Execution Entities Research Articles

Documentation management in small and medium-sized entities after the political transformation in Poland. Outline diagnoses

The quality of documenting an entity's own activities is an expression not only of conscious existence, but also protects its own interests and those of competitors. Among these interests, a prominent place is credit and reliability, the basis of trust in business. This device, however, has problems with the so-called documentary culture. It is true that they contain obligations imposed by law, but the lack of regulations and, perhaps above all, the lack of due care in providing information on activities in many applications make them files, units that grow in a less rather than more detailed manner. The consequences of this state of affairs can be troublesome, to say the least. The article about the author of the article presents an attempt to present an outline of the problem that concerns business and executive entities that have been verified in the document on public activities.

SYSTEMIC CIVIL PROTECTION IN CONDITIONS OF LIMITED RESOURCES OF FIRE BRIGADE UNITS IN POLAND IN THE EVENT OF A PANDEMIC. EXAMPLE OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN POLAND

Ensuring an adequate level of security should be the responsibility of every civilised developedcountry. The overall functioning of the civil protection system depends on the efficiency of thedecision-making entities, which are entities of the public administration at various levels andthe executive entities such as fire protection units, the Police, the Armed Forces, the MedicalRescue System, etc. Each of the aforementioned institutions and organisations has at itsdisposal the resources that are necessary to maintain organisational capacity and to maintaincontinuity of operations. The COVID-19 pandemic had a significant impact on society, as wellas on administrative entities, organisations and institutions. Its impact created a very high riskof adverse effects that affected organisational resources. The aim of this article is to determinehow to systemically ensure the civil protection under conditions of limited institutional resourcesin the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. Fire protection units, more specifically organisationalunits of the State Fire Service and volunteer fire services, were taken as an analytical basis. It wasinvestigated by means of empirical research, quantitative and qualitative research methods onhow the COVID-19 pandemic affected the resources of these fire protection units, in particular:human, financial, information and material resources. The results of the research were analysedand used to define guidelines and a system model of providing civil protection in conditions oflimited resources of fire protection units in Poland in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic.

THE ROLE OF POLISH POLICE IN THE SYSTEM OF CIVIL PROTECTION

The Police are one of the entities involved in the protection and rescue of the population. Fulfillinga leading and auxiliary role in this endeavour, it is an important link in the security and defencesystem of the state. Administration authorities and other executive entities, including crisismanagement structures, create appropriate conditions to ensure this security and protectionin each of the security states. Those entities including the Police were also guaranteed theopportunity to participate in rescue operations organized and conducted by other entities andadministration structures.In times of peace and during a war, the Police play an important role in the implementationof civil protection tasks, including protection and rescue. The activities of this executive entityin this respect remain within the systemic solutions of the State defence system, as well as itsown organizational subsystems. The tasks carried out by the Police are in accordance with theassumptions and the executive capabilities of the relevant forces and organizational structures.

Legal Standing to the Corruption Eradication Commission as a Applicant for the Dissolution of a Political Party at the Constitutional Court

This study criticizes the weakness of the regulation that solely grants Legal Standing for Petitioners seeking the Dissolution of Political Parties at the Constitutional Court to the Government, comprising the Attorney General and the Minister appointed by the President. Another approach is necessary for the Dissolution of Political Parties, which entails providing Legal Standing to the Corruption Eradication Commission, an Executive Entity that is not directly subordinate to the President. Public Trust in the Corruption Eradication Commission remains considerably high, rendering it suitable for representing the Government as a Petitioner for the Dissolution of a Political Party. Consequently, legislators must revise the Constitutional Court Law, the Corruption Eradication Commission Law, and the Constitutional Court's Regulation regarding Procedures for the Dissolution of Political Parties, thereby granting legal standing to the Corruption Eradication Commission as the Petitioner for Dissolving Political Parties.

Теоретичні засади внутрішнього аудиту

The relevance of the topic of the article is grounded upon that the introduction of internal audit into the practical activities of economic entities requires ensuring the proper theoretical basis of this process. According to the results of the research, it is proposed to define the essence of internal audit as a system created in the interests of the owner (co-owners) of a corporate formation, the meaning of which consists in the implementation of permanent, coherent activities by the authorized department as to valuation of the efficiency of administration of the economic activity of the enterprise by managers, provision of recommendations for its improvement, establishment of the reliability of accounting data and reporting indicators, assessment of the reliability of the applied systems of accountance, internal economic control of the enterprise, etc. by applying specially defined procedures. Such an approach specifies the initiator, the executor and the way of organizing internal audit. The purpose of internal audit is identified, which consists in information provision of the owner (co-owners) of the enterprise on the reliability of accounting and reporting of the enterprise, the level of efficiency of enterprise management by hired managers and the development of proposals for improving these processes. The formulated theoretical provisions of the internal audit in terms of identification of its essence, purpose, tasks, both initiator and executive entities will contribute to its division with other forms of control and will allow to form the basis for implementation in the practical activities of enterprises. The relationship between internal audit and internal control of an economic co-partnership is determined, according to which the latter represents a subject of internal audit. Prospects for further scientific research are the development of a methodology for internal audit of an economic entity on the basis of a risk-oriented approach.

Civil defense and crisis management in Poland in the systemic approach

The two subsystems in the state defense system that make up the civil defense system and the crisis management system have specific tasks to fulfill. The two organizational structures, guided by their systemic approach, remain independent of each other, even though they share the same decision-making bodies, executive or executive bodies, subsidiary bodies, and executive entities. Inappropriate perception of them – even by decision-makers – leads to organizational irregularities, a lack of understanding of the responsibilities of the bodies and actors of these systems. It is also a source of misregulation in this area. A systemic perspective may require an appropriate approach and the development of new solutions to improve the process of activity in this area.

The development of information interaction as a key element of state risk management and health protection

The article discusses ways to obtain information about risk factors and the health status of the population. The article describes a new information system «labor Medicine», which allows to organize the collection of a wide range of data for further analysis and application in the activities of various Executive authorities, public organizations, foundations, legal entities and citizens. It is proposed to improve this system by expanding the types of information collected, creating a passport for health promotion organizations, as well as integration with systems that are being implemented in the Russian Federation for managing the health of the working-age population in the context of state policy in the field of Informatization.

Assessing the currently-used methods for improving continued-education skills in the architectural engineering departments in Egypt

The present study is concerned with assessing the currently used methods for improving the skills of continued education in the architectural engineering departments as well as the architectural market in Egypt. The main hypothesis of this study is that: the concept of continued-education in architecture is absent in Egypt, the current mechanisms of supporting continued-education are neither active nor effective, and the architectural education is not enough alone to build a professional architectural character. Survey forms have been distributed for practitioners, and interviews have been conducted with stakeholders for the sake of assessing the role of the universities in Egypt in supporting the graduates? skills development. The study compared the collected data about these universities through three main points: continued-education, graduates? follow-up and environment & community services. At the end, this study suggests some mechanisms based on the data analysis of the collected information. These mechanisms will help improving the practice of architecture in Egypt. In addition, the study proposed some recommendations regarding practicing architecture in Egypt for architecture?s practitioners, Egyptian Engineering Syndicate, and Egyptian executive entities such as ministry of higher education & prime minister office. These recommendations will be delivered as well as a copy of this research to all stakeholders in order to be taken into considerations.

DCW

Real-time systems continuously interact with the physical environment and often have to satisfy stringent timing constraints imposed by their interactions. Those systems involve two main properties: reactivity and predictability. Reactivity allows the system to continuously react to a non-deterministic external environment, while predictability guarantees the deterministic execution of safety-critical parts of applications. However, with the increase in software complexity, traditional approaches to develop real-time systems make temporal behaviors difficult to infer, especially when the system is required to address non-deterministic aperiodic events from the physical environment. In this article, we propose a reactive and predictable programming framework, Distributed Clockwerk (DCW), for distributed real-time systems. DCW introduces the Servant, which is a non-preemptible execution entity, to implement periodic tasks based on the Logical Execution Time (LET) model. Furthermore, a joint schedule policy, based on the slack stealing algorithm, is proposed to efficiently address aperiodic events with no violated hard-time constraints. To further support predictable communication among distributed nodes, DCW implements the Time-Triggered Controller Area Network (TTCAN) to avoid collisions while accessing the shared communication medium. Moreover, a programming framework implements to provide a set of programming APIs for defining timing and functional behaviors of concurrent tasks. An example is further implemented to illustrate the DCW design flow. The evaluation results demonstrate that our proposal can improve both periodic and aperiodic reactivity compared with existing work, and the implemented DCW can also ensure the system predictability by achieving extremely low overheads.

Does Global Democracy Require a World State?

The question of whether global democracy requires a world state has with few exceptions been answered with an unequivocal ‘No’. A world state, it is typically argued, is neither feasible nor desirable. Instead, different forms of global governance arrangements have been suggested, involving non-hierarchical and multilayered models with dispersed authority. The overall aim of this paper is to addresses the question of whether global democracy requires a world state, adopting a so-called ‘function-sensitive’ approach. It is shown that such an approach is equipped to resist the predominant binary view of a world state (either accepting it or rejecting it) and offer a more differentiated and nuanced answer to this question. In brief, a basic presumption of a function-sensitive approach is that the content, justification and status of principles of democracy are dependent on the aim they are set out to achieve, what functions they are intended to regulate (e.g., decision-making, implementation, enforcement and evaluation), and the relationship between those functions. More specifically, within a function-sensitive framework, the paper sketches the contours of an account of global democracy consisting of five regulative principles and argues—utilizing the notion of ‘sufficient stateness’—that it would require supranational legislative entities and perhaps supranational judicial entities but not necessarily supranational executive entities.

The political (in) dependence of the judiciary in Cameroon: fact or fiction?

ABSTRACTMy main concern in this paper is to critically examine judicial deference to the executive within the context of Cameroon. I portray how authorities in the country purposely fail to invest the judiciary with substantial levels of independence. In so doing, I look at the nexus between the domineering executive entity and the prevailing Hobbesian conception of separation of powers according to which powers mutually divided destroy each other. My investigation revolves around the idea as to know whether it is possible to mitigate political intrusion and interference to judicial independence when such intrusion and interference have become inherent and consubstantial to the modus operandi of the political system itself. Various studies on judicial independence are available but the peculiarity of the current one is not about the extent or limitation to judicial independence but it questions whether this independence exists in the first place. The study further innovates by providing a theory based approach which is an attempt to capture judicial motivations as well as the rationale behind the erosion of the liberal political theory within the context of Cameroon.

The belt and road initiative: domestic interests, bureaucratic politics and the EU-China relations

This article explores the linkages between domestic affairs and foreign policies in China in fulfilling its grand ambition of Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). It examines the complexities in decision-making process of “BRI” inside Beijing’s administration. It departs from the most existing literature on BRI in Europe, which focus upon the geo-economic and geo-political impacts of the BRI. Instead, it adopts an “inside-out” approach by examining the actual policy process with a primary focus to individual actors such as the Party, the government department and the state-owned enterprises as well as individual academics. It also disentangles the intricate relations amongst the Party, the key decision-making institutions and the policy execution entities in determining the final outcome of the BRI. It will finally reflect the extent to which Beijing’s bureaucratic complexities have impacted upon the EU and its member states’ willingness in collaborating or in formally endorsing China’s BRI.

Efficient clustering for ultra-scale application tracing

Abstract Extreme-scale computing poses a number of challenges to application performance. Developers need to study application behavior by collecting detailed information with the help of tracing toolsets to determine shortcomings. But not only applications are “scalability challenged”, current tracing toolsets also fall short of exascale requirements for low background overhead since trace collection for each execution entity is becoming infeasible. One effective solution is to cluster processes with the same behavior into groups. Instead of collecting performance information from each individual node, this information can be collected from just a set of representative nodes. This work contributes a fast, scalable, signature-based clustering algorithm that clusters processes exhibiting similar execution behavior. Instead of prior work based on statistical clustering, our approach produces precise results nearly without loss of events or accuracy. The proposed algorithm combines low overhead at the clustering level with l o g ( P ) time complexity, and it splits the merge process to make tracing suitable for extreme-scale computing. Overall, this multi-level precise clustering based on signatures further generalizes to a novel multi-metric clustering technique with unprecedented low overhead.

Intra-Executive Policy Laundering: A New Look at an Old Problem

This paper argues for the existence of a distinct sub-species of policy laundering, referred to here as “intra-executive policy laundering.” It argues that international regulatory coordination may be a vehicle through which one executive agency engages in bureaucratic infighting with another agency in order to push through its own substantive agenda, and to expand its own domestic regulatory autonomy. Consequently, executive agencies will compete to coordinate with counterpart agencies in other States, exacerbating the incidence of policy laundering by the executive as a whole. Intra-executive policy laundering also creates greater difficulties for legislatures and civil society in detecting and opposing policy laundering, as they face a multitude of opponents rather than a monolithic executive. Despite potential benefits in breaking regulatory deadlock and increasing international coordination, this paper argues that the lack of transparency and accountability that accompanies intra-executive policy laundering is more pernicious than that associated with policy laundering by a monolithic executive. Ultimately, however, the language of “policy laundering” is misplaced insofar as it emphasizes a substantive policy pursued by an executive entity, rather than the expansion of that entity’s sphere of autonomy.

The origin and development of emergency regimes in Cameroon

The purpose of this study is to trace the origin and development of emergency regimes in Cameroon, to address their negative impact on the current structure of the political system and to highlight the need for change in the country. Emergency regimes are generally brought into being in exceptional circumstances and allow states to (legally) suspend law and infringe human rights when confronted by threats to their existence. They generally include a state of emergency, a state of exception, a state of siege and martial rule. In the case of Cameroon, these regimes are a legacy of French colonialism, and were introduced into the country's legal system to sustain harsh imperialist policies. Traditionally it is believed that a state of emergency and a state of exception are declared in response to circumstances threatening the state's existence (such as natural cataclysms, invasions, and general insurrections), but the peculiarity of these regimes in Cameroon is that they have been and still are used as a political device. Indeed, in the context of colonialism and war of independence between French colonial authorities, their local acolytes and indigenous Cameroonians, emergency regimes played a key role in eliminating political challengers, increasing the powers of the executive, and absolving it of any accountability and responsibility. However, in the process, these measures ended up losing their exceptional character as they entered the sphere of normalcy. The current hypertrophy of the powers of the executive entity in Cameroon dates back to that period, and it is consequently difficult to distinguish between a Cameroon society in crisis and one in peacetime.

Управление карьерой и служебно-профессиональным продвижением государственных гражданских служащих в федеральных органах исполнительной власти Российской Федерации

The President of the Russian Federation Decree dated May 7, 2012 No. 601 «On the main directions of improving the state management system» has set the
 need to improve career planning and management of civil servants in Russia. Present-day system of civil servants’ career management and promotion planning
 functions insufficiently and fails to meet the current requirements as well as encompass the whole range of personnel management activities to be realized.
 Unfortunately personnel management has not yet been prioritized as one of primary focuses for federal executive bodies, nor most ministries, agencies and
 departments have introduced local norms and standards to regulate personnel management services. Still personnel managers’ activities are little more than
 organizing and facilitating recruitment and selection, appraisals, qualifying examinations, record keeping, personal information verification and workplace
 discipline control. As for civil servants’ career management, it is relegated to the background or is totally ignored. Thus the paper considers ways to codify in
 legislation a set of functions for personnel management departments of federal executive bodies and entities of the Russian Federation and analyzes to what
 extent personnel management departments of various federal executive bodies function in accordance with the requirements of correspondent legislation in
 effect. The author also provides a set of recommendations aimed at enhancing personnel management activities and the list of functions needed to better plan
 and manage careers and official and professional promotion of civil servants, meaning that this list embraces the whole range of general scientifically-based
 functions designed to improve personnel management effectiveness in the federal executive bodies.

On the replacement of objects from round-based applications over heterogeneous environments

In recent years, there has been growing support for more tightly coupled applications regarding heterogeneous resources. A specific way of obtaining better performance in such applications is to consider the replacement of execution entities by newer resources during the application's lifetime. Therefore, this article describes the rationale for developing jMigBSP, which is a Java programming library that offers object rescheduling for round-based applications. In this context, the proposal addresses Bulk Synchronous Parallel BSP applications because BSP represents one of the most often used models for writing tightly coupled parallel programs. jMigBSP's main contribution examines the rescheduling facility in two different ways: i using migration directives in the application code directly; and ii through automatic load balancing at the middleware level. Specifically, this second idea is feasible because of Java's inheritance feature, which transforms a simple jMigBSP application into a migratable one by changing only a single line of code. In addition to the description of jMigBSP, this article emphasizes the benefits of using migration over heterogeneous environments by executing scientific applications. The results indicate gains of up to 56% with object rescheduling and support the feasibility of using migration as a load balancing technique. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Defining Characteristics of ‘Judicial Power’ and ‘Court’ – Global Lessons from Australia

For the international norms regulating the protection of judicial independence and impartiality, it is necessary that there is a clear idea as to whether a body is a real court or judicial body or whether it is simply an administrative or executive entity camouflaged under a judicial mantle. The main aim of this article is to explore the jurisprudence of the High Court of Australia on the notions of ‘courts’ and ‘judicial power’. It is believed that the exegesis by the High Court of their defining characteristics will provide useful lessons for the judiciary in other countries which seek to ensure compliance with the international norms.

The Bahamas: the Bahamian foundation and the Executive Entity--an innovative approach to wealth structuring in The Bahamas

In this article, the authors explore the differences between a Bahamian Foundation and an Executive Entity and the advantages of using the latter. The Executive Entity will come into being when the Executive Entities Bill 2010 enters into force. Though similar to a Foundation in certain respects, the Executive Entity has unique features which are certain to make the Executive Entity an attractive vehicle to high net worth individuals and families seeking to manage their wealth.

Stare Decisis in the Office of Legal Counsel

Legal interpretation within the Executive Branch has attracted increased interest in recent years, much of it focused on the Justice Department’s Office of Legal Counsel (OLC). The most significant centralized source of legal advice within the Executive Branch, OLC has also been plagued by charges of undue politicization - especially in connection with various issues relating to the “war on terror.” Yet there has been little consideration of the role in OLC of one of the main devices thought to constrain political and ideological preferences within the Judicial Branch - stare decisis. This Article provides the first sustained descriptive and normative examination of the role of stare decisis in OLC. Descriptively, it analyzes all of OLC’s publicly available legal opinions from the beginning of the Carter administration through the end of the first year of the Obama administration. The data show that OLC rarely openly departs from its prior opinions, but that an express request for overruling from the executive entity most affected by the opinion is a good predictor of such a departure. Normatively, the Article considers whether OLC should employ something like a rule of stare decisis with respect to its prior opinions, and, if so, in what circumstances it is justified in departing from those precedents. It argues that stare decisis has a legitimate place in OLC, but that OLC’s location within the Executive Branch affects both the weight it should accord its precedents and the circumstances in which it should depart from them.