Excretion In Man Research Articles

Characteristics of urinary sodium excretion in patients with chronic kidney disease in Jiangsu, China.

The current study aimed to assess the dietary salt intake in patients with CKD in Jiangsu province and investigate the relationship of urinary sodium excretion with blood pressure. A total of 800 patients with CKD stages 1–4 were recruited. All enrolled patients were asked to collect complete 24‐h urine specimen. At the same time, patient's demographic and laboratory data were recorded. The mean age was 47.45 ± 15.25 years old, including 423 men and 377 women. There was no significant difference in urinary sodium excretion among different stages of CKD (p = .748). This study revealed that the median urinary sodium excretion of all patients was 127.20 mmol/d (IQR 91.03–172.06), corresponding to a salt intake of 7.4 g/d. Among them, only 167 (20.9%) cases had salt intake <5 g/d. Moreover, urinary sodium excretion in overweight group and obese group was higher than that in normal weight group (p = .001, p ˂ .001). Likewise, urinary sodium excretion in men was higher than that in women (p ˂ .001). Spearman correlation analysis indicated that urinary sodium excretion positively correlated with urinary protein excretion (r = .178, p ˂ .001), SBP (r = .109, p = .002), and DBP (r = .086, p = .015). After adjusting for age, gender, BMI, eGFR, urinary protein excretion, and history of taking antihypertensive drug, multivariate linear regression demonstrated that higher level of urinary sodium excretion associated with increased level of SBP, DBP, and MAP (β = 0.020, p = .049; β = 0.015, p = .040; β = 0.016, p = .025, respectively). In conclusion, the dietary salt intake in CKD patients, especially in male, overweight and obese subjects, remains high in Jiangsu province. It is vital to decline salt intake to control blood pressure in Jiangsu patients with CKD.

Chronic exposure to cadmium is associated with a marked reduction in glomerular filtration rate.

BackgroundUrinary 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) has been associated with hypertension in women with elevated urinary cadmium (Cd) excretion rates. The present study investigates the urinary Cd and 20-HETE levels in relation to the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and albumin excretion in men and women. MethodsA population-based, cross-sectional study, which included 225 women and 84 men aged 33–55 years, was conducted in a rural area known to be polluted with Cd.ResultsIn all subjects, lower eGFR values were associated with higher urinary Cd excretion (P = 0.030), and tubulopathy markers N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (P < 0.001) and β2-microglobulin (β2-MG) (P < 0.001). On average, the hypertensive subjects with the highest quartile of urinary Cd had eGFR values of 12 and 17 mL/min/1.73 m2 lower than that in the hypertensive (P = 0.009) and normotensive subjects (P < 0.001) with the lowest quartile of urinary Cd, respectively. In men, urinary albumin was inversely associated with 20-HETE (β = −0.384, P < 0.001), while showing a moderately positive association with systolic blood pressure (SBP) (β = 0.302, P = 0.037). In women, urinary albumin was not associated with 20-HETE (P = 0.776), but was associated with tubulopathy, reflected by elevated urinary excretion of β2-MG (β = 0.231, P = 0.002).ConclusionsTubulopathy is a determinant of albumin excretion in women, while 20-HETE and SBP are determinants of urinary albumin excretion in men. Associations of chronic exposure to Cd with marked eGFR decline and renal tubular injury seen in both Cd-exposed men and women add to mounting research data that links Cd to the risk of developing chronic kidney disease.

Are Demographic, Psychosocial, and Behavioral Factors Associated with Urinary Salt Excretion in Japanese Workers?

Although high salt intake is a major public health problem, little is known about the predictors of salt intake in Japanese. The present study aims to investigate the association of demographic, psychosocial, and behavioral factors with urinary salt excretion in Japanese workers. From September to November 2014, a self-administered questionnaire was completed by Japanese workers at 8 workplaces in Niigata, Japan. Demographic factors (shift work, household income, family structure, the person responsible for cooking, and smoking habit) were assessed by questionnaire. Psychosocial factors (self-efficacy, perceived social support, and knowledge) were measured using a scale similar to items from an existing scale. Behavioral factors (intake frequency of foods and alcohol, and general dietary behavior) were assessed using a validated, brief-type self-administered diet history questionnaire. Estimated 24-hour urinary salt excretion was calculated from sodium and creatinine concentrations in second morning void or spot urine samples. Analysis of covariance was used to examine the association of factors with urinary salt excretion while adjusting for age and body mass index. Of 457 respondents, 406 participants’ data were analyzed. Urinary salt excretion was not associated with any demographic and psychosocial factors. The intake frequency of pickled vegetables and buckwheat noodles, and the amount of soup consumed with noodles were significantly and positive association with urinary salt excretion in women. Conversely, amount of soy sauce and Worcestershire sauce used at the table was significantly and negative association with urinary salt excretion in men. The association with salt intake was found only behavioral factors in Japanese workers.

Simple questions in salt intake behavior assessment: comparison with urinary sodium excretion in Japanese adults.

To clarify whether six conventional 'high-risk' behaviors toward excess salt intake captured by simple questions such as frequency of salty food consumption are related to actual salt intake. Also, to examine the relationship of nutrition knowledge, food label use, and food preparation with actual salt intake. Study participants were 742 subjects (370 men and 372 women) aged 20-69 years from 20 areas of Japan. Salt intake and dietary knowledge/behavior were evaluated with two 24-hour urine collections and a questionnaire, respectively. Multivariable linear regression analyses by sex included sodium excretion as a dependent variable, each knowledge/behavior item as an independent variable, and with age, body mass index, education, and smoking as covariates. Four 'high-risk' behaviors (frequency of miso soup and salty foods consumption, proportion of consumed noodle soup, and amount of seasoning/condiment use) were associated with higher sodium excretion in men (p for trend <=0.04) and were marginally associated in women (p for trend <=0.06). Combination of these behaviors elevated the odds ratios for excess salt intake (sodium excretion: >136 mmol/day). Most of the other nine dietary factors were not associated with sodium excretion. Interestingly, women who decided to purchase foods after referring to the salt/sodium content information on food label, had significant lower sodium excretion than other women (p for trend=0.03). High-risk behaviors toward excess salt intake captured by simple questions were actually related to excess salt intake. Specific and practical advice based on answers to these questions might contribute to salt reduction in Japanese population.

Relationship of 24-hr Urinary Na/K ratio to 24-hr Urinary Na and K Excretion in Men and Women from Multi-Ethnic General Populations: the INTERSALT Study.

Relationship of 24-hr Urinary Na/K ratio to 24-hr Urinary Na and K Excretion in Men and Women from Multi-Ethnic General Populations: the INTERSALT Study.

Association of urinary calcium excretion with serum calcium and vitamin D levels.

Population-based data on urinary calcium excretion are scarce. The association of serum calcium and circulating levels of vitamin D [25(OH)D2 or D3] with urinary calcium excretion in men and women from a population-based study was explored. Multivariable linear regression was used to explore factors associated with square root-transformed 24-hour urinary calcium excretion (milligrams per 24 hours) taken as the dependent variable with a focus on month-specific vitamin D tertiles and serum calcium in the Swiss Survey on Salt Study. In total, 624 men and 669 women were studied with mean ages of 49.2 and 47.0 years, respectively (age range=15-95 years). Mean urinary calcium excretion was higher in men than in women (183.05 versus 144.60 mg/24 h; P<0.001). In adjusted models, the association (95% confidence interval) of square root urinary calcium excretion with protein-corrected serum calcium was 1.78 (95% confidence interval, 1.21 to 2.34) mg/24 h per milligram per deciliter in women and 0.59 (95% confidence interval, -0.11 to 1.29) mg/24 h per milligram per deciliter in men. Men in the third 25(OH)D3 tertile had higher square root urinary calcium excretion than men in the first tertile (0.99; 95% confidence interval, 0.36 to 1.63 mg/24 h per nanogram per milliliter), and the corresponding association was 0.32 (95% confidence interval, -0.22 to 0.85) mg/24 h per nanogram per milliliter in women. These sex differences were more marked under conditions of high urinary sodium or urea excretions. There was a positive association of serum calcium with urinary calcium excretion in women but not men. Vitamin 25(OH)D3 was associated with urinary calcium excretion in men but not women. These results suggest important sex differences in the hormonal and dietary control of urinary calcium excretion.

Urinary 2,5-hexanedione excretion in cryptogenic polyneuropathy compared to the general Swedish population

Background2,5-hexanedione (2,5-HD) is the main neurotoxic metabolite of methyl-n-butyl ketone (MBK) and n-hexane, and known to cause polyneuropathy. The aim of our study was to compare the urinary levels of 2,5-HD between cases with cryptogenic polyneuropathy and the general Swedish population, and to elucidate the role of certain external factors.MethodsMorning urine samples were collected from 114 cases with cryptogenic polyneuropathy (77 men and 37 women) and 227 referents (110 men and 117 women) randomly selected from the population registry. None had any current occupational exposure to n-hexane or MBK. The urine samples were analysed by a gas chromatographic method based on acidic hydrolysis.ResultsCases had statistically higher urinary levels of 2,5-HD (0.48 mg/L) than the general population (0.41 mg/L) and men higher excretion than women (0.48 mg/L and 0.38 mg/L, respectively). There was no difference in 2,5-HD levels between current smokers and non-smokers. Occupational exposure to xylene, alcohol consumption and ever exposed to general anaesthesia were associated with lower excretion in men while for occupational exposure to nitrous oxide in women higher excretion was seen. Higher excretion of 2,5 HD was inversely related to increasing age.ConclusionsSignificantly higher levels of urinary 2,5-HD were seen in men and cryptogenic polyneuropathy cases seemingly unexposed to n-hexane. Hypothetically, this might be due to either differences in metabolic patterns or some concealed exposure. The difference in means between cases and the general population is small and can therefore not allow any firm conclusions of the causality, however.

Abstract 439: Niacin Does Not Accelerate Reverse Cholesterol Transport in Man

Background HDL may be atheroprotective by accelerating reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). Niacin raises HDL cholesterol (HDL-c) and niacin monotherapy up to 3g/d prevented coronary events, possibly by accelerating RCT. However, up to 2g/d niacin did not prevent outcomes beyond aggressive LDL lowering including statins, arguing against RCT-mediated atheroprotection. We developed a novel method to assess macrophage-to-lipoprotein RCT in vivo. Preliminary studies in mice demonstrate that albumin-bound tritiated cholesterol (3H-Chol) is rapidly removed ( 95% in 30min) by resident macrophages. We monitored subsequent reappearance over 8d by macrophage-to-lipoprotein RCT as 3H-Chol rate of appearance (RA pre-post therapy, %3H-Chol injected/mol cholesterol/h) and tracer fecal excretion (%3H-Chol injected/g feces), and further analyzed RCT by multi-compartmental modeling. Results Niacin raised HDL-c 44% vs 17% on placebo (p=0.02) and dropped non HDL-c 40% (p&lt;0.0001). Niacin and placebo did not differ by HDL 3H-Chol RA (placebo: 4.16-3.72, niacin: 3.24-2.61, p=0.8), total plasma 3H-Chol RA (placebo: 2.70-2.42, niacin: 2.35-2.14, p=0.9), macrophage-to-HDL transfer rate (placebo: 4.8-4.2, niacin: 5.1-4.7 fractional transfer/h, p=0.7), ex vivo cholesterol efflux capacity ratio (placebo: 0.73-0.82, niacin: 0.91-0.95, p=0.2), or tracer fecal excretion (placebo: 34.1-37.4, niacin: 21.2-28.0, p=0.6). Conclusion Despite potently raising HDL-c, high-dose niacin had no benefit on in vivo or ex vivo macrophage-to-lipoprotein RCT or fecal excretion in man, suggesting niacin’s atheroprotective potential lies elsewhere.

Sodium challenge does not support an acute gastrointestinal–renal natriuretic signaling axis in humans

A gastrointestinal-renal natriuretic signaling axis has been proposed to regulate sodium excretion in response to acute sodium ingestion. Such an axis is thought to be regulated by a gastrointestinal sodium sensor coupled to the activation/release of a natriuretic signal and could have important clinical and scientific implications. Here we systematically tested for this putative axis and the potential involvement of the gastrointestinal-derived natriuretic prohormones prouroguanylin and proguanylin in 15 healthy volunteers. There was no difference in sodium excretion following equivalent oral or intravenous sodium loads during either high- or low-sodium diets. Furthermore, serum concentrations of prouroguanylin and proguanylin did not increase, did not differ following oral or intravenous sodium, and did not correlate with sodium excretion. Thus, our results do not support an acute gastrointestinal-renal natriuretic axis or a central role for prouroguanylin or proguanylin in humans. If such an axis does exist, it is not characterized by a significant difference in the pattern of sodium excretion following either an oral or intravenous sodium load.

Increment of 30‐min post‐challenge plasma glucose is associated with urine albumin excretion in men with normal glucose regulation

The overwhelming majority of subjects with normal glucose regulation have the highest plasma glucose concentration at 30 minutes during oral glucose tolerance. We aimed to examine the association between increment of 30-min post-challenge glucose and albuminuria in participants with normal glucose regulation. A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted in six communities in Shanghai between 2007 and 2008. A total of 3508 subjects with normal glucose regulation had complete data and were enrolled into the analysis. Among the selected subjects, only 1525 individuals (581 men, 944 women) were examined for their serum insulin levels. We assessed post-challenge blood glucose and insulin at 0, 30 and 120 min, urinary albumin and creatinine. The 30-min post-challenge glucose increment (Δ) was calculated as 30-min post-challenge glucose minus fasting plasma glucose, and albumin/creatinine ratio was used to reflect urinary albumin excretion. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that the Δ30-min post-challenge glucose was independently associated with increased albumin/creatinine ratio in men with normal glucose regulation (OR = 1.08, P = 0.025), but not in women. Furthermore, multivariable linear regression analysis revealed that early-phase glucose disposition index was the main factor responsible for Δ30-min post-challenge glucose and explained 14-20% of the variance of Δ30-min post-challenge glucose in the two subgroups (P < 0.05). Notably, men had higher Δ30-min post-challenge glucose and lower early-phase glucose disposition index than women (all P < 0.001). The 30-min post-challenge plasma glucose increment is associated with urine albumin excretion in men with normal glucose regulation.

Effects of soy protein on lipoprotein lipids and fecal bile acid excretion in men and women with moderate hypercholesterolemia

Soy protein (SP) and low-fat dairy product consumption have been suggested to have hypocholesterolemic effects, although the responsible mechanisms are poorly understood. This randomized, controlled, parallel arm trial evaluated the effects of an insoluble fraction of SP and total milk proteins (TMPs) with high calcium content on the fasting lipid profile. It also assessed the potential contributions of increased excretion of bile acids and neutral sterols to their lipid-altering effects. Subjects with hypercholesterolemia (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL-C] 100-199 mg/dL) followed the Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes diet for 4 weeks, followed by a 2-week lead-in with 3.75 g/d colesevelam HCl. Individuals with LDL-C lowering of ≥5.0% with colesevelam HCl were randomly assigned to one of two groups after a 3-week washout: 1) 25 g/d of an insoluble fraction of partially hydrolyzed SP or 2) 25 g/d TMP. Both SP and TMP reduced atherogenic lipoproteins, as indicated by changes in total cholesterol (-7.4% and -3.6%), LDL-C (-10.9% and -5.9%), nonhigh-density lipoprotein cholesterol (-10.8% and -3.9%), and apolipoprotein B (-9.7% and -2.4%), respectively (P < .05 for between group differences except LDL-C, P = .085). No significant increases were observed in either group for fecal bile acids or neutral sterols. These results confirm that SP consumption exerts a hypocholesterolemic effect and indicate that TMP elicits a less pronounced response. However, these findings do not support the hypothesis that increased bile acid excretion is an important contributor to the hypocholesterolemic effects of either protein source.

Effects of Cigarette Smoking on Urinary Testosterone Excretion in Men

Cigarette smoking is a major public health problem that is associated with high morbidity and mortality. This study was designed to investigate the relationship between cigarette smoking and concentration of testosterone in the urine. Forty young men age between 23 to 31 years were used for this study. The subjects were divided into two groups of 20 controls (noncigarette smoker) and 20 experimental groups (cigarette smoker). 5ml of mid-stream urine was collected from each subject at 0700 hour and urine testosterone concentration was estimated using enzyme immunoassay method. The result showed that the urinary testosterone concentration of non-cigarette smokers was 4.35±0.52 ng/ml, while the concentration in cigarette smokers was 2.81±0.38 ng/ml with p

Plasma serotonin is a predictor for deterioration of urinary albumin excretion in men with type 2 diabetes mellitus

We performed an observational study to investigate if plasma 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (5-HIAA), a derivative end product of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), concentration could be a predictor for deterioration of urinary albumin excretion. The relationship between baseline plasma 5-HIAA concentration and changes in urinary albumin excretion for 24 months was investigated in 162 male patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Patients were divided into tertiles according to plasma 5-HIAA concentration. Greater changes in urinary albumin excretion were seen in patients with high plasma 5-HIAA concentration (112.8 ± 36.2 mg/g creatinine) than in patients with low plasma 5-HIAA concentration (7.6 ± 8.0 mg/g creatinine, P = .0011) or in patients with intermediate plasma 5-HIAA concentration (25.6 ± 15.0 mg/g creatinine, P = .0070) after adjustment for baseline values of urinary albumin excretion. A positive correlation was observed between log (plasma 5-HIAA concentration) and changes in urinary albumin excretion ( r = 0.314, P < .0001). Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that log (plasma 5-HIAA concentration) ( β = .284, P = .0013) was an independent determinant of changes in urinary albumin excretion. In conclusion, plasma 5-HIAA concentration was positively correlated with changes in urinary albumin excretion, which may indicate causality in diabetic nephropathy in male patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and high plasma 5-HIAA concentration.

Endogenous nitrogen excretion in man and the utilization of egg protein.

Endogenous Nitrogen Excretion in Man and the Utilization of Egg Protein Get access Nutrition Reviews, Volume 32, Issue 4, April 1974, Pages 115–117, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.1974.tb06293.x Published: 01 April 1974

FLUORIDE excretion in man.

Journal Article Fluoride Excretion in Man Get access Nutrition Reviews, Volume 11, Issue 6, June 1953, Pages 167–169, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.1953.tb01333.x Published: 01 June 1953

FAT EXCRETION IN MAN

Journal Article Fat Excretion in Man Get access Nutrition Reviews, Volume 5, Issue 2, February 1947, Pages 51–53, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.1947.tb04110.x Published: 01 February 1947

B-VITAMIN excretion in man as influenced by streptomycin.

B-VITAMIN excretion in man as influenced by streptomycin.

Melanocortin receptor 1 variants and melanoma risk – a study on two European populations

Benzene has been implicated as an environmental risk factor in leukaemia and other haematological diseases. Relationships between urban benzene exposure, oxidative DNA damage and polymorphisms in metabolism enzymes were examined in 40 volunteers living and working in Copenhagen. Personal exposures to benzene, toluene and methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) were monitored during a 5-day period. DNA damage was measured by 7-hydro-8-oxo-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) in lymphocyte DNA and urine and by comet assay with use of fapyguanine glycosylase (FPG) and endonuclease III (ENDO). Excretion of the benzene metabolites trans,trans-muconic acid (ttMA) and S-phenylmercapturic acid (S-PMA) were measured in urine. Polymorphisms in glutathione-S-transferases T1 (GSTT1), M1 (GSTM1) and P1 (GSTP1) and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO) were determined. Median exposures to benzene, toluene and MTBE were 2.5, 18.7 and 0.86 μg/m3. No significant correlations between external benzene exposure and any of the biomarkers were found. However, a significant correlation between S-PMA excretion and 8-oxodG in lymphocytes was found (Rs=0.39). Men were found to excrete significantly more ttMA than the women did and ttMA excretion in men was found to be significantly associated with external benzene exposure (R=0.53, P=0.025). In addition, ttMA and S-PMA excretion was significantly higher in subjects with the NQO+/−genotype compared with subjects with the wild type (P=0.004 and P=0.011, respectively). Even though there are some limitations in this study due to the low range of benzene exposure and biomarker concentrations as well as a small number of subjects, these results could suggest that even at ambient concentrations exposure to benzene could have genotoxic effects in susceptible individuals.

A reduction in alcohol consumption is associated with reduced plasma F 2-isoprostanes and urinary 20-HETE excretion in men

There is considerable evidence that chronic moderate-to-high alcohol consumption increases blood pressure. The mechanisms by which this occurs are not clear. Alcohol consumption can induce oxidative stress and cytochrome P450 (CYP450) isoforms that are associated with oxidative stress and may influence vascular tone. To study the role of such mechanisms we examined whether reducing alcohol intake in moderate-to-heavy drinkers (40–110 g/day) resulted in changes in urinary excretion of 20-HETE, a CYP450 metabolite of arachidonic acid, and plasma and urinary F 2-isoprostanes as markers of lipid peroxidation. After a 4-week run-in period during which healthy men maintained their usual drinking pattern they were randomized to a two-way crossover intervention study. In each of the 4-week treatment periods subjects either substituted their usual alcohol intake with a 0.9% alcohol beer or maintained their usual alcohol intake. Plasma and urinary F 2-isoprostanes and urinary 20-HETE were measured by gas chromatography mass spectrometry, and serum γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GT) was measured as a biomarker of alcohol consumption, at the end of each study period. Sixteen healthy men age 51.0 ± 2.7 years and with a BMI of 26.4 ± 0.61 kg/m 2 completed the study. The reductions in alcohol intake (72.4 ± 5.0 vs 7.9 ± 1.6 g/day, p < 0.001) and serum γ-GT (geometric mean 24.4 U/L (95% CI 19.7, 30.2) vs 18.6 U/L (95% CI 15.5, 22.2, p < 0.01) were accompanied by a significant fall in blood pressure as well as urinary 20-HETE excretion (158 ± 23 vs 109 ± 19 pmol/mmol creatinine, p < 0.001) and plasma F 2-isoprostanes (3438 ± 158 vs 2929 ± 145 pmol/L, p = 0.01). A substantial reduction in alcohol consumption in healthy men lowered plasma F 2-isoprostanes and urinary 20-HETE. Increased oxidative stress and 20-HETE production may be linked, at least in part, to the pathogenesis of alcohol-related hypertension.

Body Size and 24-Hour Urine Composition

Greater body mass index (BMI) is a risk factor for kidney stones. However, the relation between BMI and the urinary excretion of many lithogenic factors remains unclear. We studied urine pH, urine volume, and 24-hour urinary excretion of calcium, oxalate, citrate, uric acid, sodium, magnesium, potassium, phosphate, and creatinine in stone-forming and non-stone-forming participants in the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (599 stone-forming and 404 non-stone-forming men), Nurses' Health Study (888 stone-forming and 398 non-stone-forming older women), and Nurses' Health Study II (689 stone-forming and 295 non-stone-forming younger women). Each cohort was divided into quintiles of BMI. Tests of linear trend were conducted by 1-way analysis of variance. Linear regression models were adjusted for age, history of stone disease, dietary intake, and urinary factors. Participants with greater BMIs excreted more urinary oxalate (P for trend <or= 0.04), uric acid (P < 0.001), sodium (P < 0.001), and phosphate (P < 0.001) than participants with lower BMIs. There was an inverse relation between BMI and urine pH (P <or= 0.02). Positive associations between BMI and urinary calcium excretion in men and stone-forming younger women (P <or= 0.02) did not persist after adjustment for urinary sodium and phosphate excretion. Because of differences in urinary volume and excretion of inhibitors such as citrate, we observed no relation between BMI and urinary supersaturation of calcium oxalate. Urinary supersaturation of uric acid increased with BMI (P <or= 0.01). Positive associations between BMI and urinary calcium excretion likely are due to differences in animal protein and sodium intake. The greater incidence of kidney stones in the obese may be due to an increase in uric acid nephrolithiasis.