Exegetical Analysis Research Articles

Processo de aprendizagem na fé

The dialogue between theology and pedagogy builds the basis for the development of the learning process from the perspective of faith. It is not faith that grows, but rather people who mature in attitudes that correspond to the hope they confess, concrete attitudes in their daily lives. Considering the cognitive, affective and attitudinal dimensions of the human being, this research has as its main objective to describe learning that is integral, significant and continuous, from the perspective of faith. Therefore, in addition to bibliographical research, an exegetical analysis of biblical texts that support each of these learnings was carried out. It is important to consider the existential context of students, establishing the link between faith and life, promoting integral, significant learning and continuous formation in the faith, that is, in each phase of life. The task of continuous formation in the faith is the responsibility of all people who participate in life in the Christian community, evidencing the general priesthood of all people who believe in an effective and efficient way. The Church of Jesus Christ is concerned with the catechumenate, with ongoing discipleship, with the formation in the faith of children, adolescents and young people, as well as adults and the elderly, planning and implementing in a conscious and responsible way the integral and significant learning in the process of formation in the faith throughout life.

Analyzing And Assessing the Translation of Quranic Terms based on the Tridimensional Exegetic Analysis Model, salah as a Case Study

The study investigates the hypothesis that there are certain conceptual gaps between the source and target concepts and proposes a translation strategy to avoid that distortion of the intended meanings. It starts from the premise that producing a high-quality translation of Quranic concepts could be attained if the distinctive features of source and target concepts are delimited based on an onomasiological terminological approach and a tri-dimensional textual approach. The objective is to assess an equivalent of a Qur’anic term based on its conceptual match or mismatch with the source concept and to propose improved versions that meet the needs of readers of Quranic translations irrespective of their cultural backgrounds. Thus, after attaining the conceptual delimitation of the Quranic concept of salah, an analysis is conducted to check whether its features are well conveyed in the equivalent “prayer”. Salah is delimited in the Quran (intratextuality), Sunnah (intertextuality), and the historical sociocultural contexts (contextuality).

Jesus and the angels: A comparative reading of Hebrews 1:1–4 in light of Ewe angelology

This article examines the phrase, tosoutō kreittōn genomenos tōn angelōn (Heb 1:4a) (having become as much superior to the angels) in the exordium of the epistle to the Hebrews in the light of Ewe angelology. The article employs both comparative and mother tongue hermeneutical approaches as its methodologies. An exegetical analysis of the cosmic superiority of Christ over angels in Hebrews 1:4a was carried out to situate the text in its historical and literary contexts. This was followed by an excursus on angels to explore the angelic world of the text, and a comparative discussion with angelology motif in Ewe cosmology. Finally, the article assesses the cosmic supremacy of Christ over the angelic world of the Ewe against the backdrop of the continuous quest for spiritual protection in Ewe-Ghanaian spirituality today. The quest for spiritual protection in popular Ewe-Ghanaian Christianity today stems from the perception that Christ’s cosmic superiority over the cosmos he created and owns including angelic beings alone is not enough and that one would need to resort to other mediums to enhance access to God for quicker solutions to one’s predicaments. This has resulted in the introduction of syncretic elements in spirituality. To cure the syncretic elements in Ewe Christian spirituality, this article makes the following proposals: Firstly, the preaching (kerygma) and teaching (didache) of the gospel message must be given priority in the pulpit. Secondly, Christian educators must constantly emphasise Christ’s superiority and his exclusive mediatory function over Ewe cosmic beings to ensure that old and new converts to Christianity view him alone as sufficient for their spiritual development.Contribution: The article contributes to the academic knowledge of the priestly Christology in Hebrews situating it within the context of mother tongue biblical hermeneutics.

Eco-Theological Implications of Psalms 8 in The Context of Biodiversity Preservation and Field Hunting in Osun Groove

One of the prominent natural ecosystems in Nigeria that has attracted global attention with rich cultural, social, economical, political and religious relevance is Osun-Osogbo Sacred Grove. In spite of the rising global scholarly attention on eco-theology and biodiversity, there is still inadequate scientific research on eco-theological implications on Osun-Osogbo grove and biodiversity preservation in the light of Psalms 8. Thus, this study aims at assessing the implication of eco-theological implications of Psalms 8 in the context of biodiversity preservation and field hunting in Osun-Osogbo grove, Osogbo, Osun State. The study employed historical and exegetical analyses using secondary sources of data. The pioneering work of Jürgen Moltmann serves as the theoretical basis of the study. The grove is regarded as the abode of the goddess of fertility, Osun, one of the pantheon of the Yoruba gods, the landscape of the grove and its meandering river is dotted with sanctuaries and shrines, sculptures and art works in honor of Osun and other deities. Osun-Osogbo Festival has attracted a lot of tourists to the grove contributing to the economic growth of the state. Plant, trees and animal species are gradually decreasing; thus, some flora and fauna are endangered. In the context of Psalms 8, biodiversity preservation needs to be enabled as it was observed that encroachment into the grove from the buffer zone as well as uncurbed daily activities along the road are beginning to have negative effect on the rich ecotourism potentials that are being conserved. Conclusively, the grove remains an integral part of the cosmological system needed to be governed by man and not man be governed by it.

Argumentasi Teologis dalam Kisah Rut: Implementasi Hukum Levirat dan Tanggung Jawab Sosial

Talking about redemption, the Old Testament directs us to a book that tells about redemption, namely the book of Ruth. This book talks about levirate marriage. According to Torah law, if a man dies without having children, his brother is obliged to take his wife in a "common law marriage", so that the woman will give birth to children for her dead husband. This article will explore the concept of redemption in the Book of Ruth. The method used is the method of narrative literary exegesis. The methodological principles include structural analysis, stylistic analysis, editorial analysis, exegetical analysis, and theological analysis. As a result, The story of Ruth not only provides insight into the practice of levirate law in a historical context but also conveys theological lessons relevant to the present day. The principles in this story, such as social responsibility, protection of the vulnerable, and commitment to justice, remain pertinent and can be applied in a modern context.

Begeleiding en toerusting tot goeie werke as noodsaaklike deel van gemeentebediening

Leading and equipping people for good deeds as a crucial part of parish ministry. The article examines the role that equipment for good works, as an integral part of church ministry, can play in revitalising and help congregations to grow. The investigation is conducted through an exegetical analysis of Ephesians 2, focusing on verse 10. The results of the study of Ephesians are then compared with other Scriptures where good works are mentioned. From this research, it becomes clear that good works do not play a role in the justification and salvation of believers, because it is solely the work of God’s undeserved grace. However, good works are an integral part of God’s purpose in his redemption of humanity. Humanity is not saved by good works but rather unto good works. According to Ephesians, good works serve to proclaim the greatness of God’s grace towards believers. God prepares the good works for believers. Believers are enabled to do good works through the gifts that Christ and the Spirit give them, and the equipment they receive through the special services. From the Gospels, it is evident that good works were a characteristic of Jesus’ mission, and therefore also the calling of his disciples. In the pastoral letters, good works are described as part of Christ’s purpose for which He acquired a people for Himself. The ultimate goal of equipping from the Word, is the ability to do good works. Therefore, good works testify to maturity in faith, reliability, and dedication. A lack of good works puts a question mark on someone’s faith. The conclusion from the research is that deliberate equipping of members to actively do good works, should be an integral part of church ministry. Each member of the congregation should be held responsible for using the opportunities that God creates for them, to do good works. The lack of a structured ministry of equipping members for distributing God’s grace by good works, can be a leading cause of stagnation and decline in congregations.Contribution: The article contributes to practical theological reflection on ministry in the church through in-depth exegetical analysis and comparison of Scripture with Scripture. The place of equipping for good works, which is often overlooked in reformed circles, is highlighted here.

Revisiting the Crucifixion of Jesus within Islam

This article demonstrates that Muslim teachings on the historical crucifixion event of Jesus are by no means monolithic. While the Qur’ān’s reference to the crucifixion has typically been interpreted as fostering explicit rejection of the belief that Christ was crucified, its meaning on this issue constitutes neither denial nor affirmation of its historicity. Over time, discussion of the crucifixion within the Islamic tradition was formed to accommodate a rejection that obscured the neutrality of the original Qur’ānic position. One school of Islamic thought which affirmed the historicity of the crucifixion on a Qur’ānic basis is the tradition of Shi’a Isma’ili Islam. This article focuses on the conceptualisation of the crucifixion within Isma’ilism and its connection with Sunnism. From the Isma’ili perspective, the Qur’ān does not deny the crucifixion of Jesus; rather, it only denies that the People of the Book crucified him, in apparent response to their boasting. The ambiguity of Surah 4:157 remains a vigorous debate among classical and later Muslim scholars with references to the crucifixion as preserved in early and medieval literature furnishing distinctively divergent accounts of its unfolding. Even classical scholars such as al-Ghazali were persuaded by the views about the crucifixion expressed by leading Isma’ili thinkers such as Abu Ḥatim al-Razi (d. 934 CE) and Naṣir Khusraw (d. 1078 CE). Ultimately, the objective of this article is twofold: to demonstrate that the Qur’ān offers a neutral account of the crucifixion and to examine Shi’ite exegetical analysis on the crucifixion event in contrast to mainstream Islam.

Pawłowa zachęta do życia poddanego Duchowi Świętemu

The aim of this article is to show the specificity of Christian life as explained by St. Paul in the Letter to the Galatians (5:13–26). The first stage of the exegetical analysis is to determine the literary context of the pericope, allowing the fundamental reason for the difference in the lives of believers to be shown, namely, the gift of salvation. The second part of the article explains the relationship between the gift of freedom and the ability to live in love. The apostle points out that failure to accept the gift of salvation manifests itself in disorder in the sexual sphere, in lack of respect and forgiveness for other people, and even a broken relationship with God. The third part concerns the fruit of the believer’s docility to the Holy Spirit, which is a life in love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, gentleness and self–control. Attention to His guidance makes believers capable of overcoming selfish tendencies.

Talking about Oneself to Talk about Christ: The Autobiographical Text of Philippians 3:1–4.1 in Light of Ancient Rhetorical Heritage

In this contribution, we will proceed in three steps. First of all, we will investigate the rhetorical approach for studying the Pauline letters, considering different methodological options. In this context, we will propose the approach of the literary rhetoric as the most valid. Secondly, we will analyse the autobiographical text of Philippians 3:1–4:1, starting from its delimitation, textual criticism, and its arrangement, according to oral and discursive models. Then, we will proceed with genre and literary origins; here, we will discover the periautologia as the point of reference of the Pauline autobiography. This eulogy of self is a genre, well known in the rhetorical tradition, to which Plutarch dedicated the treatise On praising oneself. This discovery determines the following exegetical analysis of the text. Thirdly, we will conclude with a reflection about Paul’s way of speaking about himself in this passage. In light of ancient rhetorical heritage, he does not use his autobiography to praise himself but to praise Christ, who completely changed his life. Ultimately, Paul’s talk about himself is a way of talking about Christ for the benefit of the addressees who should creatively imitate the Apostle and his Christian life.

A Critical Study of Matthew 18:15-18 in New Testament Greek and Selected Akan Mother-Tongue Translations: Implication for Peace-Making in Ghana

Recent global research reveals a world characterised by increasing fragmentation, diminished peace, and mounting risks for future generations. Diverse conflicts, ranging from familial to national issues, persist, even among individuals sharing the same faith. In Africa, nations like Cote d’Ivoire, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Burundi, Rwanda, the Central African Republic, and Sierra Leone grapple with severe consequences of conflicts. In Ghana, pockets of ethnic discord impact education, healthcare, and social services, prompting the emigration of skilled professionals. Despite ongoing peace efforts in Ghana, effective approaches are crucial. With over 70% of Ghanaians identifying as Christians, contextualising peace-making within sacred texts becomes imperative. In this exploration, the study delves into a biblical approach, specifically scrutinising Matthew 18:15–18 through exegetical analysis in Greek language and mother-tongue hermeneutics. These approaches reveal a convergence between the biblical author’s original meaning conveyed in the Greek language and its interpretation in the mother tongue. The paper advocates private conflict resolution to avoid gossip, involving witnesses if needed and church leaders if the issue persists. Disciplinary measures may be necessary, emphasising personal dignity and adherence to God’s will. The paper significantly contributes to conflict resolution knowledge, providing valuable insights for fostering peace in Ghana and beyond.

Be sealed with the Holy Spirit: Behind the metaphor in Ephesians 1:13

This study explores the phrase ‘sealed with the Holy Spirit’ of Ephesians 1:13 as a metaphor, which relates the status of the recipients with the seal. Past studies view that the metaphor teaches about covenant or unity in God’s protection, assurance, and ownership. This study hypothesises that the author uses metaphor to address the recipients who have a deeper sentiment with a seal meaning they are both Jewish and Gentile Christians but especially those who are slaves. The study combines the Ephesians’ background, lexical, and exegetical analyses with the cognitive-linguistic metaphor exploration. The result shows that the metaphor ‘seal’ is closely related to the personal experience of the Gentile Christians especially the slaves more than to others as it teaches that the endowment with the Spirit makes them worthy and united in the same identity as God’s chosen people.Contribution: This article seeks to contribute to the ongoing challenges that Indonesian Christians face in manifesting their unity because of their diverse cultural or historical backgrounds as part of a formerly colonialised nation especially those who are underprivileged and live in rural areas. By recognising that God has redeemed, endowed them with the Holy Spirit, and united with each other, they are free from various status bondages, especially as a minority group among the largest Muslim population in the world.

Optimizing carbon capture efficiency with direct capturing and amine: Insights from exegetic analysis

AbstractWith climate change concerns on the rise, finding efficient and sustainable ways to separate carbon dioxide from industrial gas mixtures has become increasingly important. Membrane‐based gas separation technologies offer a promising solution due to their low energy consumption, low emissions, and ease of operation. In this study, we dug deep into theoretical energy consumption and practical optimization strategies for CO2 separation using such technologies. Our results showed that CO2 separation can be achieved with relatively low specific energy consumption, ranging from 0.09 to 0.27 MJe/kg CO2, depending on feed CO2 concentration. By conducting process simulations, we determined the optimal feed gas pressure and membrane surface area required to achieve a CO2 absorption ratio of 90% (mol). We also analyzed the effects of CO2 permeation and selectivity on energy consumption and membrane area, revealing that increasing both can significantly reduce energy consumption, albeit with more membrane surface area required. Using seepage flow circulation was found to be a particularly effective way to improve feed CO2 concentration and reduce energy consumption. To optimize and improve the capturing process, we conducted exergy analysis in each of the five stages of optimization, reporting Cooling Utilities (MW), Heating Utilities (MW), and Total Utilities (MW) for each step. Our results showed that in the optimal mode, Total Utilities (MW) were reported as 228.1, highlighting the potential of membrane‐based CO2 separation for carbon capture and storage applications. This study provides valuable insights and practical strategies for achieving efficient and sustainable CO2 separation.

PROLOG KITAB AMSAL SEBAGAI LANDASAN PENGEMBANGAN KURIKULUM DI PERGURUAN TINGGI KRISTEN

The background to writing this article is the condition of education in Indonesia, including Christian universities, which in practice prioritizes only intellectuality. Even though the curriculum design has been prepared with comprehensive objectives, the facts prove that intellectuals occupy the golden seat in the world of education. Increasing intelligence without being balanced with spirituality, morality and practical skills will bring more harm than benefit. Therefore, this article aims to introduce the principles of curriculum development in Christian universities taken from the prologue of the Book of Proverbs, namely 1:1-7. Proverbs are suitable as a biblical basis for curriculum development because this book was originally used to instruct and educate young people in ancient Israel. The method used is literature study and exegetical analysis. As a result, the Prologue of Proverbs contains spiritual, intellectual, moral-social and practical aspects (problem solving), and it can be concluded that curriculum development in Christian universities needs to touch on these aspects.

Тема конца мира во Втором соборном послании святого апостола Петра

This article attempts to study the eschatological motives in the preaching of the Apostle Peter on the example of Chapter 3 of his Second Epistle. After analyzing the general context of biblical eschatology and studying the isagogical data regarding the given Epistle, the authors consider the socio-historical and ideological situation in the Christian world at the time of writing the Second Epistle of Peter. Issues related to the disputes concerning the authenticity of this message, as well as its connection with the apocryphal "Apocalypse of Peter" are touched upon. A textual and exegetical analysis of individual fragments of Chapter 3 is carried out. The theme of correlations between the eschatological teachings of the apostles Peter and Paul is analyzed. On the basis of the conducted analysis a conclusion is made about the place of the question of the end of the world in the sermon of the Apostle Peter as a whole as well as about the role of this issue in opposition of the Church to false teachings and schisms.

REFLECTION GOOD NAME AND CORRUPTION BEHAVIOR IN INDONESIA FROM PROVERBS 22:1

This study investigates the relationship between maintaining a good name and the prevalence of corruption behavior in Indonesia. By conducting an exegetical analysis of Proverbs 22:1, which emphasizes the value of a good name, the research explores its relevance to the issue of corruption in the Indonesian context. The research explores the socio-cultural significance of a good name in Indonesian society and its impact on individual and collective behavior. It examines the perception of integrity and the role of reputation in shaping ethical conduct among public officials, business leaders, and citizens. The study also reviews existing literature, case studies, and empirical evidence related to corruption in Indonesia. Drawing insights from Proverbs 22:1, which states that "A good name is more desirable than great riches; to be esteemed is better than silver or gold," the research highlights the moral and spiritual dimensions of reputation and their potential influence on mitigating corruption. The findings provide valuable insights into the relationship between a good name, ethical behavior, and the prevalence of corruption in Indonesia. The study emphasizes the importance of fostering a culture of integrity, accountability, and transparency to effectively combat corruption. It also offers recommendations and strategies for individuals, institutions, and policymakers to promote and uphold a good name in the Indonesian context, to reduce corruption and its detrimental effects on society. This study contributes to the existing literature on corruption and ethics by examining the significance of a good name in addressing corruption behavior in Indonesia. It serves as a foundation for further research, policy development, and initiatives aimed at promoting integrity and combating corruption in the country.

Bruce K. Waltke and Ivan D.V. De Silva. Proverbs: A Shorter Commentary

Bruce K. Waltke and Ivan D.V. De Silva. <i>Proverbs: A Shorter Commentary</i>

Ezekiel’s Message of Hope and Restoration: Redaction-Critical Study of Ezekiel 1–7 by Hei Yin Yip

Reviewed by: Ezekiel’s Message of Hope and Restoration: Redaction-Critical Study of Ezekiel 1–7 by Hei Yin Yip Vien V. Nguyen hei yin yip, Ezekiel’s Message of Hope and Restoration: Redaction-Critical Study of Ezekiel 1–7 (BZAW 532; Berlin: de Gruyter, 2021). Pp. xiv + 283. $99. This book is a revision of Hei Yin Yip’s doctoral dissertation, written under the supervision of Lena-Sofia Tiemeyer at the University of Aberdeen. In this study, Y. argues that the motif of hope and restoration is not limited to the literary unit of Ezekiel 33–48 but also resides in the redactional layers of Ezekiel 1–24, where the original message is predominantly of judgment and destruction (p. 5). Employing textual and redactional criticism and inner-biblical interpretation, Y. traces the motif of hope and restoration that is embedded within the redactional layers of Ezekiel 1–7 and hypothesizes its intended purpose. The study unfolds in two parts and follows the two investigative steps—the diachronic analysis and the exegetical analysis of the text. The first part (chaps. 2–6) deals with Ezekiel’s prophetic vocation and priestly role. The second part (chaps. 7–8) analyzes the reinstatement of the Zadokite priesthood. The two parts are bookended by an introduction and a conclusion. The introduction (chap. 1) outlines the aim of the study and its scope, the methods employed, the criteria for identifying texts, and the purpose of textual reuse. The conclusion (chap. 9) summarizes the study and offers suggestions for further studies. In chaps. 2 and 3, Y. examines Ezekiel’s call narrative (1:1–3:15) and commission (3:16b–27). In chap. 2, Y. argues that the original material (2:1–3:11) legitimizes Ezekiel’s call and role as Yhwh’s authentic prophet, as depicted in the account of the scroll eating. [End Page 150] The prophet is to convey Yhwh’s message obediently and be Yhwh’s living oracle. Y. identifies the Vision of the Glory (1:4–28) as an extension of the original narrative that reinforces Yhwh’s greatness and power, that is, Yhwh’s continued presence among the people in exile and supremacy over nations and deities. Chapter 3 continues Ezekiel’s call narrative, which has two parts. The first part is Ezekiel’s commission as a watchman to warn the rebellious people (3:16b–21). The warning offers the last chance to those who listen and repent. It also mitigates the severity of the divine judgment. In the second part, Ezekiel’s binding and muteness (3:22–27) symbolize the captivity of the exiles and the reinstatement of Ezekiel’s priestly role. Although restored, his priestly role as intercessor is disabled by muteness but is restored when Yhwh opens Ezekiel’s mouth. The subject of chaps. 4 and 5 is Ezekiel’s prophetic sign-acts as descriptions of Yhwh’s judgment against Jerusalem and the city’s inevitable fall. Chapter 4 centers on Ezekiel’s priestly role and his bearing of the people’s iniquity (4:4–8), suffering with and for the Israelites. As a priest, Ezekiel protests the instruction to cook food using human waste, a violation of purity regulations applied to priests (4:12–15). God responds by allowing Ezekiel to use cow dung as a substitute, which is perceived as an exemption from the purity law and the restoration of Ezekiel’s priestly purity (p. 128). In chap. 5, the redactional material (5:3–4) contrasts with the totality of God’s judgment in the original text (5:1–2). By its preservation of remnants, the redactional material conveys hope and restoration. This preservation is depicted in the symbol of saving one-third of the portion of the prophet’s shaved hair in his garment. In chap. 6, Y. addresses the oracle of judgment against the land of Israel in Ezekiel 7, depicting the announcement of the Day of Yhwh and the coming of Yhwh’s agent, referred to as a hostile king. His arrival leads to the desecration of the temple and the plundering of the Israelites’ property. But within the redactional expansions (7:5b–7a, 12b–14, 21–24), the embedded elements of...

GEORGE IZUNWA LIFESTYLE EVANGELISM, THE STRATEGY FOR GLOBAL MISSIONS

This paper on George Izunwa lifestyle evangelism focuses on this gospel Presenters’ lifestyle, conduct and his way of living within their communities. The gospel is best presented through friendship when the opportunities arise and that is how it can go globally. The news filtering our ears about activities of some modern day’s Religious leader’s lifestyle live much to be desired of them. Many have forgetting what their calling is all about, and have resorted to living way-ward lifestyle such as immorality, tampering with church funds, using manipulative means in their arts of healing and performance of miracles, etc. These individuals are also the ones that are critical about lifestyle evangelism because, they are either ignorant of the Biblical mandate or because they enjoy their unfruitful lifestyle. The methodology used is hermeneutical and exegetical analysis of the relevant scriptural passages. The result of this paper will make lifestyle evangelism strategically, rewarding and necessary for Global missions. That is bringing the people back to the early church days were their leaders were highly regarded. Furthermore, both the message preached and the characters of the preacher become balanced in faith and in practice and the hope of the people restored to believing their Religious leaders again. Paul’s exhortation to Timothy, “keep a close watch of yourself and on what you teach”.

Divine and Human Spirit in Rom 8:16. Paul and Epictetus on Free Will

The article focuses on the phenomenon of free will in Paul, taking as the starting point Rom. 8:16. At the beginning, a concise exegetical analysis of Rom 8:16 is presented, placed in the rhetorical context of Rom 8. Subsequently, a comparison is drawn between Paul’s and Epictetus’s views on divine and human agency. First, the Epictetus’s idea of freedom is presented with a special emphasis on the notion of proairesis, understood as the true self of a person, responsible for free moral choices and actions. Next, the similarities and differences between the Epictetus’s and Pauline vision of free will are discussed. What connects the apostle and the philosopher are convictions that free will can exist in a divinely determined world and that human volition requires continuous education and subordination to God’s will. The elements that clearly distinguish Paul from Epictetus are the natural image of deity to be imitated in the human pursuit of freedom, and a genuinely relational, corporeal and emotive character of free will in the apostle. The psycho-somatic nature of human personality and will in Paul invites a dialogue between the apostle and modern science but it has to be carried out cautiously, bearing in mind the different methodologies, the idea of transcendent deity and Christological foundation upon which the Pauline idea of freedom and free will is built.

„Duch Pana JHWH nade mną”. Tożsamość proroka w Iz 61,1-3

The historical-literary analysis of the Book of Isaiah suggests that Isaiah 61 is the oldest chapter of the last part of the Book of Isaiah, known as Trito-Isaiah (56-66). There are messages from the Babylonian exile that portray the post-exile Jewish community. There is disappointment and at the same time anticipation of the realization of earlier prophecies of restoration. In Isa 61: 1-3 there is a confession of a mysterious figure sent by God. The hero, anointed with the Spirit of the Lord, heralds a radical renewal of Israel. The exegetical analysis of the prophet’s individual tasks allows him to be identified with various heroes of the biblical story (David, the Messiah, the Servant of the Lord). At the same time, these activities were most often attributed to God Himself. The eschatological renewal of Israel, which God will accomplish, will also extend to other nations.&#x0D;