Exclusive Space Research Articles

The Guidelines of Housing Management Service for Disabled Households

The purpose of this study was to analyze existing guidelines related to housing for the disabled and housing management, and to identify the status of housing management for the disabled at home. In addition, it was intended to suggest a system for constructing the guideline for housing management services of a housing model for disabled households. The research method was as follows. 1. Analyzed the existing guidelines 2. A home visit survey and interview survey were conducted for 40 people with disabilities at home. 3. A survey was conducted on 11 experts. The data were analyzed using the SPSS statistical program. The results were as follows.: 1) Through analysis of the existing guidelines, it was derived that it is necessary to develop the guidelines for housing management services for disabled who wants to live independently. 2) In the case of people with disabilities at home, maintenance and replacement of facilities was the most common (55%) among housing management activities. 3) The final derived housing management service guideline consisted of 6 areas, 17 detailed areas, and 35 required detailed items. The six areas were A. guideline outline, B. housing management plan and operation, C. exclusive space management, etc., D. common space management and community programs, E. housing management service support organization, and F. housing management service using the housing management service app.

Editorial Letter

Editorial Letter

Narrative of Feminist Resistance: Exploring Regulations of Leprosy in Postcolonial India

Colonial policies on leprosy were predicated on the enactment of laws and the administration of systems that targeted ‘vagrancy' as disease control, subsuming classist, casteist, gendered and racial narratives within state response to the disease. Colonial state power, juxtaposed with the social capital of the Indian elite and ‘employed' middle classes, created exclusive spaces for containment of (hyper visible, and therefore most vulnerable) leprosy sufferers belonging to ‘lower-caste,' poor communities. Colonial regimes of disease control built on underlying notions of ‘morality' and ‘hygiene’ subsist, in one form or another, in the post-colonial state, furthered by neoliberal institutions that repurpose these notions through their development policies. Leprosy regulation narratives are still predicated on rationales relating to hygiene and economic development, which focus on caste, gender and hygiene markers for regulation. Resistance, in the background of colonial conceptions, policies and legislations relating to leprosy, has manifested within the very structures that have been set up to forcibly confine and isolate poor and marginalised persons with leprosy. In this article, we examine spaces of power created by the colonial state, giving rise to community spaces, unique power negotiations and narratives of resistance of the most marginalised. We critically trace the resistance of the ‘leper’ against draconian legislations, as well as ostracisation in the colonial and postcolonial period. Leprosy colonies have become sites of resistance where persons affected with leprosy did not passively suffer, but could reclaim their agency and re-imagine identities more positive than those ascribed to the infection. The alternative kinship structures that develop in these colonies facilitate unique care models that challenge dominant notions of families, hitherto predicated on marriage, adoption, or relatedness. Thus, we argue that leprosy colonies can be thought of not only as places of healing but as healing in and of themselves.

Porcine Providence: Pigs, Space, and Cultural Strategies of Exclusion in the Making of a US City

Porcine Providence: Pigs, Space, and Cultural Strategies of Exclusion in the Making of a US City

From the “Migration Burden” to Migrants’ Burden: Exile in Malta or the Condition of Inter-jobs

Confronted with a “migration burden” deemed unbearable by the authorities, Malta is seen as one of the emblematic spaces of exclusion of exiles in Europe. However, the relegation of undesirables, isolated in the island’s “open centres”, does not equate to their removal from the local economy and society. By looking at circulation between state institutions designed to exclude exiles and the routine organisation of informal labour on the island, this article explores the ambivalence between the distancing and the workforce mobilisation of “undesirables”, between the doctrine of the “migration burden” and the burden on exiles in Maltese production. It shows how exiles are called upon to join the ranks of what I call “inter-jobs”, filling the interstices formed by a capitalist system whose erratic, casual and ephemeral labour needs presuppose a waiting population continuously at its disposal, a labour force that can be endlessly mobilised and de-mobilised.

A Rathole: Foucault, Freud, and the Problem of Isolation

The article discusses the problem of isolation and draws a parallel between two different approaches to it - Michel Foucault’s archeology of power and Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalysis. Foucault’s perspective is exemplified by his critique of the strategies of power as they were applied to the epidemics of leprosy and bubonic plague. For leprosy there was an undifferentiated exclusionary space, while the the plague brought about a segmented space for confinement. The passage from the one strategy to the other marks the development of the disciplinary model of power: leper colonies are transformed into prisons and psychiatric wards. Freud’s approach is examined in his treatment of the Rat Man, the patient whose analysis prompted Freud to formulate his theory of obsessional neurosis, or obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The article emphasizes the relevance of the problem of OCD to the COVID-19 pandemic of 2020. The traditional strategy of power applied to leprosy was isolation by means of exile from towns, while for the plague isolation meant shutting towns down with their inhabitants each in their own place as if imprisoned. COVID-19 brought about a new strategy of self-isolation which entails creating physical and psychological barriers together with social distancing. Obsessional neurosis is evolving from an individual pathology into a kind of collective one: epidemiology influences mentality. In conclusion, the article takes up two literary examples - Roman Mikhailov’s text “The Wrong Side of a Rat,” and Varlam Shalamov’s story “Lepers,” from the Kolyma Stories collection - in which breaking out of isolation, disease and infection are presented as alternative affective experiences.

El pensamiento económico de la Escuela de Salamanca y la esclavitud negra

The philosophical, political, theological and economic reflections present in the authors of the School of Salamanca offer us a privileged vision of the world market that was shaped by the colonial expansion. The slave trade was a fundamental part of its inquiries, requiring an effort to unravel the emergence of strictly economic thinking regarding the African black slave trade to America. Thus, the moral problem present in the act of capture, which has been defined in the specialized literature as “the problem of slavery”, was overshadowed by an incipient economic reason that can only be understood since the emergence of modern economic science. and the proliferation of a sovereign state power that was building in turn on the margins of the world-system peripheral spaces of exclusion, appropriation and confinement.

Diversity without integration? Racialization and spaces of exclusion in international higher education

In predominantly white universities in the United States, international students are frequently exposed to racism, xenophobia, and other forms of exclusion. This ethnographic research examines how students from China’s Pearl River Delta negotiate a predominantly white Midwestern university in an era of reenergized racism and nationalism. It reveals the persistence of the ideology of whiteness and culture-based exclusion, which not only racialize foreign students of color, but also engage with this student population to perpetuate white supremacy. It also highlights race as a transnational construct, where China’s state ideology of anti-Blackness and Han ethnocentrism powerfully push Chinese students to isolate from Black and Asian American communities.

Humanitarian spill-over: the expansion of hybrid humanitarian governance from camps to refugee hosting societies in East Africa

ABSTRACT The impact and effects of protracted refugee camps on their host environments in East Africa has been the subject of much academic attention since the late 1990s. Such camps are often viewed as exclusionary spaces that isolate refugees from their host societies. Recent analyses, however, posit such camps as hybrid spaces, with fluid boundaries, that provide socio-economic opportunities and are potential drivers of development. Less thinking has gone into how forms of (humanitarian) governance emanate from such camps and impact their host environments. This paper is based on ethnographic research in and around refugee camps in Kenya and Tanzania. Grounded in a spatial analysis of camp development processes, this paper explores the notion of ‘humanitarian spill-over’. It argues that camps’ specific governmental processes and bureaucratic power come to co-govern and co-shape socio-spatial relations beyond the boundaries of the camp and the initial targets of humanitarian concern. By analysing the socio-spatial effects of long-term humanitarian governance, this paper contributes to, debates about camps as hybrid spaces and locates experiments with developmental approaches to camp environments in East Africa in a history of a more organic process of spill-over. We show how the spill-over is increasingly posited as intention rather than effect.

Normalized Heterotopia as a Market Failure in a Spatial Marketing System: The Case of Gated Communities in India

This article explores the spatial marketing system in India. It highlights a case where market failure is institutionalized through the normalization of heterotopia in the consumption of gated communities (GCs). We build on the earlier work by Bargends and by Sandberg on spatial marketing systems to discuss the consumption of exclusive space. We find that the gated community leads to heterotopic relations, fantasized living and, the pursuit of identity through spatial purification. This research contributes to macromarketing research by offering three theoretical interpretations of our qualitative study of residents of a gated community in India. First, spatial inequality is found to be a defining process in this spatial marketing system. The creation of such disparities is a deliberate strategy by dominant consumers to ‘other’ the outsiders. This spatial segregation is seen as a market failure. Secondly, branded space emerges as a trope for decoupling with local lower class surroundings through a process of postcolonial mimesis. In the process of imitating the West, residents engage in self-captivity and voluntary seclusion to achieve spatial purification. Thirdly, we extend marketing systems theory by locating spatial purification-related processes and mechanisms at the heart of marketing systems formation and adaptive change.

Signs, beaches and bodies in pandemic times

During the height of social distancing conditions in the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia, the beaches of Sydney’s eastern suburbs became heavily regulated through prolific signage, physical barriers, and the presence of police and council staff. This essay explores the role of signage, as part of the outdoor media landscape, in contributing to the specific affective atmospheres in these extraordinary conditions and further demarcating Sydney’s beaches as exclusive spaces. Drawing on autoethnographic insights and visual imagery gathered during this time, I argue signs, as under explored forms of media, act as both mundane forms of governance and more-than-mundane contributors to the reconfiguration of affective and spatial relations.

Landscapes of tension, tribalism and toxicity: configuring a spatial politics of esport communities

ABSTRACT Proliferation of esport has created a complex landscape of participants, communities, organisations and investors. With alluring lucrative economic, social and political incentives, the crowded esport commons have become a site of rich resource for varied interests, yet also a locale of idea sharing, community production, and collective action. Notwithstanding advantageous outcomes for some stakeholders, esport has also become a space of turbulent tribal relations, exclusion, marginalisation, and inequalities. Such issues precipitate the need for closer examination of esport spaces, relations within these communities, and the underlying ideological and moral conditions thereof. Drawing on spatial theory, and utilising data from 16 semi-structured interviews and 3 focus groups (n = 65) with key esport stakeholders, this research explored current experiences of identity and esport community membership. Our investigation focussed on esport and explored the ideological grounding, current practices and tensions present within esport communities.

Teaching Gender and Sexuality in the Wake of the Must Fall Movements: Mutual Disruption through the Lens of Critical Pedagogy

The recent Must Fall movements shone a light on how South African universities are exclusionary spaces in many respects. In addition to the focus on racial, financial, and epistemological exclusions, the movements also highlighted how gender and sexual minorities are marginalised in university curricula and spaces. In the wake of these movements, I taught a range of courses dealing with gender and sexuality to pre-service teachers at a South African university. Using an autoethnographic approach, I recount some of the challenges I faced in teaching subject matter that many South Africans consider controversial. Students often relied on simplistic discourses of culture and religion to voice resistance to my courses and to “disrupt” my classes, while the subject matter simultaneously disrupted their deeply held concepts of identity. These moments of disruption from students, while largely intended as resistance, offered considerable pedagogical value, especially when viewed through the lens of critical pedagogy that informs my teaching approach. In this article, I use autoethnographic reflections to describe some of these moments of mutual disruption. I examine how the discussions with students have shifted after the Must Fall movements, linking the philosophy and some of the events of the movements to the ways that students are engaging differently. I argue that these pre-service teachers also hold the potential to disrupt discourses of queerphobia, gender-based violence and HIV in the South African school system. Additionally, I contend that gender and sexuality diversity deserve greater focus in teacher education in order to create critical thinking spaces that can foster reflective capacities in teachers around how they relate to learners who are gender and sexual minorities.

Olimpismo, género y comunicación: una aproximación al deporte femenino y a su representación en los medios deportivos

El deporte ha sido desde sus orígenes un espacio de exclusión para las mujeres, que han tenido que desafiar normas y convencionalismos sociales para poder acceder a este ámbito tradicionalmente masculino. Este artículo estudia la investigación desarrollada sobre la presencia y evolución de las mujeres en el deporte de élite a través de los Juegos Olímpicos y su cobertura en los medios de comunicación deportivos. El objetivo principal es definir la forma en que las deportistas son representadas a través de estos medios y si existen todavía hoy desequilibrios en la cobertura de género. Se establece que las deportistas y sus logros profesionales son infrarrepresentados y trivializados, así como la existencia de sesgos y estereotipos de género que limitan el avance de las mujeres en el deporte.

Dalit Chembur: Spatializing the Caste Question in Bombay, c. 1920s-1970s

Studying the spatial exclusion of Dalits is distinct from looking at caste as an axis of spatial organization in the city. The “urban” is not just a location for mapping the social geography, but a mode that engenders spatial inequality. This article probes the spatial strategies of urban planning, between the 1920s and 1970s, which produced exclusionary spaces and masked the dynamics of caste within its techno-managerial rationality. It refocuses the lens of scholarship on Bombay from the urban periphery moving beyond the three popular sites of Bombay’s historiography: the factory, the neighborhoods of mill district, and the Island City. Exploring the politics of urban expansion, it illustrates how the planning regime reproduced hegemonic caste-class relations, which relegated Dalit migrants to the city’s fringes, on low-quality lands, and in segregated neighborhoods. Based on life histories, this article shows how Dalits created spaces for living, linked inextricably to their labor, and contests the abstract notions of space like “slum” that identify and mark people and their spaces. It also explores the affective relations nurtured and solidarities forged in the Dalit neighborhood on the terrain of urban politics, which recognizes Dalit actors and their struggles for redistribution and dignity.

Othering Pastoralists, State Violence, and the Remaking of Boundaries in Tanzania’s Militarised Wildlife Conservation Sector

AbstractThis paper examines the ways in which Tanzanian conservation authorities utilise biodiversity “extinction narratives” in order to legitimise the use of violence in redrawing protected areas’ boundaries. Militarisation and violence in conservation have often been associated with the “war on poaching”. Drawing on the history of conservation and violence in Tanzania, and using an empirical case from Loliondo, the paper suggests that violence in conservation may be legitimised when based on extinction narratives and a claim that more exclusive spaces are urgently needed to protect biodiversity. It argues that the emerging militarisation and use of violence in Tanzania can be associated with both global biodiversity extinction and local neo‐Malthusian narratives, which recently have regained predominance. When combined with “othering” of groups of pastoralists by portraying them as foreign “invaders”, such associations legitimise extensions of state control over contested land by any means available, including violence.

From World Actor to Local Community: Territoriality and the Scope of Application of EU Law

This chapter offers a reconstruction of the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union in relation to the territorial scope of application of EU law. Thus, it will focus on the manner in which the Court approaches the question of whether EU law should apply to cases that are at least partly connected to non-EU jurisdictions. This is a topic that has attracted significant interest in recent years from EU lawyers as well as experts in public and private international law, given in particular how EU law has been said to take the role of a ‘world actor’ in tackling problems that lack a clear geographical basis, such as the protection of personal data, environmental degradation or competition law. Under the most common understanding, the question of the territorial applicability of EU law is essentially a functional one: the scope of application of EU law will be that which is required by the effective pursuit of whatever goal is at stake, which may mean that in many instances it will apply ‘extraterritorially’. It will however be argued that this leaves aside an important dimension of the territorial applicability of EU law – its contribution to the construction of the EU legal system as a ‘local community’. Indeed, the EU legal system should not only be seen as an institutional tool in the promotion of certain objectives, but should also be understood as a space of inclusion and exclusion. It will not only be argued that this is a necessary dimension to EU law’s scope of application, but also that this dimension is already present in the case law. This will be seen through a study of three different lines of cases, where the Court deduces the applicability of EU law from the location of a legal relationship, the imperativeness of the particular EU legal regime, and the integrity of the EU legal system as a whole.

Take the houses back/take the land back: Black and Indigenous urban futures in Oakland

ABSTRACT In this piece, I consider how two emergent movements from the Lisjan Ohlone land of Oakland, California, Moms 4 Housing and the Sogorea Te’ Land Trust, are shifting the urban geographies of Oakland. As cities become increasingly unequal and exclusionary spaces, movements such as these urge urban scholars to act in ways that are accountable to the peoples who are being dispossessed, as they make demands of the city and/or build autonomous spaces amid mass dispossession. How might these movements push the methodological and conceptual possibilities of urban geographies as well as urban scholars’ accountable relations to cities and their peoples. I consider what urban futures these two movements reveal amid a housing crisis that is tightly bound to long histories of colonial and racial capitalist dispossession in the Bay Area, and how these Black and Indigenous women-led movements offer routes toward housing justice and the decolonization of land.

‘I had to pop a wheelie and pay extra attention in order not to fall:’ embodied experiences of two wheelchair tennis athletes transgressing ableist and gendered norms in disability sport and university spaces

ABSTRACT When bodies move in certain contexts, it can mean very different things for different people. In our society, some bodies are more valued than others, and detrimentally, this can mean that certain types of bodies are ostracised and segregated to the outskirts of production economies and society. Dis/ability sport spaces, able-bodied sports spaces and able-bodied university spaces have been an under-researched area when considering how the body moves throughout these spaces for elite wheelchair athletes taking part in university courses. To learn more, this paper drew on feminist poststructuralism and new materialist perspectives and shared an insight into how two athletes with dis/abilities transgressed abled and gendered norms in different spaces and how they positioned themselves as athletic bodies and disabled bodies in these spaces. Employing a post-critical ethnographic design, we found that dependent on the space a dis/abled body is in constant flux as to when it feels marginalised and different (typically able-bodied spaces) and when it feels included, valued, and strong (typically dis/abled spaces). Significantly, the materiality of the institutional structures of universities, founded upon historic aesthetics of beauty dictated the physical spaces the athletes entered and created spaces of exclusion based on capitalist and ableist ideologies.

Changing imbalance: Spatial production of national high-tech industrial development zones in China (1988-2018)

Science parks are popular in most countries of the world. In China they have taken the form of National High-Tech Industrial Development Zones (NHTIDZs), which have demonstrated special spatiotemporal characteristics over the past thirty years. NHTIDZs, as exclusive spaces, epitomize the close relationship between governmental power and urbanization, and have become an organizational form of the production of space. However, little research has been carried out into the spatial production of China’s NHTIDZs. Based on the theory of the production of space, this article designs a framework for identifying the interactions between governmental power, NHTIDZs, and urbanization. We find there are two main characteristics of the changing imbalance between time and space: a rapid and unstable centralizing trend and an extremely uneven spatial distribution. The NHTIDZ, as a spatial organization pattern of urbanization, is dominated by governmental power. Because of rapid spatial expansion and great policy privileges, national-level NHTIDZs have become targets for governments at all levels. The purpose of the central government is to promote urbanization by expanding high-technology zones nationwide; therefore, urbanization in China is becoming a process of spatial production. To help China achieve a better urban-rural integration and sustainable development, policy suggestions for NHTIDZs are recommended.