Exclusive Mother Research Articles

Racial and Ethnic Disparities in the Use of Mother's Milk Feeding for Very Low Birth Weight Infants in Massachusetts

To examine the extent to which maternal race/ethnicity is associated with mother's milk use among hospitalized very low birth weight (VLBW) infants and maternal receipt of hospital breastfeeding support practices (human milk prenatal education, first milk expression <6 hours after delivery, lactation consultation <24 hours, any skin-to-skin care <1 month). We studied 1318 mother-VLBW infant pairs in 9 Massachusetts level 3 neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) between January 2015 and November 2017. We estimated associations of maternal race/ethnicity with any and exclusive mother's milk on day 7, on day 28, and at discharge/transfer and hospital practices. We estimated HRs comparing the probability of continued milk use over the hospitalization by race/ethnicity and tested mediation by hospital practices, adjusting for birth weight and gestational age and including hospital and plurality as random effects. Mothers were 48% non-Hispanic white, 21% non-Hispanic black, and 20% Hispanic. Initiation of mother's milk was similar across groups, but infants of Hispanic mothers (hazard ratio [HR], 2.71; 95% CI, 2.05-3.59) and non-Hispanic black mothers (HR, 1.55; 95% CI, 1.17-2.07) stopped receiving milk earlier in the hospitalization compared with infants of non-Hispanic white mothers. Hispanic mothers had lower odds of providing skin-to-skin care at <1 month (OR, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.43-0.87) compared with non-Hispanic whites. Hispanic and non-Hispanic black mothers were less likely than non-Hispanic white mothers to continue providing milk for their VLBW infants throughout the NICU stay.

Prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding and barriers for its continuation up to six months in Kandy district, Sri Lanka

BackgroundSince 2005, the national policy on breastfeeding in Sri Lanka is exclusive breastfeeding up to 6 months, as recommended by World Health Organization. The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding and barriers for its’ continuation up to 6 months, in Kandy District, Sri Lanka.MethodsA clinic based cross-sectional study was conducted from August to November 2016, in six randomly selected Medical Officer of Health areas in the Kandy District. The sample was selected proportionate to the population of each Medical Officer of Health area and 354 mothers with infants aged 6 months, attending the child welfare clinics were recruited. Data were collected by an interviewer administered questionnaire using mother recall data since birth. A focus group discussion was conducted on 21 mothers who discontinued exclusive breastfeeding early. The infant taking only breast milk and no additional food, water, or other fluids with the exception of medicines and vitamins or mineral drops for the first 6 months was used as the definition of exclusive breastfeeding.ResultsThe prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months was 50.8% (180/354) while the median duration was 6 months. Mother being employed (AOR 3.01; 95% CI 1.45, 6.29), mother’s poor knowledge on what she meant by exclusive breastfeeding (AOR 3.75; 95% CI 2.14, 6.54) and mother’s poor attitudes towards exclusive breastfeeding (AOR 2.98; 95% CI 1.76, 5.03) were independently associated with early cessation of exclusive breastfeeding. Unsupported environment in public places was not significantly associated with early cessation of exclusive breastfeeding. Focus group discussion revealed controversial health messages on exclusive breastfeeding delivered at different points of healthcare delivery, cultural practices which discouraged exclusive breastfeeding and difficulties in obtaining maternity leave as barriers for exclusive breastfeeding.ConclusionsThe prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding up to 6 months was not satisfactory and there were barriers identified in healthcare system, family and work places towards exclusive breastfeeding. For further improvement in the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding these issues need to be addressed and necessary changes in legislation implemented.

Hubungan Tingkat Pengetahuan Dan Status Pekerjaan Dengan Pemberian Asi Eksklusif

Infancy and toddler be a good time for growing children. The provision of adequate nutrition into maternal and family obligations to support the growth of children. Nutrition is the most appropriate given to babies is breast milk. Exclusive breastfeeding for infants 0-6 months has been recommended by the WHO (World Health Organization), UNICEF (United Nation Childrens Fund), and Depkes RI (Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia). But unfortunately the percentage of exclusive breastfeeding in Indonesia still does not meet the desired target, amounting to 54.3% with a target desired by 75%. The level of knowledge and maternal employment status is a factor affecting exclusive breastfeeding for the mother is still a lack of understanding about the practice of exclusive breastfeeding and busy mother because of her job. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between level of knowledge and employment status with exclusive breastfeeding. This study used a quantitative research with research methods correlational. The study design used is cross sectional. Samples are mothers with babies aged 6 months. The sampling technique used the total population and obtained a number of 31 respondents. The results showed that there was a relationship between the level of knowledge with exclusive breastfeeding, the value of p = 0.022. There is a relationship between employment status with exclusive breastfeeding, the value of p = 0.023.

The Correlation of Knowledge Level About Exclusive Mother’s Milk with Mother’s Milk Deliverance To The Baby

Background: The giving of exclusive mother’s milk was recommended for the baby until aged 6 months, because the mother’s milk contained a full nutrients to grow and development for the baby. The successful in giving exclusive mother’s milk was influenced by the mother’s knowledge about the exclusive mother’s milk. The data obtained also shownd that Danurejan 1 public healt was the lowest in exclusive breastfeeding gift that is 12,31%. Results of interviews with mothers of babies 6-12 months found mother’s who did not breastfeed exclusive of 7 people.&#x0D; Objective: To know the correlation of knowledge level of mother about exclusive mother’s milk with the deliverance of exclusive mother’s milk for the baby.&#x0D; Method: This research used an analytic survey method with a cross sectional approach. The research population was 132 people, the research sample was 57 people taking with a purposive sampling method. The research instrument was a close questionnaire with Gutman Scale. The data analysis method used a frequency distribution and chi square correlation.&#x0D; Result: The most mothers has a knowledge about exclusive mother’s milk in a good categorized (50%) and the most mothers gave the mother’s milk exclusively (82,5%). There were a significant correlation between mother’s knowledge and exclusive mother’s milk with the deliverance of exclusive mother’s milk for the baby with p count = 37,817 with sig 0.000 &lt; 0,05.&#x0D; Conclusion: There were a significant correlation between the mother’s knowledge about exclusive mother’s milk with the deliverance of exclusive mother’s milk.

HUBUNGAN PEMBERIAN ASI EKSKLUSIF DENGAN PERKEMBANGAN MOTORIK PADA BAYI

Motoric development is the beginning of intelligence and social emotion on the baby. Environment factors hold the main role of growth and development on baby, one of them are nutritional aspects. Administration of adequate nutrition would influence growth and development on baby optimally. This purpose of research to know the relationship between exclusive breastfeeding with motoric development in the baby. This study used the correlative description with the cross-sectional approach. As much 35 respondents joined with the criteria inclusion age baby at 6-18 months. Purposive sampling technique applied in this study. Collecting data used questionnaire named Denver II. Data analysis using Chi- Square correlation test. The result based on Chi-Square correlation test, showed significance p = 0.000. It means that there was the relationship between exclusive breastfeeding with motoric development in the baby. The conclusion, there was the relationship between exclusive breastfeeding with motoric development in the baby. The nurse should conduct health promotion about the enhancement of exclusive breastfeeding and mother attitude into the baby development

Triadic Interactions in Families of Adolescents with Anorexia Nervosa and Families of Adolescents with Internalizing Disorders.

The latest studies and practice guidelines for the treatment of adolescent patients with anorexia nervosa agree in pointing out the key role played by parents in determining the young patients’ therapeutic possibilities and outcomes. Still family functioning has usually been studied using only self-reported instruments. The aim of the present study is therefore to investigate the triadic interactions within the families of adolescents with anorexia nervosa using a semi-standardized observational tool based on a recorded play session, the Lausanne Trilogue Play (LTP). Parents and adolescent daughters, consecutively referred to adolescent neuropsychiatric services, participated in the study and underwent the observational procedure (LTP). The 20 families of adolescent girls with anorexia nervosa (restricting type) were compared with 20 families of patients with internalizing disorders (anxiety and depression). The results showed different interactive patterns in the families of adolescents with anorexia nervosa: they had greater difficulties in respecting roles during the play, maintaining the joint attention and in sharing positive affect, especially in the three-together phase (third phase). The majority of these families (12) exhibited collusive alliances. The parental subsystem appeared frequently unable to maintain a structuring role, i.e., providing help, support and guidance to the daughters, while the girls in turn often found it hard to show independent ideas and develop personal projects. Parents experienced difficulty in carving out a couple-specific relational space, from which the ill daughter was at least temporarily excluded also when they were asked to continue to interact with each other, letting the daughter be simply present in a third-part position (fourth phase). The study of the triadic interactions in the families of adolescents with anorexia nervosa may help to shift the attention from the exclusive mother–daughter relation to the involvement of the father, and of the parental couple as a whole. The family functioning is in fact well established as a maintaining factor of anorexia nervosa or vice versa as a facilitating factor in the therapeutic process.

Relationships of Feeding and Mother's Own Milk with Fecal Calprotectin Levels in Preterm Infants.

To describe longitudinal effects of feeding volume and type of milk on fecal calprotectin (f-CP) in very low-birth weight (VLBW) infants. Prospective data were collected across Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) admission for 6 weeks or until discharge in 75 VLBW neonates. The mean gestational age on entry into the study was 29 weeks. Seventy-four (99%) mothers provided expressed milk in varying amounts. Twenty-three mothers (31%) provided exclusive mother's own milk (MOM) throughout. Preterm infant formula (PIF) and pasteurized donor milk were added to feedings of remaining infants. Pooled MOM was analyzed weekly for levels of a panel of cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors, and secretory Immunoglobulin A (sIgA) so that the exact amount of exposure to the gut of these milk bioactives could be estimated. f-CP levels ranged from 160 to 350 μg/g stool. Total feeding volume was positively associated with f-CP, controlling for infant weight, and f-CP levels rose across time. Exclusive MOM feedings for the entire measurement period were associated with rising levels of f-CP, but mixed feedings (MOM with added PIF or pasteurized donor milk (PDM) did not show this increase over time. The presence of f-CP may represent a response to milk volumes and MOM, which represents normal development rather than always implicating pathological inflammation in the VLBW infant.

Association Between Mother’s Age and Breastfeeding Status in the Northern Iran

Introduction: Breast milk provides the ideal nutrition for infant and it is more easily digested than infant formula. The main aim of this study is to determine breastfeeding status, exclusive breastfeeding, and their relation with mother’s age among under-five children in the north of Iran.Material and Methods: This was a descriptive, cross-sectional study, which was carried out in 1997 persons (535 = Fars-native, 773 = Turkman and 689 = Sisstani) from 20 villages in the north of Iran. The calculated sample sizes of 1800 respondents at least were needed for a 95% confidence and a maximum marginal error 0.02. Exclusive Breastfeeding Duration (EBFD) and Breastfeeding Duration (BFD) were classified based on WHO definitions.Results: BFD is 20.16 months and statistical difference is significant among three ethnic groups (p=0.001). Post hoc test are significant between Fars-native and Turkman (p=0.001), and between Turkman and Sisstani (p=0.002) and between Fars-native and Sisstani (p=0.024). EBFD is 5.77 months and statistical difference is significant among three ethnic groups (p=0.011). Post hoc test is significant between Turkman and Sisstani (p=0.027). As whole, duration of breastfeeding positively increased with mother’s age (p=0.002) but statistical association was not significant between exclusive breastfeeding duration and mother’s age.Conclusion: In rural area in the north of Iran, the EBFD and BFD were 5.74 and 20.16 months, respectively and they were in Turkman group more than in others. Mother’s age have a rising role for EBFD and BFD whereas in all of ethnic groups it was not the same.J Nepal Paediatr Soc 2015;35(1):1-5

Effect of a Quality Improvement Project to Use Exclusive Mother's Own Milk on Rate of Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Preterm Infants.

Mother's own milk (MOM) remains the key strategy to prevent necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in preterm infants. We developed and implemented quality improvement (QI) initiatives to improve rate of using MOM in preterm infants of <32 weeks of gestation. The objective was to evaluate the impact of this QI project on NEC incidence in this population. In November 2009, we established a QI multidisciplinary team that reviewed literature and practices of other institutions to promote exclusive use of MOM in preterm infants of <32 weeks of gestation. The team developed practice changes that were implemented in February 2010. We tracked use of MOM and occurrence of NEC stage ≥ 2 from January 2009 until March 2012 when donor human milk was introduced. The subjects were divided into three groups: baseline (year 2009; n = 189), intervention phase (year 2010; n = 202), and sustain phase (January 2011-March 2012; n = 254). Clinical outcomes of the baseline and sustain phases were compared. Exclusive use of MOM improved significantly from 60.8% to 73.6% at time of first feed (p = 0.004) without any delay in feed introduction (median [interquartile range], 40 [26, 75.5] hours versus 43.5 [24, 69] hours; p = 0.96). There was a nonsignificant increase in exclusive use of MOM at time of full feed (from 79.5% to 85.2%; p = 0.11); however; use of any MOM increased significantly from 80.4% to 91.3% (p < 0.001) at discharge. Time to reach full feed and length of stay remained similar between the baseline and sustain periods. On regression analysis, risk of NEC decreased significantly in the sustain period (odds ratio = 0.32; 95% confidence interval, 0.11-0.93). QI initiatives were effective in increasing use of exclusive MOM at time of first feed and of any MOM at time of discharge and in reducing NEC incidence in our neonatal intensive care unit.

O ganho de peso em prematuros relacionado ao tipo de leite

The objective of the present study was to compare the weight gain of premature neonates fed with maternal milk from its own mother and those fed with maternal milk from a human donor milk bank (HDMB). A quantitative, descriptive, comparative and prospective study conducted in a Teaching Maternity Unit; including 39 charts of premature neonates between July and October 2011. The data were analyzed using SPSS 20.0 statistical software. The greatest weight gain was found among premature babies with extremely low birth weight using blended milk (exclusive mother’s maternal milk + HDMB); followed by neonates with very low birth weight using exclusively their own mother’s milk. The study indicated that mother’s maternal milk is the most nutritious feeding option and propitiates greater weight gain among low-weight neonates. doi: 10.5216/ree.v16i3.21748.

Inclusion of maize in the grazing diet of goats during the last 12 days of gestation reinforces the expression of maternal behaviour and selectivity during the sensitive period

The objectives of this study were to investigate if partial substitution of a grazing diet with maize during the last 12d of gestation in goats bred under semi-arid grazing conditions improves maternal behaviour and reinforces the exclusive mother–kid bond at 3h after birth. For the first objective, 20 pregnant goats and their single kids were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments (10 per group): (1) only grazing (control group); and (2) grazing plus 0.6kg/d of supplemental maize during the last 12±1.0d before parturition (maize group). Frequency of amniotic fluid and amniotic membrane consumption and invitations to suckling were higher in the maize group than in the control group during the first 30min after birth (P≤0.049). Duration of invitations to suckling tended to be higher in the maize group than in the control group (P=0.07). For the second objective, 81 pregnant goats were randomly assigned to the same treatments as above to evaluate the effect of dietary treatment on maternal selectivity. During the maternal selectivity test (5min), frequency of low-pitched bleats and udder acceptances to their own kids was higher in the maize group than in the control group (P≤0.03). The control goats emitted more low-pitched bleats and tended to show more udder acceptances to alien kids than the maize group (P≤0.06); emission frequency of low- and high-pitched bleats towards their own and alien kids did not differ in the control goats (P≥0.22). The number of udder rejections and aggressive behaviours towards their own kids was higher in the control goats than in the maize group goats (P≤0.005). At 3h postpartum, 93% of the goats fed maize were maternal, whereas only 78% of the control goats were maternal (P=0.048). Of the maternal mothers in each group, 88% of the goats in the maize group were selective at 3h postpartum (36/41), whereas only 52% of the goats in the control group were selective (15/29, P=0.001). Finally, at birth, kids born from maize goats were significantly heavier than the kids born from control goats (P=0.003). We concluded that feeding supplemental maize during the last 12 days of gestation to goats maintained under semi-arid grazing conditions improves maternal behaviour at birth and significantly reinforces maternal selectivity at 3h postpartum, which may increase the survival of kids during the first days after birth.

High prevalence of multiple paternity in the invasive crayfish species, Procambarus clarkii

Reproductive strategy is a central feature of the ecology of invasive species as it determines the potential for population increase and range expansion. The red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, has invaded many countries and caused serious problems in freshwater ecosystems. However, little is known about the effects of environmental conditions on crayfish paternity and offspring traits in the wild. We studied these reproductive characteristics of P. clarkii in wild populations from two different habitats (ponds and ditches) in three locations with different environmental conditions in China. Genotyping of 1,436 offspring and 30 mothers of 30 broods was conducted by using four microsatellites. An analysis of genotyping results revealed that gravid females were the exclusive mother of the progeny they tended. Twenty-nine of 30 mothers had mated with multiple (2-4) males, each of which contributed differently to the number of offspring in a brood. The average number of fathers per brood and the number of offspring per brood were similar (P>0.05) among six sampling sites, indicating that in P. clarkii multiple paternity and offspring number per brood are independent of environmental conditions studied. Indirect benefits from increasing the genetic diversity of broods, male and sperm competition, and cryptic female choice are a possible explanation for the high level multiple paternity and different contribution of fathers to offspring in this species.

Infant Child Care and Compliance in the Second Year: A Short‐Term Longitudinal Analysis of Contextual Factors

The present study was designed to examine the relation between infant care and compliance in toddlers in a short‐term longitudinal sample. This study also attempted to investigate mother and child moderators of this relationship. Sixty mothers participated when their toddlers were 14 months old, and 52 at 18 months. By 12 months, 20 infants had experienced full‐time child care, 20 part‐time child care, and 20 exclusive mother care. At both times, mothers were videotaped with their toddler during a compliance task. Part‐time infant care children were less compliant with mother at 14 months, but this difference disappeared by 18 months. Maternal instrumental style was most predictive of compliance and noncompliance at both ages.