Exclusive License Research Articles

Technology valuation for intellectual property commercialization

This study was conducted to evaluate the technical value of 19 intellectual property rights held by the Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, and the purpose of this valuation is to promote commercialization by acquiring the technology transfer or exclusive license for the intellectual property rights. This study examines the theoretical and practical aspects of the valuation methods and procedures of the income approach that are useful for valuing intellectual property. Assuming that bioscience and biotechnology firms receive license transfer of intellectual property held by a foreign company, the valuation analysis of intellectual property based on the profit approach is based on business plans and financial statements of domestic companies. After calculating the operating profit from the gross profit of the company in detail, the corporation tax and the capital cost are taken into account and the depreciation cost is increased or decreased to calculate the excess profit and multiply the present value by the present value. We propose an income approach model and a case analysis to obtain the ultimate value of intellectual property by multiplying the contribution by this factor. It is not easy to predict future cash flows and estimate various financial statements, and there is a limit to the possibility that the evaluator will be subject to the estimation of the appropriate discount rate. More detailed and partial complementary research classified by the industry size is to be left as a future study.

Algorithmic Approach to the Splenic Lesion Based on Radiologic-Pathologic Correlation.

Splenic lesions are commonly discovered incidentally at imaging, without clinical signs or symptoms that may aid in diagnosis. As such, the differential diagnosis and subsequent management are based primarily on imaging characteristics. Much has been written about the myriad pathologic conditions that can occur in the spleen; however, there is little guidance on the approach to an incidental splenic mass. Applying an approach frequently used in imaging to the splenic mass-based on the number and consistency of lesions and refined by supplementary imaging features-allows formulation of a useful differential diagnosis. Solitary cystic masses include true cysts, pseudocysts, and parasitic cysts. When multiple cystic lesions are present, the differential diagnosis expands to include infectious lesions (abscess or microabscesses) and lymphangioma (a benign cystic neoplasm). Hemangioma is the most common solitary solid mass, although other vascular lesions (hamartoma, sclerosing angiomatoid nodular transformation) and nonvascular lesions (inflammatory pseudotumor, lymphoma) manifest as solitary and solid. When multiple solid masses are present, diffuse inflammatory disease (sarcoidosis), littoral cell angioma, and lymphoma should be considered. Malignancies, such as angiosarcoma or metastasis, can manifest as solitary or multiple and solid or cystic masses but are typically associated with symptoms or widespread primary malignancy. Careful assessment of the multimodality imaging characteristics of splenic lesions based on this approach aids the radiologist faced with the incidental splenic lesion. Online supplemental material is available for this article. Work of the U.S. Government published under an exclusive license with the RSNA.

VALUATION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY IN THE SYSTEM OF FACTORS OF INFLUENCE ON THE AMOUNT OF PROFIT OF THE ENTERPRISE

A statistical analysis of the dynamics of filing patent applications in the world, as well as issued patents according to the World Intellectual Property Organization. The indicator of the International Property Rights Index for 2020 for the intellectual property market of Ukraine is considered.
 The individual nature of intellectual property objects and the existing great disagreement between several inventors in the process of creating such objects have been established. Therefore, the protective results of human intellectual activity can not be measured by the amount spent on their creation of socially necessary labor, in contrast to the tangible assets of the enterprise. The use of traditional pricing approaches depending on the objectives of the assessment is analyzed. In general, for the purposes of commercialization and capitalization to some extent used income, market, cost approaches, so it is advisable to apply a systematic approach to valuing intellectual property for different purposes and conditions of use in business.
 The issue of forming a system of factors influencing the size of the company's profit depending on the method of using intellectual property is raised. The advantages and disadvantages of using the intellectual property belonging to the economic entity to protect the monopoly on the product or service produced by him are highlighted; not the use of proprietary intellectual property, but the focus on sales or licensing; purchase of intellectual property or obtaining an exclusive license for it; acquiring a non-exclusive intellectual property license to offer a new product or service in a competitive environment.
 The role of patents for innovative activity of the enterprise is formed. The formula for determining the value of a separate patent has been developed and calculations have been made on the example of the industrial property object "Vertical Hydraulic Machine" (patent for invention UA85101) of JSC "Ukrainian Energy Machines".

Pfizer and Clear Creek Bio to Collaborate on COVID-19 Antiviral Research Program

GEN EdgeVol. 4, No. 1 TherapeuticsPfizer and Clear Creek Bio to Collaborate on COVID-19 Antiviral Research ProgramThe collaboration and exclusive license agreement aims to advance the discovery and development of potential inhibitors of the SARS-CoV-2 papain-like protease (PLpro)Jonathan D GrinsteinJonathan D GrinsteinSearch for more papers by this authorPublished Online:6 Dec 2022https://doi.org/10.1089/genedge.4.1.154AboutSectionsView articleView Full TextPDF/EPUB Permissions & CitationsPermissionsDownload CitationsTrack CitationsAdd to favorites Back To Publication ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail View articleFiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 4Issue 1Jan 2022 Information© 2022 by GEN PublishingTo cite this article:Jonathan D Grinstein.Pfizer and Clear Creek Bio to Collaborate on COVID-19 Antiviral Research Program.GEN Edge.Jan 2022.915-917.http://doi.org/10.1089/genedge.4.1.154Published in Volume: 4 Issue 1: December 6, 2022PDF download

A Proposal to Amend the Patent Right Direct Infringement Jurisprudence in the Republic of Korea

Current direct infringement jurisprudence in patent law of the Republic of Korea has the following problems: (1) there exists no provision which defines direct infringement; (2) the majority opinion demands “as business” requirement; and (3) with regard to relationship with indirect infringement, dependent theory, independent theory, etc. co-exist. To solve such problems, this paper has examined direct infringement jurisprudences of the U.S.A., Germany, England, China, Taiwan and Japan. The comparative examination has revealed that majority countries (1) have provisions, which define direct infringement, (2) do not demand “as business” requirement and (3) have taken dependent theory. Under such comparative examination, this paper proclaims that (1) a provision which prescribes direct infringement shall be newly inserted in section 127(1) and (2) the provision must not demand “as business” requirement. Furthermore, section 127(2) must clarify that for indirect infringement to be established there exist direct infringement first. The specific provision, section 127(1) could be as the following: “A person who exploits a patented invention, during patent term, within the Republic of Korea, without authority, is liable for direct infringement of a patent right or exclusive licensee right. To exempt a private and non-commercial activity from infringement, Section 96(1) could be amended to newly insert a provision which exempt such an activity from effect of a patent right. Further study on indirect infringement of a patent right should be followed to make a perfect infringement jurisprudence as a whole.

How does the exclusive license stimulate firm’s subsequent innovation? The role of innovation financial input

We study the influence of an innovation policy tool, namely, an exclusive license on firm innovation. Based on an extensive dataset of Chinese high-tech firms, we show that exclusive licenses significantly promote firm innovation output. Further, from our results, we conclude that the most efficient duration of exclusive license policies on promoting innovation is roughly three years. Mechanism analysis also reveals that the positive effects of exclusive license on innovation come from stimulating firm innovation financial input. Our findings extend the literature on innovation drivers, and provide a useful reference for other emerging economies to formulate more effective innovation strategies.

MR Angiography Series: Neurovascular MR Angiography.

Neurovascular MR angiography (MRA) is an evolving imaging technique and is crucial for the workup of numerous neurologic disorders. While CT angiography (CTA) provides a more rapid imaging assessment, in select patients it can impart a small risk of contrast material-induced nephrotoxicity or radiation-associated cancers. In addition, MRA offers some advantages over CTA for neurovascular evaluation, including higher temporal resolution and the capability for vessel wall imaging. This module is the third in a series created on behalf of the Society for Magnetic Resonance Angiography (SMRA), a group of researchers and clinicians who are passionate about the benefits of MRA but understand its challenges. The full digital presentation is available online. Work of the U.S. Government published under an exclusive license with the RSNA.

Preventing and Mitigating Radiology System Failures: A Guide to Disaster Planning.

Disaster planning is a core facet of modern health care practice. Owing to complex infrastructure requirements, radiology departments are vulnerable to system failures that may occur in isolation or during a disaster event when the urgency for and volume of imaging examinations increases. Planning for systems failures helps ensure continuity of service provision and patient care during an adverse event. Hazards to which a radiology department is vulnerable can be identified by applying a systematic approach with recognized tools such as the Hazard, Risk, and Vulnerability Analysis. Potential critical weaknesses within the department are highlighted by the Failure Mode and Effects Analysis tool. Recognizing the potential latent conditions and active failures that may impact systems allows implementation of strategies to prevent failure or to build resilience and mitigate the effects if they happen. Inherent system resilience to an adverse event can be estimated, and the ability of a department to operate during a disaster and the subsequent recovery can be predicted. The main systems at risk in a radiology department are staff, structure, stuff (supplies and/or equipment), and software, although individual issues and solutions within these are department specific. When medical imaging or examination interpretation needs cannot be met in the radiology department, the use of portable imaging modalities and teleradiology can augment the disaster response. All phases of disaster response planning should consider both sustaining operations and the transition back to normal function. Online supplemental material and the slide presentation from the RSNA Annual Meeting are available for this article. Work of the U.S. Government published under an exclusive license with the RSNA.

Mucin-producing Cystic Hepatobiliary Neoplasms: Updated Nomenclature and Clinical, Pathologic, and Imaging Features.

Cystic hepatobiliary neoplasms with mucin-producing epithelium-mucinous cystic neoplasm of the liver (MCN) and intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile duct (IPNB)-are rare and distinct entities that have unique clinical, pathologic, and imaging features. They are differentiated pathologically by the presence of subepithelial ovarian-like hypercellular stroma (OLS), which is the defining histopathologic feature of MCN. MCN is commonly a benign, large, solitary, symptomatic, multiloculated cystic mass without biliary communication that occurs in middle-aged women. On the other hand, IPNBs are a heterogeneous spectrum of tumors, which are commonly associated with invasive carcinoma, occur in older patients, and can be differentiated from MCN by communication with the biliary tree, intraductal masses, associated biliary ductal dilatation, and absent OLS. Understanding of these rare neoplasms has grown and evolved over time and continues to today, but uncertainty and controversy persist, related to the rarity of these tumors, relatively recent designation as separate entities, inherent clinicopathologic heterogeneity, overlapping imaging features, and the fact that many prior studies likely included MCN and cystic IPNB together as a single entity. Confusion regarding these neoplasms is evident by historical inconsistencies and nonstandardized nomenclature through the years. Awareness of these entities is important for the interpreting radiologist to suggest a particular diagnosis or generate a meaningful differential diagnosis in the appropriate setting, and is of particular significance as MCN and cystic IPNB have overlapping imaging features with other more common hepatobiliary cystic masses but have different management and prognosis. Online supplemental material is available for this article. Work of the U.S. Government published under an exclusive license with the RSNA.

Primary Tumors of the Pituitary Gland: Radiologic-Pathologic Correlation.

Primary tumors of the pituitary gland are the second most common histologic category of primary central nervous system tumors across all age groups and are the most common in adolescents to young adults, despite originating from a diminutive endocrine gland that is often described as "about the size of a pea." The vast majority of these represent primary tumors of the adenohypophysis, specifically pituitary adenomas, which can be either functional or silent with regard to hormone hypersecretion. According to the fourth edition of the World Health Organization classification of endocrine tumors, published in 2017, cellular lineage and immunohistochemical stains for pituitary hormones and/or transcription factors help with making the correct pathologic diagnosis. From a radiologic standpoint, microadenomas pose challenges for accurate detection and avoiding false-negative or false-positive results, while macroadenomas pose challenges from local mass effect on surrounding structures. Pituitary carcinoma and pituitary blastoma also arise from the adenohypophysis and are characterized by metastatic disease and infantile presentation, respectively. While primary tumors of the adenohypophysis are common, a second category comprising primary tumors of the Rathke pouch (ie, craniopharyngioma) are uncommon, and a third category comprising primary tumors of the neurohypophysis (eg, pituicytoma) are rare. The authors review all three categories of pituitary tumors, with emphasis on radiologic-pathologic correlation, including the typical neuroimaging, histologic, and molecular features that may point toward a specific diagnosis. Work of the U.S. Government published under an exclusive license with the RSNA.

Exclusive licensing of university technology: The effects of university prestige, technology transfer offices, and academy-industry collaboration

Exclusivity is a key concern when designing a licensing contract, yet the organizational factors that influence the exclusive provision of university licenses remain underexplored. This study provides a deeper understanding of this question by developing a balanced framework that considers both licensors (universities) and licensees (companies) in licensing deals. Furthermore, we posit that university prestige affects both a university's ability to conduct non-exclusive licensing and a firm's incentive to obtain an exclusive license, thereby shaping their joint willingness to license (non-)exclusively. We also examine how technology transfer office (TTO) experience and prior collaboration between a university and a firm moderate this relationship. To test the hypotheses, we use a dataset consisting of 6653 licensed patents owned by 117 representative Chinese universities. We find that an inverted U-shaped relationship exists between university prestige and the likelihood that two parties choose exclusive licensing. Moreover, the moderating effect of TTO experience is partially supported while that of prior collaboration is fully supported. Our findings generate important implications for the relative social impacts of exclusive and non-exclusive licensing of technology inventions as well as the management of university licensing.

Association of Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Analogs and Agonists Administered for Obesity with Weight Loss and Adverse Events: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis

Background: Comparative effectiveness of 7 glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) agents on weight loss (WL) in obesity is unknown. Methods: Study Design: Systematic review, network meta-analysis (NMA) Data Sources: MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, Cochrane Central and clinical trial registries, from inception to March 2, 2021 Prespecified Criteria for Study Inclusion: Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) of >12 weeks’ duration. Data Appraisal and Extraction: Two investigators independently, using published reports. Main Outcomes and Statistical Methods: WL over placebo (WLOP) and adverse events (AEs) among GLP-1 agents using random-effects NMA (frequentist approach); relative ranking using surface under the cumulative ranking (SUCRA) method and certainty of evidence using GRADE. Registration: None Findings: Data Synthesis: 64 RCTs (2004-2021) had 27018 patients (medians of age, 55.1y; 57.4% women; baseline weight 94.8kg and BMI 33.0kg/m2; trial duration 26 weeks). Direct meta-analysis showed significant WLOP with: -1.44kg (95% CI, -2.14 to ‑0.74) with dulaglutide ≥1.5 mg; -1.82kg (‑2.42 to ‑1.23) with exenatide IR; -2.20kg (-4.31 to -0.08) with exenatide ER; -3.20kg (-6.53 to 0.15) with efpeglenatide; -2.72kg (‑3.35 to -2.09) with liraglutide ≤1.8mg; -4.49kg (-5.26 to -3.72) with liraglutide >1.8mg; ‑0.62kg (-1.22 to -0.02) with lixisenatide; ‑4.33kg (-5.71 to -3.00) with semaglutide SQ 1.8mg (SUCRAs 100, 86.1, 82.8 respectively). Highest SUCRAs for discontinuation due to AEs were with taspoglutide and liraglutide >1.8mg.Risk of bias was high or unclear for random sequence generation (29.7%), allocation concealment (26.6%), and incomplete outcome data (26.6%). Heterogeneity (I 2 >50%) in WL and AEs reflected magnitude, not direction of effect. Interpretation: Semaglutide (SQ, oral) and liraglutide (SQ) were the most efficacious GLP-1 agents to induce WL during > 12 weeks’ treatment. Funding: NIH R01-DK67071 (Camilleri) Declaration of Interest: Dr. Michael Camilleri serves on an advisory board for Phenomix Sciences regarding the company’s development of a test to predict weight loss response to obesity therapy, and he is a stockholder in the company. Phenomix Sciences has obtained an exclusive license to Dr. Michael Camilleri’s and Dr. Andres Acosta’s biomarker technology, submitted patent, and know-how to develop a biomarker to predict response to obesity pharmacotherapy. Dr. Camilleri also serves as a consultant to Kallyope for the company’s development program regarding obesity (the consulting fee is paid to his employer, Mayo Clinic). All other authors have nothing to declare.

How to Use LI-RADS to Report Liver CT and MRI Observations.

Primary liver cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) comprising the vast majority of primary liver malignancies. Imaging plays a central role in HCC diagnosis and management. As a result, the content and structure of radiology reports are of utmost importance in guiding clinical management. The Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS) provides guidance for standardized reporting of liver observations in patients who are at risk for HCC. LI-RADS standardized reporting intends to inform patient treatment and facilitate multidisciplinary communication and decisions, taking into consideration individual clinical factors. Depending on the context, observations may be reported individually, in aggregate, or as a combination of both. LI-RADS provides two templates for reporting liver observations: in a single continuous paragraph or in a structured format with keywords and imaging findings. The authors clarify terminology that is pertinent to reporting, highlight the benefits of structured reports, discuss the applicability of LI-RADS for liver CT and MRI, review the elements of a standardized LI-RADS report, provide guidance on the description of LI-RADS observations exemplified with two case-based reporting templates, illustrate relevant imaging findings and components to be included when reporting specific clinical scenarios, and discuss future directions. An invited commentary by Yano is available online. Online supplemental material is available for this article. Work of the U.S. Government published under an exclusive license with the RSNA.

The great Transformer: Examining the role of large language models in the political economy of AI

In recent years, AI research has become more and more computationally demanding. In natural language processing (NLP), this tendency is reflected in the emergence of large language models (LLMs) like GPT-3. These powerful neural network-based models can be used for a range of NLP tasks and their language generation capacities have become so sophisticated that it can be very difficult to distinguish their outputs from human language. LLMs have raised concerns over their demonstrable biases, heavy environmental footprints, and future social ramifications. In December 2020, critical research on LLMs led Google to fire Timnit Gebru, co-lead of the company’s AI Ethics team, which sparked a major public controversy around LLMs and the growing corporate influence over AI research. This article explores the role LLMs play in the political economy of AI as infrastructural components for AI research and development. Retracing the technical developments that have led to the emergence of LLMs, we point out how they are intertwined with the business model of big tech companies and further shift power relations in their favour. This becomes visible through the Transformer, which is the underlying architecture of most LLMs today and started the race for ever bigger models when it was introduced by Google in 2017. Using the example of GPT-3, we shed light on recent corporate efforts to commodify LLMs through paid API access and exclusive licensing, raising questions around monopolization and dependency in a field that is increasingly divided by access to large-scale computing power.

Unbiased Profiling of the Immunomodulatory Properties of Soluble Proteins

The function of the innate and adaptive immune system is tightly controlled by soluble signals such as cytokines on the one hand and cell-cell interactions on the other. Immunotherapeutics modulate these signaling axes to direct the human immune system against malignant cells and are promising to revolutionize the way how we treat cancer. Yet, not all malignancies respond equally well to existing immunotherapy and new targets are required.Here we use a novel high content imaging method compatible with human PBMCs (Vladimer, Snijder et al., Nat. Chem. Biol. 2017) to systematically quantify the physical interaction patterns between CD3, CD4, CD8, CD11c, CD14, CD19 and CD56 positive cells in response to perturbation with 90 cytokines and soluble cell-surface receptors ex vivo . Whilst there are many tools to measure cytokines and other soluble immunoregulatory factors in high throughput (e.g., alpha screen), and potentially in a multiplexed fashion (e.g., cytokine bead arrays), the systematic measurement of cell-cell interactions in high-throughput has so far been elusive.We were able to identify specific changes in cell-cell interaction patterns that could be reproduced over different donors in response to treatment with a protein or small molecule perturbations. We hypothesise that so far unknown immunomodulatory functions can be inferred by comparison of cell-cell interaction patterns in response to one treatment to the cell-cell interaction changes induced by molecules with known immunomodulatory properties. Further, we hypothesise that coregulation analysis between cell-cell interaction pairs can map out cell contact dependent regulatory circuits in an unbiased manner.Overall, our method promises to become a valuable tool for the study of the immune system and phenotypic discovery of molecules with desired immunomodulatory properties. An overview of the method and preliminary results will be presented. DisclosuresKrall:Allcyte Gmbh: Equity Ownership. Vladimer:Allcyte Gmbh: Equity Ownership. Snijder:Allcyte: Equity Ownership, Other: founder and shareholder of Allcyte GmbH that holds a worldwide exclusive license for and commercializes the Pharmacoscopy high content imaging technology.. Superti-Furga:Allcyte GmbH: Equity Ownership.

Integration of Functional Ex Vivo Drug Testing and Molecular Profiling Reveals Novel Vulnerabilities in CMML

Integration of Functional Ex Vivo Drug Testing and Molecular Profiling Reveals Novel Vulnerabilities in CMML

On the Optimal Duration of Spectrum Leases in Exclusive License Markets With Stochastic Demand

This paper addresses the following question which is of interest in designing efficient exclusive-use spectrum licenses sold through spectrum auctions. Given a system model in which customer demand, revenue, and bids of wireless operators are characterized by stochastic processes and an operator is interested in joining the market only if its expected revenue is above a threshold and the lease duration is below a threshold, what is the optimal lease duration which maximizes the net customer demand served by the wireless operators? Increasing or decreasing lease duration has many competing effects; while shorter lease duration may increase the efficiency of spectrum allocation, longer lease duration may increase market competition by incentivizing more operators to enter the market. We formulate this problem as a two-stage Stackelberg game consisting of the regulator and the wireless operators and design efficient algorithms to find the Stackelberg equilibrium of the entire game. These algorithms can also be used to find the Stackelberg equilibrium under some generalizations of our model. Using these algorithms, we obtain important numerical results and insights that characterize how the optimal lease duration varies with respect to market parameters in order to maximize the spectrum utilization. A few of our numerical results are non-intuitive as they suggest that increasing market competition may not necessarily improve spectrum utilization. To the best of our knowledge, this paper presents the first mathematical approach to optimize the lease duration of spectrum licenses.

Correction to: The Labour Party leadership election: The Stark model and the selection of Keir Starmer

The article “The Labour Party leadership election: The Stark model and the selection of Keir Starmer”, written by Timothy Heppell was originally published electronically on the publisher’s internet portal (currently SpringerLink) on February, 24, 2021 with open access. With the author(s)’ decision to step back from Open Choice, the copyright of the article changed on May 10, 2021 to © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited 2021 and the article is forthwith distributed under the terms of copyright.

Sulzer Chemtech licences AVA Biochem technology

Sulzer has entered into an exclusive licence agreement to commercialise AVA Biochem AG's technology to produce sustainable commodity chemicals from biomass.

Internal workforce, symbolism and licensed products: 17th Asian Games

Learning outcomes The questions raised in the case study could escort a classroom or online discussion for understanding licensed product consumption motives among the internal workforce. Case overview/synopsis Despite the Asiad (an abbreviation of Asian Games) being organized in the most populous continent, its financial profitability is minimal compared with the summer Olympic Games and other major sporting events. Thereby, Asiad board members are seeking to understand how they can target the right segment via licensed products. This will ultimately increase licensed product sales. On July 1, 2017, a board meeting was held in which the licensing product manager, Young Lee, proposed to target the internal workforce via licensed products based on 17th Asiad’s data and previous literature. Lee analyzed the attributes of licensed products sold at 17th Asiad and its psychological connection with the internal workforce. Hence, the purpose of this case study was to decipher the internal workforce feasibility as the right segment to target via licensed products for Asiad's management. The case study’s primary data was collected via IB worldwide (now Galaxia SM CO, Ltd), one of the leading sport marketing organizations in South Korea. The IB worldwide (now Galaxia SM CO, Ltd) signed an exclusive product license agreement with the Incheon Asian Games Organizing Committee jointly and individually with the Olympic Council of Asia to produce licensed products (e.g. Mascot dolls). This realistic case study should be understood through the lens of symbolic interactionism. Finally, this study is important to consider because the internal workforce licensed products consumption has gained little attention in sports marketing literature. Complexity Academic Level The case can be taught in marketing research and consumer behavior courses. Subject code CSS 8: Marketing. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only.