Excretory Urine Research Articles

In Vivo Evaluation of the Third Generation Biodegradable Stent: A Novel Approach to Avoiding the Forgotten Stent Syndrome

Purpose: Ureteral stents are prone to irritation, encrustation and infection, and they require additional procedures for removal. Furthermore, indwelling polymer stents are often forgotten with devastating consequences to the patient. We describe the degradation time, and physiological and histological responses elicited by a novel biodegradable ureteral stent in a porcine model.Materials and Methods: A total of 16 female Yorkshire pigs were used in the study. Ten biodegradable Uriprene™ stents and 6 biostable Polaris™ stents were cystoscopically inserted unilaterally in 2 groups of animals. Excretory urogram, and blood and urine tests were performed on different days until day 28. Biostable stents were removed on day 21. On day 28 all pigs underwent necropsy for microscopic and histological evaluation.Results: Nine of the 10 biodegradable stents (90%) degraded completely by 4 weeks, while 1 pig had 3 fragments smaller than 1.5 cm in the bladder. Excretory urogram showed equivalent drainage and significan...

Role of renal nerves in volume expansion in chronic hypoxic rats.

This work was designed to study the significance of the renal nerves in chronic hypoxic (high-altitude; HA) rats after saline loading. Female Wistar rats (200-290 g) under sodium pentobarbital (40 mg/kg i.p.) anesthesia were used in these experiments. Hypoxia was induced by placing the rats in an altitude chamber (5,500 m) for 4 weeks. Both the renal efferent nervous activity (RENA) and the renal afferent nervous activity (RANA) were recorded simultaneously throughout the experimental period. It was found that the responses of RENA and RANA to an intravenous saline infusion (10 ml, 10 min) were significantly different between the sea level (SL) control and HA rats. In SL rats, a depression of RENA was found; the depressed RENA had not recovered 80 min after cessation of the saline infusion. In HA rats, an initially depressed RENA was also found; however, it returned to the control level within 10 min following the cessation of saline infusion. RANA enhanced twice a few minutes after saline loading in SL rats; however, the changes of RANA in HA rats were not significant. In both groups of rats, whether renally denervated or intact, the amount of excretory urine and sodium after saline loading was unchanged. The renal norepinephrine levels were also measured by a high-pressure liquid chromatography system in both groups of rats, and it was found that the renal norepinephrine content of the HA rats was significantly higher than in the SL rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Recurrent upper tract urothelial tumours: the use of loopography following cystectomy for bladder cancer.

Recurrent upper tract tumours following cystectomy for transitional cell carcinoma are not uncommon. Conventional follow-up to identify preclinical recurrent disease often involves a combination of excretory urography and urine cytology. This study investigates the possible advantages of loopography in the follow-up of these patients. 41 patients who had undergone cystectomy and ileal loop diversion for transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder were studied. At the time of evaluation with a loopogram, eight out of 41 (19.5%) were symptomatic. Loopography was well tolerated by all of the patients with no reported side-effects or complications from the procedure. Six out of 41 (14.6%) of the loopograms demonstrated an abnormality with recurrent transitional cell carcinoma identified in two patients. In only one case was excretory urography necessary where a ureteric stricture prevented retrograde imaging of the upper tract. Loopography is a safe and well-tolerated investigation for the follow-up of these patients. Excretory urography should be reserved for cases where upper tract imaging is impaired because of obstruction within the loop or ureters.

Behavioural Responses of Urban Feral Cats To Different Types of Urine Marks

[Ten adult feral cats, four males and six females, living in group in an urban environment, were tested measuring their reaction to six different types of urine placed, one by one, within the group territory. i) The six types of urine were: 1) sprayed urine of a strange male; 2) sprayed urine of a male from the group (sprayed urine = urine emitted raising the tail between 45° and 90°, and directing a fine spray of liquid from the anal/urogenital region on to a vertical object (CORBETT, 1979; DE BOER, 1977)); 3) 'excretory' urine of a strange male; 4) 'excretory' urine of a male from the group; 5) 'excretory' urine of a strange female; 6) 'excretory' urine of a female from the group ('excretory' urine = urine emitted from a squatting position, described by CORBETT (1979) and DE BOER (1977) as a behaviour that aims to empty the bladder). ii) The reaction of each animal was assessed by recording the amount of time (seconds) spent sniffing the six different samples of urine. iii) The amount of time spent sniffing the six different types of urine was analysed by means of analysis of variance and t-tests. iv) The response depended on the type of urine presented. Both males and females spent more time sniffing urine sprayed by a strange tomcat than either excretory urine from a strange tomcat or urine sprayed by a male from the group. v) The reaction of males was significantly more prolonged than those of females. vi) These results suggest that the function of inspecting urine marks may be to detect characteristics of the individual donor, especially its membership to the group., Ten adult feral cats, four males and six females, living in group in an urban environment, were tested measuring their reaction to six different types of urine placed, one by one, within the group territory. i) The six types of urine were: 1) sprayed urine of a strange male; 2) sprayed urine of a male from the group (sprayed urine = urine emitted raising the tail between 45° and 90°, and directing a fine spray of liquid from the anal/urogenital region on to a vertical object (CORBETT, 1979; DE BOER, 1977)); 3) 'excretory' urine of a strange male; 4) 'excretory' urine of a male from the group; 5) 'excretory' urine of a strange female; 6) 'excretory' urine of a female from the group ('excretory' urine = urine emitted from a squatting position, described by CORBETT (1979) and DE BOER (1977) as a behaviour that aims to empty the bladder). ii) The reaction of each animal was assessed by recording the amount of time (seconds) spent sniffing the six different samples of urine. iii) The amount of time spent sniffing the six different types of urine was analysed by means of analysis of variance and t-tests. iv) The response depended on the type of urine presented. Both males and females spent more time sniffing urine sprayed by a strange tomcat than either excretory urine from a strange tomcat or urine sprayed by a male from the group. v) The reaction of males was significantly more prolonged than those of females. vi) These results suggest that the function of inspecting urine marks may be to detect characteristics of the individual donor, especially its membership to the group.]

Urine radiography of excreted iodide: a new renal function test.

Excretory urine radiography is a technique which measures quantitatively the amount of organic iodine contained in a urine sample collected after the intravenous injection of a contrast medium. It can be employed as an adjunct to intravenous pyelography. The procedure simply requires inspection of a roentgenogram of urine voided 30 minutes after the injection of 30 cc. of a renal contrast agent. The shadow of the specimen is compared with that of a standard with respect to film density. The standard consists of an x-ray exposure of an aluminum stepladder wedge so machined that its film densities fall within the anticipated density range of excreted iodine in the urine. The validity of this method has been established by comparing the results with those obtained by two other methods of measuring the urinary excretion of iodine.

Relation of Creatinine Excretion in Urine to Plasma Creatinine Concentration

Following the administration of creatinine to normal rabbits during a copious diuresis, under conditions most apt to lead to full renal activity, the rate of creatinine excretion in the urine has been found to be directly proportional to the plasma creatinine concentration. A similar relationship has been found in man. Typical examples are presented in Fig. 1. The large difference in the values of the ratios: Urine rate/Plasma concentration is undoubtedly due, as in the case of urea,1 to the different amounts of renal tissue possessed by man and the rabbit. Under the same conditions urea behaves in a like manner2 although the urine rate for a given plasma concentration is always greater for creatinine. That is, the excretory ratio Urine rate/Plasma concentrationp is less for urea. The significance of this will be discussed elsewhere. Since the difference between the ratios for these 2 substances appears to bear a constant relation to the lower it is obvious that creatinine may be substituted for urea in m...