Exercise Command Research Articles

“A vast and efficient organism” – Admiral Chester W. Nimitz and the art of command

Abstract In the years before World War II, the US Navy developed and refined a particular culture of command. Outwardly, this culture emphasized decentralized authority; it relied on clear mission-based orders that provided direction and fostered the initiative of subordinates. An informal network of connections – personal relationships between officers – supported these formal structures. Intimate familiarity, developed through years of shared experiences and collaboration, was the medium through which the US Navy’s officer corps exercised command. After the attack on Pearl Harbor, Admiral Chester W. Nimitz leveraged these personal connections and shared experiences to transform the Pacific Fleet and turn it into a “vast and efficient organism” capable of learning, evolving, and overcoming myriad obstacles in pursuit of a singular vision: victory in the war against Imperial Japan. Nimitz’s approach was unique, but it was not unusual; it was an outgrowth of a leadership culture the Navy had actively fostered in the early years of the twentieth century. He used his relationships and familiarity with fellow officers to exercise command decisively and transform his command into a complex adaptive system that accelerated Allied victory in the Pacific in World War II.

Assessing Dynamics of Control Through Iranian Technology Transfer to Yemen’s Houthis

This article examines the scale and significance of Iranian technology transfer to Ansar Allah in Yemen in underpinning the Houthi way of war. Henry Thompson and Jack Watling consider how Iran balances the transfer of manufacturing capabilities versus the provision of complete systems to exercise influence over the Houthis’ strikes on their adversaries. The article argues that the provision of key components gives Iran intimate access to Houthi planning, and therefore extensive indirect influence over how the Houthis fight. This structural dependence enables Iran to exercise command decisions without the need to intrusively exercise control. ◼

바로서기 시 자세안정성에 대한 생체기반 운동명령신호의 탐구

This study is to investigate the motor unit’s exercise command signal using kinematic variables in the posture control of the human body. This study is divided into four types of postures (two foot stance, main single-leg stance, secondary single-leg stance, eyes closed main single-leg stance), divided into athlete group and general public group. As a result of performing FFT transformation of EEG signal, the following conclusions were obtained.<BR> First, there was a statistically significant difference in time series data (CoP, Torque, EEG) in postural stability between two groups according to the posture style. Second, significant differences were found in the frequency series data by FFT transform in the postural stability between two groups according to the posture style. Third, the brain nervous system and musculoskeletal activation were detected in the vicinity of the frequency band of RM (rambling), which is a bio-signal as a motor unit’s system, and significant differences were found as the difficulty of each posture increased.<BR> In particular, significant differences were found in proportion to the difficulty of the posture type in the main frequency and the maximum output values between the two groups. These results suggest that EEG exercise command directly affects posture control. In conclusion, it was found that exercise command signal is involved in intentional postural control of human body as an exercise unit between EEG signal and musculoskeletal signal.

Enhancing Security Sector Accountability and Professionalism in Africa Through Civilian Oversight: A Review of Legal and Institutional Frameworks.

Democratic control of the military, the process by which elected officials exercise command and control over the military, is a well-established principle across Africa as it is across the world. It constitutes one important component of civilian oversight, a process by which citizens — either directly or indirectly through elected and appointed leaders — hold the security sector to account in relation to execution of their mandates, management of resources and commitments to the respect of human rights. While adherence to best practices in terms of financial governance and respect for human rights are integral to building accountable and professional security sectors on the continent, — and effective civilian oversight is key to achieving these goals —, experience shows that the record in practice is patchy at best and in some cases entirely absent. A majority of states lack the essential elements of civilian oversight including relevant mechanisms and procedures. Indeed, due to a lack of effective civilian oversight, a majority of security sectors in Africa are bedeviled by multiple problems: failure to entrench proper financial governance practices which exposes the sector to corruption; many are often implicated in egregious human rights violations both at home and in peacekeeping operations (PKOs), and; some exhibit low levels of professionalism marked by inefficiency and ineffectiveness in the delivery on their mandates of securing their citizens. To build accountable, able, efficient and professional security sectors, it is necessary to embrace and strengthen civilian oversight beyond the recognition of the principle of democratic/civilian control. This paper outlines and discusses the legal and institutional frameworks for civilian oversight of the security sector (special focus on military) across all legal systems in Africa-English, French, Spanish and Portuguese. It sketches the essentials for civilian oversight and makes policy re commendations on how security sector professionalism and accountability can be enhanced through oversight.

PENGARUH KOMPOSISI TIM UJI TRAMPIL DAN KEPUASAN KERJA TERHADAP KINERJA KOLATARMABAR

The objective research is to obtain information concerning effect capability tester team composition and job satisfaction toward Job performance or outcomes Indonesian navy western fleet exercise command. The research was conducted by using survey method with path analysis in testing hypothesis.In this research 90 from 100 personel Indonesian navy western fleet exercise command selected random sampling.The research was focused on three aspect : composition team and job satisfaction toward outcomes. The data were collected with questionare and analyzed with path analysis result on the analysis it is calculated that (1) there the positive direct effect of team composition toward job satisfaction (2) there is the positive job satisfaction toward outcomes (3) there is positive direct effect of team composition toward outcomes.

PENGARUH KOMPOSISI TIM UJI TRAMPIL DAN KEPUASAN KERJA TERHADAP KINERJA KOLATARMABAR

The objective research is to obtain information concerning effect capability tester team composition and job satisfaction toward Job performance or outcomes Indonesian navy western fleet exercise command. The research was conducted by using survey method with path analysis in testing hypothesis.In this research 90 from 100 personel Indonesian navy western fleet exercise command selected random sampling.The research was focused on three aspect : composition team and job satisfaction toward outcomes. The data were collected with questionare and analyzed with path analysis result on the analysis it is calculated that (1) there the positive direct effect of team composition toward job satisfaction (2) there is the positive job satisfaction toward outcomes (3) there is positive direct effect of team composition toward outcomes.

206 運動スキル最適化のための筋骨格モデルの構築(筋骨格モデルの応用)

It is important that we know the most suitable exercise command in sports for results improvement. The acquisition of the most suitable exercise command is effective using a musculoskeletal model to have different characteristic parameters such as height and the weight of the player by forward dynamics simulation. We built musculoskeletal model for exercise skill optimization in this study using Open Dynamics Engine of the dynamics operation library. Because ODE can make any shapes easily and treat it dynamically, the simultaneous optimization of human movement and parameter implement are enabled. The model to suggest was comprised of a head, the body, humerus, radius, ulna, a hand, pelvis, thighbone, lower leg bone, foot and toe. These models were connected by ball and socket joint of 3 degree of freedom and hinge joint of 1 degree of freedom with human articular range of motion which were API of ODE. The placement of the muscle of the power source is decided based on the data that an initial point and terminal are shown in BodyParts3D and the muscular strength is decided using a muscle model thought about by Hill-Stroeve.

RELIGIOUS CONVICTION IN THE PROFESSION OF ARMS

Many political theorists have argued that religious reasons should play a rather limited role in public or political settings. So, for example, according to the Doctrine of Religious Restraint, citizens and legislators ought not allow religious reasons to play a decisive role in justifying public policies. Many military professionals seem to believe that some version of that doctrine applies in military settings, that is, that military professionals should not allow their religious convictions to determine how they exercise command authority. We explain why the Doctrine of Religious Restraint should not apply to military professionals and articulate an alternative understanding of the justificatory role legitimately played by religious considerations in military settings. This alternative understanding assumes that military professionals will exercise command authority with tact, wisdom, and due respect for both the spirit and letter of the law, even when they are guided by robust faith commitments.

The Farmers' Influence over Prices

The ability to exercise command over prices is the determining factor in the distribution of goods, whereby one class is enabled to rise to the higher levels of economic wellbeing; while the inability to command the price situation means eventual loss of such position, or failure ever to attain it. Probably no other class, or group, of people so great in numbers, with so high a level of intelligence, have during the past eventful century and a half remained so passive, and taken its share of the social dividend with such resignation, as have the farmers. Over a large part of this period it is almost as though the farmers' income were predetermined by the fates, and forecast by nothing more modern or reliable than the auguries. This extreme situation is more thoroughly characteristic of America than of some other countries, such for example as Germany, Denmark, and earlier, England. The American farmer is undoubtedly the most individualistic citizen to be found in numbers in any modern country. His life and his contacts have contributed to the development of a spirit of independence which has long been his pride, and now constitutes his weakness. For more than a century following the Revolution the farmer was coaxed westward by free land, not appreciating that free land