, 46 [13] years) with overweight or obesity were included. Each 30 minutes per week of aerobic exercise was associated with reduced body weight by 0.52 kg (95% CI, -0.61 to -0.44 kg; n = 109 trials, GRADE = moderate), waist circumference by 0.56 cm (95% CI, -0.67 to -0.45 cm; n = 62 trials, GRADE = high), body fat percentage by 0.37% (95% CI, -0.43% to -0.31%; n = 65 trials, GRADE = moderate), as well as the areas of visceral (mean difference, -1.60 cm2 [95% CI, -2.12 to -1.07 cm2]; n = 26 trials, GRADE = high) and subcutaneous (mean difference, -1.37 cm2 [95% CI, -1.82 to -0.92 cm2]; n = 27 trials, GRADE = moderate) adipose tissues. Aerobic exercise was associated with modestly increased physical (standardized mean difference, 1.69 SD [95% CI, 1.18-2.20 SD]) and mental (standardized mean difference, 0.74 SD [95% CI, 0.29-1.19 SD]) aspects of quality of life (1 trial with 80 participants, GRADE = low). It was associated with modestly increased mild to moderate adverse events, which were mostly musculoskeletal symptoms (risk difference, 2 more events per 100 participants [95% CI, 1 to 2 more]; GRADE = low). Dose-response meta-analyses indicated that body weight, waist circumference, and body fat measures decreased linearly or monotonically in association with increasing duration of aerobic exercise to 300 minutes per week, with aerobic exercise lasting 150 minutes per week at moderate to vigorous intensities resulting in clinically important reductions in waist circumference and body fat. In this meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials, engaging in 30 minutes of aerobic exercise per week was associated with modest reductions in body weight, waist circumference, and body fat measures among adults with overweight or obesity. However, aerobic training exceeding 150 minutes per week at moderate intensity or greater may be needed to achieve clinically important reductions.