Exclusive Economic Zone Research Articles

A Taxonomic Baseline to Monitor Retreating Arctic Biota: The Marine Invertebrate Collection of the Icelandic Institute of Natural History (IINH)

The IINH collection comprises ~5.3 million specimens of marine invertebrates, collected within 758,000 km2 of the 200-mile Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of Iceland, which is a significant part of the greater Arctic-Boreal biogeographic boundary in the northern Atlantic. The oldest collected specimen is from 1871, but most of the specimens (4.7 million) were collected during the BIOICE project between 1991 and 2004. The program objective is to build a museum collection, reflecting the geographical distribution and morphological variation of benthic species. Over 1,390 zoological samples were collected following a stratified random sampling plan with 579 stations at a depth range of 20 to 3,000 m, and temperatures from −1°C to over +9°C. The material is sorted to about 50 higher taxonomic groups, and 3,007 benthic species, of which fifty-one are new to science. The collection offers a baseline to monitor changing biodiversity at the Arctic-Boreal boundary, with rising temperature, salinity, and acidification.

Quantifying fish range shifts across poorly defined management boundaries.

Management regimes of marine resources that rely on spatial boundaries might be poorly adapted to climate change shifts in species distributions. This is of specific concern for the management of fish stocks that cross management jurisdictions, known as shared stocks. Transitioning to dynamic rules in spatial management has been suggested as a solution for mismatches between species distributions and the spatial boundaries. However, in many cases spatial boundaries are not clearly drawn, hampering such transitions. Here, we use black sea bass (Centropristis striata), summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus) and scup (Stenotomus chrysops) as case studies to explore different approaches to designing spatial regulatory units to facilitate the adaptation of fisheries management to shifting distributions of shared stocks. First, we determine the yearly distribution of each stock within the United States Exclusive Economic Zone from 1951 to 2019 during Fall and Spring sampling seasons. Second, we explore two approaches for drawing regulatory units based on state waters and historical landings. Finally, we estimate each state's proportion of the stock's distribution and compare historical and recent values. We show that the distribution of all three stocks has changed relative to the years used to determine the current quota allocation across states, with an overall gain for central-northern states at the expense of the southernmost states. In terms of the distribution of allocation, we find that, while seasonal differences exist, the biggest differences in the proportion of the stock spatial distribution attributed to each state come from the method for designing regulatory units. Here, we show that the method used to define allocation units can have meaningful impacts on resulting adaptive policy. As climate change-driven conflicts in fishing resource allocation are expected to increase and deepen around the world, we provide a replicable approach to make an informed and transparent choice to support data-driven decision-making.

Tinjauan Yuridis Penangkapan Ikan Secara Illegal (Illegal Fishing) Menurut Undang Undang Nomor 45 Tahun 2009 Tentang Perikanan

Indonesia is a country where most of its territory consists of oceans with a population whose development continues to increase and can be expressed in meeting the needs of life, especially in coastal areas, such as fishermen who live in coastal areas generally using a source of life from the marine and fisheries sector. Indonesia as an archipelagic country surrounded by oceans has a strategic position and extraordinary potential with territorial waters, both archipelagic waters and inland waters. In addition, the Indonesian seas also include the sea waters of the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). The economic loss caused by the practice of illegal fishing does not only result in loss of state revenues but also loss of opportunities for catching fish by Indonesian fishermen. If examined more deeply, it can be said that illegal fishing causes a lot of losses, not just counting how many fish have been stolen, but the impact is even wider, the financial burden is borne by the state, such as fuel subsidies (BBM) which are ultimately enjoyed by ships. -illegal vessels, reduced non-tax revenue (PNBP), reduced Indonesian fishermen's job opportunities, because illegal vessels are foreign ships that use their own crew (ABK), catches are generally brought directly abroad (country from ships), threats to the sustainability of fish resources because catches are not detected, both in type, size and quantity.

A single maritime boundary: From UNCLOS III to present-day developments

After the creation of the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) notion during the third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea (1973–1982), the exact relationship between this novel notion and already well-established concepts under international law of the sea, such as the high seas or the continental shelf, proved to be particularly intricate issues. This article investigates the latter aspect, and more particularly how the interplay between the identical, yet separate delimitation provisions contained in articles 74 and 83 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea affects the nature of the delimitation line. If a single maritime boundary, i.e. a maritime boundary delimiting the EEZ and the continental shelf by means of a single line, appears by far to be the preferred option in State practice, the question nevertheless remains whether this option has developed into a legal obligation that States as well as courts and tribunals are obligated to apply under contemporary international law. This article also analyses how other maritime zones such as the territorial sea and the contiguous zone relate to this concept of single maritime boundary.

Maritime Delimitation Between China and South Korea in the South Yellow Sea

China and South Korea resumed negotiations on delimiting their maritime boundary in 2015. The overlapping maritime area of China and South Korea requiring delimitation lie mainly in the South Yellow Sea (SYS). This article proceeds on the basis that the two states probably reached a preliminary agreement on the limits of the first-stage maritime delimitation area, in which there are no third-party interests involved. This article selects 37°N and 32°N as the northern and southern limits of the first-stage maritime delimitation area on the basis of public information available. This article proposes that China and South Korea can delimit a single maritime boundary for their exclusive economic zones (EEZs) and continental shelves by applying the equidistance/relevant circumstances method, and then following the three-stage approach. After applying the three-stage approach to this case, this author concludes that the adjusted equidistance line/potential delimitation line will probably move toward South Korea, departing from the provisional equidistance line. The potential delimitation line of EEZ/continental shelf between the two states probably extends generally south-southwest-southeast. This author calculates that the coastal length ratio between the two states is approximately 1:2.14 in favor of China and the ratio of the relevant baselines length is approximately 1:1.47 in favor of China. This author deduces that the ratio of the allocated relevant areas is approximately 1:1.17 in favor of China and the ratio of the allocated provisional measure zone (PMZ) of the 2000 China–ROK Fishery Agreement is approximately 1:1.44 in favor of China, both under the adjusted equidistance line scenario, measured by the WGS 1984 Web Mercator.

A Possible Mixing Genetic Pool of Eastern Little Tuna Euthynnus affinis Cantor (1849) from the Western and Southern Part of Indonesian Waters

Eastern little tuna (Euthynnus affinis) is a commercially important species for coastal communities in the western and southern part of Indonesia. However, little is known about its characteristics. Therefore, a comprehensive and broader research of its population structure is imminent in response to conserve and manage the fishery sustainably. This study aimed to fill the gap of the lacking information on the stock separation of eastern little tuna within the Indonesian archipelagic waters and its Economic Exclusive Zone (EEZ). Population genetic approaches were used to examine population structure using the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region marker. A total of 94 samples were collected from nine landing sites between January to September 2020. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify the samples, and Sanger sequencing was used to sequence them. The findings showed a mean value of 0.922 for genetic diversity (Hd) and 0.009 for nucleotide diversity (π). Both of these numbers pointed to a high level of genetic diversity. A further population analyses using Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) and Discriminant Analysis of Principal Component (DAPC) confirmed a mixing gene pool with no distinct population structure detected (ΦST value of 0.097 and p-value>0.05).

АМЕРИКАНО-КИТАЙСКИЕ ПРОТИВОРЕЧИЯ В ОБЛАСТИ ПРОВЕДЕНИЯ МОРСКИХ (НАУЧНЫХ И ВОЕННЫХ) ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ МИРОВОГО ОКЕАНА

The 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea introduced a regime for conducting marine scientific research. However, a significant flaw in this regime was that the text of the Convention does not specify anywhere what "marine scientific research" is. This has led to the fact that in the maritime zones of sovereignty of coastal States there are no disputes regarding the permissive procedure for their conduct. In the zones of sovereign rights and jurisdiction – exclusive economic zones – the convention requirements on the need to obtain formal consent from the coastal State for their implementation are interpreted differently by different countries. This is especially true for such activities as hydrographic research and military surveys. Some countries, primarily the United States and its closest allies, allow an expansive interpretation of the Convention norms, removing these activities from the category of marine scientific research in order to avoid the prospects of their regulation by coastal States. Among the main opponents of this approach is the People's Republic of China, which has established an extremely strictly regulated regime for conducting marine scientific research, and disputes the US approach to their implementation, primarily in the waters of the South China Sea. These contradictions are extremely conflictual in nature and are one of the main reasons for the US-Chinese confrontation in the region.

HAK RUANG ZONA EKONOMI EKSKLUSIF INDONESIA DI LAUT NATUNA UTARA DARI SUDUT PANDANG UNCLOS III (1973-1982) DALAM PENYELESAIAN TUMPANG TINDIH BATAS LAUT

The issue of the North Natuna Sea between Indonesia and China has become a crucial issue that has yet to find a bright spot to resolve disputes in the region. The claim of the nine dash line or nine dashes unilaterally by China has caused losses for Indonesia to the full sovereignty and integrity of the country which is included in the Exclusive Economic Zone in the North Natuna Sea. Although each country has ratified UNCLOS (United Nations Convention of the Law of the Sea) or ratified it as the International Law of the Sea, it means that every decision is based on the force of law that has been mutually agreed upon. China considers claims based on historical aspects (historical) at the time of their ancestors in the past. However, according to Law Number 5 of 1983 referring to UNCLOS, it is stated that the Indonesian Exclusive Economic Zone (ZEEI) is a path outside and bordering the Indonesian Territorial Sea as determined based on the applicable law concerning Indonesian Waters which includes the seabed, the land beneath it. , and the water above it with an outer limit of 200 nautical miles measured from the baseline so that the North Natuna Sea is or is included in the full rights of Indonesia. In this case, Indonesia has binding legal force to file a claim against or defense against China which claims arbitrarily and clearly violates the International Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). Through the writing of this paper, it aims to analyze and deliver input from the scientific aspects of geodesy and geomatics through an opinion on the resolution of the North Natuna Sea problem that Indonesia has strong evidence and is in accordance with the law so as to provide opportunities for resolving disputes in the region.Keywords: Exclusive Economic Zone,Dispute, North Natuna Sea, Nine Dash Line, UNCLOS

Asian States and the Arctic Ocean

Asian States and the Arctic Ocean Hide Sakaguchi According to solar physics data, the earth receives 7,400 quadrillion kilojoules (kJ) of energy from the sun each day. From this energy hitting the earth, it is estimated that roughly 80 trillion kJ is available to humans through the food chain from plants and animals. The amount of energy from food that each individual human needs each day is approximately 10 thousand kJ. Thus, solar energy can feed at most 8 billion people through the food chain from plants and animals. According to World Population Prospects 2022, the global population reached 8 billion in November 2022. The populations of China and India are each more than 1.4 billion, and other Asian countries such as Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Japan, the Philippines, Vietnam, and Thailand are also among the top twenty largest countries by population. The sum of the populations in these nine countries alone is 3.9 billion. Thus, we should be aware that world population has already reached earth's capacity, and 50% of these people are concentrated in Asia. And yet, world population is projected to continue growing at a high rate for several decades, so we must intensify food production. However, doing so requires huge amounts of energy—in fact, 4% of global electric energy currently consumed is to produce nitrogen fertilizer in support of food production. Consequently, population, food, resources, energy, and the environment are all interrelated global problems, and we are now at a critical point. However, there exists a buffer to alleviate some of the tension of these problems—the oceans. The oceans can work to produce food and energy. At the same time, science has proven that the oceans can support carbon and nitrogen fixation, enabling these elements to support plant life and be used in fertilizers. The Arctic Ocean, especially, has great potential for those purposes. The Arctic Ocean is considered a large polar sea surrounded by the following five coastal states: Canada, Denmark (via Greenland), Norway (via Svalbard), Russia, and the United States (via Alaska). In terms of economic exclusive zones (EEZs), the largest area of Arctic Ocean by country belongs to Canada, 5.3 million square kilometers, while the second-largest belongs to Russia at 4.3 million square kilometers. Therefore, to address the global problems mentioned above, collaboration and cooperation between Asian states, which are largely driving global population growth, and the Arctic states, especially Canada with the largest share of the Arctic Ocean within its EEZ, are essential. International cooperation must be carried out through the development and conservation of the Arctic Ocean. In this context, projects to introduce the [End Page 3] ocean and its development potential to Asian states to attract investment, scientific research, and technological development are of the highest importance. This ocean is truly the last frontier and may be key to our last stand to save the earth. [End Page 4] Hide Sakaguchi President Ocean Policy Research Institute of the Sasakawa Peace Foundation Copyright © 2023 The National Bureau of Asian Research, Seattle, Washington

Towards “glocalised” management of tuna stocks based on causation between a stock and its component belonging temporally to local Exclusive Economic Zones

The creation of Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) in 1982 gave coastal countries sovereignty over their local tuna resources, whereas the migratory nature of tuna calls for regional management. However, as regional tuna management by Regional Fisheries Management Organisations (RFMOs) does not always facilitate optimal management of local resources by coastal countries, there is a need for an approach that ensures both the achievement of regional management objectives and optimisation of local benefits, i.e., “glocalised” management. To promote “glocal” management measures for the local populations of highly migratory species, (1) the spatio-temporal VAST model was used to estimate abundance indices for the adult regional Eastern Atlantic yellowfin tuna population and its local component in Ivorian waters using catch and effort data and (2) convergent cross mapping was used to examine the causal relationship between changes in abundance at these different spatial scales over time. Convergent cross-mapping detected a causal relationship between general stock dynamics and local dynamics, in the direction from global stock abundances to local resource abundances. This implies that the success of local fishing was closely linked to the general state of the stock. Conversely, we found no evidence of a causal relationship in the direction from local resources to the regional stock. This suggests that local adult dynamics had little or no influence on overall stock dynamics. Based on these results, we propose several criteria to ensure fairer distribution of tuna resources between coastal states and distant water fleets (DWFs).

Coastal State’s (Criminal) Jurisdiction in the Exclusive Economic Zone: Recent Case-Law and State Practice

Coastal State’s (Criminal) Jurisdiction in the Exclusive Economic Zone: Recent Case-Law and State Practice

EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON VELOCITIES OF GAS- AND SOLID-PHASES IN GAS-LIQUID-SOLID THREE-PHASE FLOW FOR SUBSEA RESOURCE PRODUCTIONS

Subsea minerals and methane hydrates have been found in the deep-sea within Japan's exclusive economic zone, but they have not been commercialized owing to technical issues. Gas-lift pumping is a promising technique for transporting subsea minerals and methane hydrates from the seafloor to the surface. However, the internal flow within the pipes of a gas-lift pumping system often becomes a three-phase flow, so a method is needed for calculating the velocity of each phase. We reviewed previous studies on the velocities of each phase in two- and three-phase flows, which we used to propose correlations for the velocities of the gas and solid phases.We then conducted experiments on gas-liquid two-phase and gas-liquid-solid three-phase flows through transparent polyvinyl chloride pipes using glass beads as solid particles. The experimental data suggests that the presence of the solid phase has little influence on the distribution parameters and drift velocity. In addition, the velocity of the liquid phase has a large influence on the velocity of the solid phase for the slug flow, and the velocity of the gas phase has a large influence on the velocity of the solid phase for the annular flow. We use the proposed correlations to calculate the velocities of each phase in a threephase flow and compare the results with the experimental data. The comparison shows that the proposed correlations can accurately calculate the velocities of the gas and solid phases.

Consistent foraging habitat use by a vulnerable breeding seabird highlights potential areas for protection in the mid-Atlantic Ocean

Identifying animal foraging habitat can help prioritise areas for conservation and enable better predictions of how populations respond to environmental change. Recent reductions in the size of biologging devices now enable fine-scale foraging habitat tracking for very small seabirds. We investigated the foraging distribution and habitat preferences of Monteiro’s storm-petrel Hydrobates monteiroi, a tiny (<60 g), vulnerable seabird that is endemic to the Azores Archipelago. We tracked 67 storm-petrels with 108 GPS deployments across 4 consecutive breeding seasons (2018-2021) to identify important foraging areas and preferences for dynamic and static features of their mid-ocean environment. We found that static bathymetric features such as seafloor depth and distance from the nearest seamount were the most important predictors of foraging location, suggesting that topographic features may provide areas of enhanced biological productivity in the mid-Atlantic Ocean that are predictable across long timescales. Although dynamic oceanographic variables (sea surface temperature and chlorophyll a) also helped predict foraging activity, both the location and environmental characteristics of foraging habitat were relatively stable across 4 consecutive years. This suggests that meso-scale oceanographic dynamics do not drive strong interannual variation in foraging behaviour in this system. Currently, only 11.4% of Monteiro’s storm-petrel foraging locations overlap with designated marine protected areas. A total of 95% of unprotected foraging locations fell within the Azores exclusive economic zone (EEZ), indicating a responsibility of the Portuguese government to increase habitat protection. Our findings suggest that more comprehensive at-sea conservation for this vulnerable species could be focused in predictable geographic areas over the mid-Atlantic ridge and seamounts.

The Central Arctic Ocean fisheries moratorium: A rare example of the precautionary principle in fisheries management

AbstractOn 25 June 2021, a historic fisheries Agreement entered into force: The Agreement to Prevent Unregulated High Seas Fisheries in the Central Arctic Ocean (CAO). Nine countries and the European Union agreed to refrain from any commercial fishing in the CAO and to jointly undertake a scientific effort to understand ecosystem dynamics, including fish populations. This was the first multilateral Agreement to take a legally binding, precautionary approach to protect an area from commercial fishingbeforefishing had begun. The Agreement is a textbook example of the precautionary principle as it works to take “preventive action in the face of uncertainty.” However, despite the precautionary principle’s popularity with natural resource academics, it is rare for countries to forego economic benefits and to adopt this approach in managing resources. So, what made this Agreement possible? And what can we learn from this Agreement that could provide guidance on other resource management challenges? This paper explores the unique conditions that made this Agreement possible and examines how success was achieved by the interrelationships of science, policy, legal structures, politics, stakeholder collaboration, and diplomacy. In summary, this paper concludes that a series of factors helped make this Agreement possible, including but not limited to: scientific breakthroughs coupled with science-based legal frameworks; proactive partnerships between industry, environmental non-profits, and government; willingness of international stakeholders to learn from prior mistakes; and a nation willing to be the first-mover in foregoing future economic profits within their own Exclusive Economic Zone to order to benefit ecosystems beyond their waters.

Peculiarities of climate change in the Arctic and implications for environmental management

The Arctic is the high-latitude part of the Far North, including the land area and the Arctic Ocean marine environment within the exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation. The importance of the Arctic issues is due to the fact that in the Russian Federation the formation and scientific rationale of priorities for the development of circumpolar territory are ones of the key objectives of Russia’s economic development. The study of various areas and problems of Arctic development shows the particularly crucial role of geography in the formulation and solution of national economic objectives. The role of geography is becoming increasingly important not only because of the huge impact of the geographical factor in the Far North and the Arctic, but also due to remarkable differentiation of natural and social conditions of economic activity. In recent decades, the natural and socio-economic environment in the Arctic has been undergoing rapid transformation. One example is climate change, which may have an impact on environmental management on a global scale. The purpose of the article is to demonstrate the current trends of climate change based on sources and to identify the impact of these processes on the processes of environmental management.

An unknown nocturnal call type in the Mariana Archipelago.

In spring/summer of 2018 and 2021, the Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center Cetacean Research Program deployed drifting acoustic recorders in the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zones surrounding the Mariana Archipelago. Manual assessments revealed a low-frequency (median 473-554 Hz), short-duration (median 0.596 s), stereotypic tonal nocturnal call throughout the Mariana Archipelago. Based on time of year, spatiotemporal patterns, clear division among calls (i.e., no chorusing), comparisons with known vocalizations of whales, turtles, and fish, and presence of Bryde's whale calls, and because the call has not been detected elsewhere, we hypothesize this 500-Hz pulsed call is produced by Bryde's whales (Balaenoptera brydei).

АНАЛІЗ КОСМІЧНИХ СИСТЕМ ІДЕНТИФІКАЦІЇ РУХОМИХ НАДВОДНИХ ОБ’ЄКТІВ

The governing documents assume the creation in Ukraine by 2025 of a state integrated system of water surface and underwater environment of the Black and Azov seas and the basins of the Dnipro and Danube rivers, as well as a system of operational (combat) control, communication, intelligence and surveillance (C4ISR) of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. Both systems will function in the interests of the Naval Forces of Ukraine and will enable receiving operational data on the water surface environment for the purpose of protecting the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine, as well as countering illegal activities within the exclusive (maritime) economic zone of Ukraine. The article considers the possibility of using space systems for moving water surface objects identification as part of the targeted water surface environment detection systems. The mentioned space systems allow to simultaneously solve all three tasks inherent in water surface environment detection systems, i.e. detection, identification and observation of moving water surface objects. In the article, moving water surface objects should be understood as manned or unmanned sea and riverine single and group objects capable of moving on the water surface. Currently, similar space systems are already used by the EU, the USA, as well as other maritime states. The abovementioned systems enable the performance of the tasks of covering the water surface environment at significant distances from the coastline under any weather conditions and at different times of the day. At the same time, there are no risks for personnel and technical means of surveillance. The article contains a description of the specified space systems, as well as an overview of the spacecraft used to relay on-board navigational information. It should be noted that at the current stage, similar space systems are also used to detect, identify and track air and ground moving objects. Keywords: water surface environment; exclusive (maritime) economic zone; space system; radio line; navigation information; AIS; LRIT; COSPAS-SARSAT; SSAS; VMS.

Efisiensi Garis Litigasi dan Garis Non Litigasi pada Penyelesaian Sengketa Batas Laut Indonesia Menurut Unclos 1982

The purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze the causes of maritime boundary disputes in Indonesia as well as the efficiency of ITLOS in resolving such disputes. Using a statutory approach and a case approach, the author conducted normative legal research. Boundary disputes or disputes involving countries, islands or the sea can be resolved by international courts acting in accordance with international law. There are still many maritime boundary disputes, such as those concerning the Malacca Strait between Malaysia and Indonesia, the Natuna Sea area between Indonesia and Vietnam, the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), the South China Sea, and other maritime boundaries. It is these unilateral claims that cause conflict in interstate relations. This can occur due to unresolved international negotiations, violations by one of the parties (countries), unclear sea boundaries, etc. UNCLOS 1982 is a United Nations Convention with a global reach that applies and only applies to countries that have ratified it. Maritime boundary disputes can be resolved in one of two ways: through litigation or through non-litigation. The last resort for resolving maritime boundary disputes is ITLOS. In Indonesia, resolving maritime boundary disputes through litigation has been more successful than resolving disputes through non-litigation.

Efisiensi Garis Litigasi dan Garis Non Litigasi pada Penyelesaian Sengketa Batas Laut Indonesia Menurut Unclos 1982

The purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze the causes of maritime boundary disputes in Indonesia as well as the efficiency of ITLOS in resolving such disputes. Using a statutory approach and a case approach, the author conducted normative legal research. Boundary disputes or disputes involving countries, islands or the sea can be resolved by international courts acting in accordance with international law. There are still many maritime boundary disputes, such as those concerning the Malacca Strait between Malaysia and Indonesia, the Natuna Sea area between Indonesia and Vietnam, the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), the South China Sea, and other maritime boundaries. It is these unilateral claims that cause conflict in interstate relations. This can occur due to unresolved international negotiations, violations by one of the parties (countries), unclear sea boundaries, etc. UNCLOS 1982 is a United Nations Convention with a global reach that applies and only applies to countries that have ratified it. Maritime boundary disputes can be resolved in one of two ways: through litigation or through non-litigation. The last resort for resolving maritime boundary disputes is ITLOS. In Indonesia, resolving maritime boundary disputes through litigation has been more successful than resolving disputes through non-litigation.

Keagenan Perempuan pada Krisis Iklim

This article aims to discuss the relationship between the promotion of women’s agency and vulnerable groups with the changing trends in the orientation of social research methods towards decolonization in the strands of the feminist approach. All the world communities, especially the marginal groups who have intersectional vulnerabilities, are starting to redefine their experiences in this climate crisis. It is proven that their concrete resilience is genuine, innovative, creative, and able to preserve their lives in a sustainable manner. Our attention should be deeper towards their simple efforts to free themselves from the “oppression of global powers”. This research was conducted in two villages of the Exclusive Economic Zone (KEE) Banyuwangi, East Java, called Wringinputih and Kedunggebang. The framework used is postcolonial feminist and applies a feminist political ecology (FPE) method. Fieldwork adopts focus group discussion, field talk, and participatory observation. The doubts of marginal communities about their agency in the climate crisis is a challenge for postcolonial feminist researchers. In fact, by using a feminist postcolonial approach, the practices of forest landscape governance (FLG) clearly record the involvement of women and marginalized groups. Here it is the novelty of the article, a decolonization method in FLG