Execution Of Sentence Research Articles

Перспективы пожизненного заключения как вида наказания

The organization of a sentence execution of life imprisonment in the Republic of Belarus and life imprisonment in the Russian Federation are examined in the article. The legislation was analyzed, and the international experience of execution of these types of punishments was studied. The statistical data necessary for the analysis are provided. Proposals are made to improve the execution of a life sentence. Based on the research, the author comes to the conclusion that the sentence of life imprisonment has a large number of shortcomings that need to be solved. This makes it necessary to improve its execution or cancel this punishment. In order to increase the effectiveness of the considered punishment, the author suggests differentiating the approach to applying parole to prisoners sentenced to life prisoning: reduce the terms of possible release, provide for a gradual change in conditions (a system of social elevators), establish lifelong supervision of the behavior of convicts after release (in case of violation of the rules of supervision, the convict can be returned to a correctional institution for further serving a life sentence).

ON THE NEED TO EXPAND THE BOUNDARIES OF ELECTRONIC DOCUMENT CIRCULATION IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS OF RUSSIA, INCLUDING THE EXTENSION OF THE ELECTRONIC FORM FOR THE PROCEDURE OF APPROVAL OF PROCEDURAL ACTIONS AND DECISIONS

The article is devoted to the questions concerning electronic document circulation in criminal legal proceedings of Russia. In particular, it is a question of problems of accurate understanding of “the electronic document”, applied in criminal legal proceedings; delimitation of use of electronic document circulation in criminally-remedial relations; correction of the circle of persons, having an opportunity to use electronic documents in criminal legal proceedings. In the article, a possibility of formation of electronic materials of check of the message on a crime, and also electronic materials of ex-traditional check which is passed about the decision of a question on delivery of the person for criminal prosecution is considered. Besides, the article proves the requirement of distribution of a legal regulation of electronic document circulation on a stage of excitation of criminal case and on the manufactures covered by the international cooperation in sphere of criminally-remedial relations, including manufacture about delivery of the person for criminal prosecution and sentence execution. Arguments in favour of necessity of involving for the electronic document circulation which is carried out within the limits of criminal legal proceedings, along with judges of inspectors, investigators, public prosecutors, heads of investigatory body and chiefs of division of inquiry are resulted. The conclusion about necessity of expansion of criminally-remedial space for use of electronic document circulation is formulated. Conclusions which are done by the authors are based on the analysis of existing theoretical representations and Russian criminally-remedial legislation. Article materials are intended for students, post-graduate students, teachers of legal high schools, science officers, and also workers of law enforcement bodies.

Правова регламентація пенітенціарної системи в українських землях у складі Російської імперії (кінець XIX – початок ХХ століття)

У статті проаналізовані особливості становлення і розвитку пенітенціарного законодавства Російської імперії в кінці ХІХ ст. – на початку ХХ ст. Охарактеризовано базові нормативно-правові акти, серед яких: Статут для осіб, що утримуються під вартою 1890 р. і Загальна тюремні інструкція 1915 р. А також визначено складові виправно-трудового впливу на ув’язнених: диференціація й розділення за категоріями, розпорядок дня, організація виправних робіт тощо.

Features of objective signs of crimes committed by officials who hold a particularly responsible position

The article analyzes the features of the objective features of crimes committed by officials who occupy a particularly responsibleposition. It has been established that the correct qualification of criminal offenses committed by officials who hold a particularly responsibleposition is a mandatory and important aspect in the formation of Ukraine as a democratic and legal state. Therefore, determiningthe characteristics of the objective features of these crimes, in the end, comes down to determining the characteristics of the object andthe objective side of each of these crimes. Thus, the objects of crimes under Part 4 of Article 368 and Part 4 of Article 369 of the Cri -minal Code of Ukraine are closely intertwined, because they are all united by a single generic object – social relations arising in the fieldof official activity and professional activities related to the provision of public services. In these corpus delicti, the direct object can beconsidered the actual social relations that arise when an official who holds a particularly responsible position commits or does not commita certain action using the power or official position granted to him. The third corpus delicti committed by an official who holds aparticularly responsible position is provided for in Part 3 of Article 382 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. The generic object of this crimeis public relations in the field of justice, and direct – public relations arising from the need for mandatory execution of sentences, decisions,rulings, court decisions that have entered into force, an official who holds a particularly responsible position. It is also possible todivide into two groups the objective side of crimes committed by officials who hold a particularly responsible position. The first groupconsists of the objective aspects of crimes committed by officials who hold a particularly responsible position in the field of officialactivities and professional activities related to the provision of public services – these are all acts related to the acceptance of an offer,promise or receipt illicit gain, as well as illicit enrichment. The second group consists of alternative acts provided for in Article 382 ofthe Criminal Code of Ukraine, provided that they are committed by officials who hold a particularly responsible position.

Ресоціалізація засуджених неповнолітніх, які відбувають покарання в місцях несвободи

У статті проаналізовано організаційно-правове забезпечення виконання вироків стосовно неповноліт-ніх осіб. Застосування кримінального покарання, а та-кож виконання вироків суду стосовно неповнолітніх осіб є одним із найскладніших елементів криміналь-но-правового захисту суспільних відносин. Неповно-літні особи мають специфічне кримінально-правове становище, зумовлене їхнім віком, рівнем індивідуаль-ної правової свідомості, рівнем психологічної стійкості та правової культури. Все це має визначальний вплив на формування особистості, а також на ставлення неповнолітньої особи до скоєного злочинного діяння. Основним завданням кримінальної відповідально-сті стає не лише покарання, але й виправлення модусу поведінки неповнолітньої особи. З цих позицій пошук особливостей організаційно-правового забезпечення виконання вироків стосовно неповнолітніх осіб, пов’я-заний із теоретико-методологічним забезпеченням можливих шляхів підвищення ефективності та дієвості виконання вироків щодо таких осіб, має ще й суспільну необхідність. Останнє пояснюється тим, що для держа-ви важливим є формування генофонду нації, основним потенціалом для чого і є молодь. Тому виконання ви-років щодо неповнолітніх осіб не повинно створювати в них відчуття асоціалізації, викреслення державою їх із нормального суспільного життя. Додатковою слід зазначити, що через контекст по-шуку ефективних, однозначних і змістовних, навіть вичерпних способів викладення нормативно-право-вого закріплення механізму виконання вироків суду стосовно неповнолітніх осіб підвищуватиметься якість виконання функцій держави щодо забезпечення на-лежного рівня прав осіб навіть у процесі виконання ви-років щодо них. Сучасна вітчизняна пенітенціарна система об’єк-тивно характеризується низьким рівнем дотриман-ня вимог законодавства в сфері виконання вироків через брак фінансування, недостатній рівень компе-тенції працівників системи виконання покарань тощо. Держава повинна забезпечувати належний рівень ор-ганізаційно-правового забезпечення процесу виконан-ня вироків, особливо щодо неповнолітніх осіб. Через це пошук особливостей такого забезпечення, проведений в межах цього дослідження, супроводжується виділен-ням найслабших місць практичного виконання виро-ків стосовно вказаного кола осіб.

Міжнародне співробітництво у кримінальному провадженні

У статті розглянуто поняття і сутність міжнарод-ного співробітництва в кримінальному провадженні. Висвітлено стан дослідження проблеми міжнародного співробітництва в кримінальному провадженні. Проа-налізовано основні нормативно-правові акти, що регу-люють сферу міжнародного співробітництва в кримі-нальному провадженні, а також визначають порядок та зміст такого співробітництва. Стаття присвячена визначенню поняття міжнародного співробітництва, місця міжнародного співробітництва в кримінально-му процесуальному праві. Проводиться аналіз деяких форм міжнародної правової допомоги, передбачених Кримінальним процесуальним кодексом України, ін-ших нормативно-правових актів. У статті проаналізовано підходи до визначення по-няття та змісту міжнародного співробітництва в кримі-нальному провадженні. Здійснено аналіз зіставлення міжнародного права та міжнародного співробітництва в кримінальному провадженні. Розкрито особливості міжнародного співробітництва на рівні різних країн та співтовариств.Висвітлені особливості інституту міжнародної пра-вової допомоги під час кримінального провадження, процесу видачі осіб, які вчинили кримінальне право-порушення, перейняття кримінального провадження. Зазначено правове підґрунтя регулювання міжнарод-ного співробітництва в кримінальному провадженні. Наведений аналіз деяких положень Кримінального процесуального кодексу України, Інструкції про поря-док здійснення міжнародного співробітництва з питань взаємної правової допомоги, видачі правопорушників (екстрадиції), передачі (прийняття) засуджених осіб, виконання вироків та інших питань міжнародного судового співробітництва в кримінальному проваджен-ні під час судового провадження з нормами відповідних міжнародно-правових актів, що регулюють міжнарод-не співробітництво в кримінальному провадженні. Пропонуються шляхи вирішення проблемних питань, пов’язаних із міжнародним співробітництвом у кримі-нальному провадженні.

Deterring or Entertaining? Can the Caning Punishment Execution in Aceh Meet its Objective?

This article probes whether the implementation of the caning sentence in Aceh may reach its objective of deterrent effect given the way the execution conducted. From the field observation, the flogging was not much different from entertainment. The mass gathered in one place to watch the execution; they include children, street vendors, researchers, and journalists. There was a stage, VIP seats for guests, loudspeakers, administrative arrangements, and the caning punishment procession. Using a qualitative research approach with an in-depth interview method, it seeks to understand how the community involved in the caning execution was and how the government was designed the sentence as such and why. It finds that while the government saw the caning law as the implementation of Islamic sharia in Aceh, the people perceived its execution more as entertainment. The government has used the caning sentence execution as a demonstration of power, often for a political gain, because it emphasizes its presence not only as of the guardian of shari’a for Acehnese but also as a devout politician who keeps his political promises. Yet, little of this punishment deterrent effect conveyed to the society due to the way it was staged and executed.Keywords: Qanun Jinayat, Aceh, Caning Punishment, Stage, Entertainment, Deterrent Effect.

Про деякі практичні аспекти кримінологічної характеристики злочинів, вчинених у сфері виконання покарань України

У статті з’ясовано сутність і зміст кримінологічної характеристики злочинів, які мають місце в органах та установах виконання покарань, а також доведено їх практичну значущість для сфери виконання покарань та запобігання рецидивної злочинності в цілому в Україні.

Cross-border cooperation in the execution of sentences between the Netherlands, Germany and Belgium: an empirical and comparative legal study on the implementation of EU framework decisions 2008/909/JHA and 2008/947/JHA

This study aims at comparing legal practices in the execution of sentences within the framework of cross-border cooperation between The Netherlands, Belgium and Germany. Based on quantitative and qualitative data, the implementation of the EU Framework Decisions 2008/909/JHA on the transfer of prisoners and 2008/947/JHA on the mutual recognition of judgments and probation decisions in the three countries is analyzed. Interview data with legal practitioners suggest that social rehabilitation, consents of the convicted individuals and the actual place of living, play an important role in the initiations of transfers. Empirical evidence that both Framework Decisions are increasingly instrumentalized for migration control purposes, as the current scientific debate suggest, is weak in the three case countries. The relatively small numbers of transfers of prisoners and judgements show, that the transfer instrument is still not implemented to its full potential. This study exemplifies remaining challenges connected to the principle of mutual trust in the daily practice of cross-border legal cooperation within the EU.

Пробация в Азербайджане: первые итоги и перспективы развития

The organization of the Probation Service in the Republic of Azerbaijan is discussed, the first results of the work are summarized and the prospects for the development of this new structure are indicated in the article. The article describes the experience of using modern information and communication technologies, including electronic control devices (so-called electronic bracelets) in punishments execution. The author notes that the tasks set by the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan to state bodies, including the probation Service, are a kind of road map, which has a long-term and programmatic nature, and have already been successfully implemented. For example, over the past three years, there has been a steady trend towards decrease in the number of persons sentenced to imprisonment, and increase the proportion of persons sentenced to punishments not connected with isolation from society. For example, in 9 months of 2019, 10.7% more convicts were on probation record than in the same period last year. These changes in sentencing practices and increase in the proportion of alternative types of punishment, including the number of convicted persons on probation record, are not only an indicator of the implementation of the President’s initiatives to humanize the state’s criminal law policy, but also a result of the confidence of judges in the Probation Service, which ensures the effective execution of sentences that are not related to the isolation of the convicted person from society. The analysis of first results of the Probation Service’s activity and study of public opinion show the timeliness of the decision of the head of state to create this structure, which makes it possible to look optimistically into the future, which requires continued measures for its development. According to the author, the further development of the Probation Service should be carried out in three main directions. First, it is necessary to complete the process of improving legislation, first of all to adopt a separate law on probation, and continue to bring the regulatory framework for sentences execution in accordance with time realities. Second, for the purpose of independent activities organization and ensuring effective control, the structure of the service should also be optimized in view of the increased workload. Third, it is necessary to create a modern system of training and advanced training of Probation Service employees, ensure their reliable legal and social protection, and provide them with modern technical equipment.

Fakultatywna podstawa odroczenia wykonania kary w kodyfikacji karnej z 1997 roku

The study contains a synthetic analysis of the optional basis for postponing the exe-cution of a custodial sentence. Considerations began with recalling the shape of the insti-tution under the previous codification. Then, all the amendments pursuant to Art. 151 of the Executive Penal Code made under the current law were analysed. Particular attention was paid to changes devoted to the legal privileges of pregnant women and persons taking care of children up to 3 years after birth and postponing the execution of the sentence for systemic reasons, completely independent of the convict, and related to overcrowding in Polish penitentiary units. 

PUNISHMENT OF WOMEN NARODNIKS FOR POLITICAL TERRORISM

The article is dedicated to the study of the problem of punishment of Russian women, members of the populists’ organizations (mainly “People’s Will”, see “Narodnaya Volya”), for participation in political terrorism in the 70s - 80s of the 19th century. A historiographical review of the literature on the topic under consideration is given. The information about women punished for participating in terror against the authorities, including attempts on the emperors Alexander II and Alexander III, is specified and summarized. The facts of the refusal of convicted criminals to protect and pardon are reported. The information about the execution of sentences in respect of women convicted for revolutionary terrorism to death penalty, penal servitude and exile settlement is specified. Their stay at the Peter and Paul Fortress and the House of Pre-Trial Detention in St. Petersburg, and after their conviction - at Kara katorga, Shlisselburg Fortress and other places of punishment is shown in detail. Particular attention is paid to the issue of applying the act of pardon with respect to women victims convicted of political terrorism. To clarify individual facts and dates, different points of view are compared.

Responsabilidad patrimonial de las administraciones públicas cuando actúan a través de sujetos privados. Especial referencia a los contratistas y a los concesionarios

El régimen de responsabilidad patrimonial de las administraciones públicas cuando actúan a través de sujetos privados ofrece varias peculiaridades. Este trabajo trata de dar respuesta a las preguntas que se puede hacer el perjudicado en estos casos, como a quién se debe atribuir la responsabilidad, ante quién se debe presentar la reclamación, a través de qué procedimiento se va a tramitar y las distintas posibilidades que se ofrecen una vez que finaliza el procedimiento o transcurre el plazo para resolverlo. En el ámbito judicial se tratan distintas cuestiones que siguen generando dudas: papel del contratista, concesionario y aseguradora en el procedimiento, la prescripción de la acción o la ejecución de las sentencias que condenan a un sujeto privado.

Характеристика принципов уголовно-исполнительного законодательства

The article analyzes the characteristics of the principles of criminal executive law. It is substantiated that the main principles of the criminal executive law are: legality, humanism, justice, the inevitability of the execution and serving of sentences and other measures of criminal law, differentiation and individualization of the execution of sentences and other measures of criminal law, the cooperation of state bodies and civil society, equality of convicts before the law, stimulation of law–abiding and active socially useful behavior of convicts, rational use of coercive means and resocialization, the combination of the execution of sentences and other measures of criminal law impact with the correctional effect on convicts and their resocialization.

Актуальные проблемы деятельности уголовно-исполнительных инспекций: результаты эмпирического исследования

The article examines certain legal and organizational problems in the field of the execution of sentences and other measures of a criminal-legal without isolation of a convict from society, presents the results of a survey of employees of penal inspectorates of territorial bodies of the Federal Penal Service and outlines ways to solve existing problems. The study showed that the formation of a system for the execution of sentences without the isolation of a convicted person from society has not yet been completed. Improvement of criminal and penal legislation is required, a clearer legal regulation of the legal responsibility of convicts, further expansion of the range of powers and functions of penal inspectorates, overcoming difficulties in the organizational, personnel, financial and information support of their activities. The article points to the execution of a number of functions unusual for them by the penal inspectorates, the lack of legal regulation of the execution of certain preventive measures and measures of a criminal-legal nature, the procedure for determining the list of objects for convicts to serve sentences in the form of correctional labor and compulsory labor as well as the procedure ensuring the attendance of convicts at the hearing. The legislation does not provide for the initial measures to establish the whereabouts of convicts to punishment in the form of deprivation of the right to occupy certain positions or engage in certain activities, the issue of appealing directly by employees of penal inspectorates of court decisions on representations against convicts is not regulated.

ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ НАКАЗАНИЯ В ВИДЕ ПРИНУДИТЕЛЬНЫХ РАБОТ НА СОВРЕМЕННОМ ЭТАПЕ

In this article, through an analysis of scientific literature over the past three years, attention is drawn to the most discussed problematic aspects of the designation and execution of sentences in the form of forced labor at the present stage, which determined the relevance of the chosen topic. It is substantiated that the possibility of a court appointing forced labor as an independent form of punishment is fixed at the legislative level. It has been rightly noted that endowing persons convicted of forced labor with signs of a person who is competitive in the labor market will increase the chances of his positive employment. Thus, the effective serving of forced labor by convicts will ensure the realization of the right of victims to compensation for harm caused by a crime to them. The article clearly formulated proposals aimed at improving the institution of forced labor as a form of criminal punishment. The mechanisms that can be implemented as part of the execution of this type of criminal punishment are justified. The conclusion is drawn about the need for a criminal and criminal executive policy to improve remedies and the procedure for their practical application, taking into account previous domestic experience in the execution of other types of punishment.

К ВОПРОСУ ОБ УТОЧНЕНИИ ПРЕДМЕТА ПЕНИТЕНЦИАРНОГО НАДЗОРА ПРОКУРАТУРЫ ПО КРУГУ АКТОВ

The subject matter of the penitentiary oversight of the Prosecutor's Office in terms of the range of acts includes: Universally recognised (i.e. recognised by the vast majority of states) norms (principles) of international law in terms of establishing basic natural (inalienable) human rights, including in relation to persons held in places of detention and (or) serving measures of detention, which are part of the Russian Federation legal system and are directly incorporated into Russian national law: Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948; International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 16 December 1966; International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 16 December 1966. Constitution of the Russian Federation. Duly ratified international treaties and agreements, which may be divided into two groups A) duly ratified multilateral international treaties and agreements (conventions). B) bilateral treaties and agreements on international legal assistance (cooperation) in terms of defining the procedure and conditions of extradition (transfer) of convicts for serving the sentence and other measures of compulsory isolation, as well as application of measures of preliminary isolation from society to those suspected or accused of committing a crime. Some 60 such treaties have now been ratified. At the national legislative level, the Office of the Procurator-General also supervises implementation of and compliance with federal laws, in addition to the Constitution of the Russian Federation. The laws may be conventionally divided into two groups. The first includes laws directly regulating the execution (serving) of penitentiary isolation measures. The second group covers laws that regulate activities directly related to compulsory isolation, as well as the activities of state bodies and institutions for which the execution of sentences serves as an additional function to the main activity. The next set of laws and regulations that form the subject matter of the penitentiary over-sight of the Public Prosecutor's Office are the subordinate laws and regulations. The subject is covered by by-laws of both general and departmental nature. The main peculiarity of deter-mining the scope of supervision in relation to departmental acts is that, on the one hand, the prosecutor supervises the implementation and compliance with the requirements contained in these acts, on the other hand, they themselves serve as a subject of supervision in terms of their compliance with the legislation in force. In this regard, the adoption of key ones usually requires the approval of the Prosecutor's Office, represented by the Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation or relevant subordinate prosecutors.

КОМПЛЕКСНЫЙ И ИНДИВИДУАЛЬНО-ПСИХОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ ПОДХОД К ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЮ НАПРАВЛЕНИЙ И ПРЕДЕЛОВ ГУМАНИЗАЦИИ УСЛОВИЙ РЕАЛИЗАЦИИ ПЕНИТЕНЦИАРНЫХ НАКАЗАНИЙ

Achieving the goals of criminal penalties is possible only if they are effectively implemented, which requires, first of all, the provision of appropriate conditions and an individual approach to the execution of sentences in prisons. The current state of the penitentiary system, the achievements of science and penitentiary practice indicate the need for balanced and reasonable humanization of penal sentences. To solve this complex, multi-vector problem, an integrated approach is necessary, taking into account, among other things, the individual psychological component. Along with reducing excessive repressiveness of criminal justice, ensuring proper conditions of detention and treatment of persons held in penitentiary institutions, ensuring their individual (physical, mental, socio-epidemiological, etc.) and group security, it is relevant to ensure the individualization of the conditions for serving a sentence, correction of these persons and ensuring their further social adaptation (resocialization). A separate important aspect of determining the directions and limits of the humanization of sentences (both individually and in terms of large-scale research within the framework of a socio-psychological approach) is the monitoring psychodiagnostics of convicts using psychophysiological methods to ensure reliable information from convicts about the recognition of guilt, acceptance of conditions of punishment, the level of expectations, the orientation of the personality and the dynamics of its correction, etc.

Проблемы правового регулирования некоторых форм содействия государственных органов работе уголовно-исполнительных инспекций по исполнению наказаний и мер уголовно-правового характера

The paper analyzes the problematic issues related to the legal regulation of assistance to state bodies in the work of penal inspections for the execution of sentences and measures of a criminal-legal nature that are not related to isolation from society. Measures of procedural coercion in the form of bringing convicts evading to appear at the court session are considered, the possibility of additional regulation of the forced bringing of all convicts to punishments and measures of a criminal law nature is studied. Amendments to the relevant regulatory legal acts, according to the author, significantly optimize the work on the execution of punishments and measures of a criminal related to the timely application of penalties and prevention of law-abiding behavior. The implementation of the formulated proposals is designed to optimize the legal regulation of assistance in the work of penal inspectorates and to contribute to the achievement of the goals of the penal legislation in terms of preventing convicts and other persons from committing crimes and other offenses.

Some Aspects of Sentence Execution and Release on Parole in Pre-Revolutionary Russia (the Case of Transbaikal Region)

The article discusses historical evidence of parole release application presenting a wide range of archival materials and statistical data. This topic provokes interest due to a certain shift towards a concern for the victim’s interests observed after the emergence of new criteria in the criminal code. The article is devoted to the history of release on parole in Siberia, particularly in Transbaikal region, in the pre-revolution period. Analysis of the available official documents and personal correspondence of military governors of Trans- Baikal region gives evidence of their opinions concerning exile and penal servitude in the region in the second half of the 19th-early 20th centuries. The available archival and statistical data have enabled us to show the history of parole practice and to highlight some topical issues of determining the criteria for the detainees’ correction, and, accordingly, advisability of their release on parole