Exclusive Behavior Research Articles

Ethograms reveal a fear conditioned visual cue to organize diverse behaviors.

Recognizing and responding to threat cues is essential to survival. In rats, freezing is the most common behavior measured. Previously we demonstrated a threat cue can organize diverse behaviors (Chu et al., 2024). However, the experimental design of Chu et al. (2024) was complex and the findings descriptive. Here, we gave female and male Long Evans rats simple paired or unpaired presentations of a light and foot shock (8 total) in a conditioned suppression setting, using a range of shock intensities (0.15, 0.25, 0.35 or 0.5 mA). We found that conditioned suppression was only observed at higher foot shock intensities (0.35 mA and 0.5 mA). We constructed comprehensive, temporal ethograms by scoring 22,272 frames of behavior for 12 mutually exclusive behavior categories in 200 ms intervals around cue presentation. A 0.5 mA and 0.35 mA shock-paired visual cue suppressed reward seeking, rearing and scaling, as well as light-directed rearing and light-directed scaling. The shock-paired visual paired cue further elicited locomotion and freezing. Linear discriminant analyses showed that ethogram data could accurately classify rats into paired and unpaired groups. Considering the complete ethogram data produced superior classification than considering subsets of behaviors. The results demonstrate diverse threat-elicited behaviors - in a simple Pavlovian fear conditioning design - containing sufficient information to distinguish the fear learning status of individual rats.

Developing a predictive method based on the vibration behavior of a naval ship hull model using hybrid fuzzy meta-heuristic algorithms

Ships are complex structures composed of various components with exclusive dynamic behaviors and natural frequencies, so assessing their vibration behavior is essential. Some situations in practical applications could alter the ship's dynamic characteristics and cause significant changes in its vibration behavior. Since the ship's mass is one of the most important dynamic parameters in determining vibration behavior, local mass change can lead to changes in its dynamic characteristics and must be considered. This study aims to develop a method to predict the effect of the location and magnitude of mass change on the ship hull's vibration behavior. It would be feasible to enhance the dynamic behavior and reduce undesirable noises by locating the mass change on the ship hull. In this regard, experimental and numerical modal analysis is performed on a scaled model of a naval ship hull. The baseline FE model is used to calculate the variation in frequencies of the model caused by different local mass change scenarios. Using these measurements a fuzzy system is generated and optimized by Genetic and Particle Swarm Optimization algorithms. Finally, the efficiency of the fuzzy-PSO is validated by different mass change scenarios foreseen on the physical model of the ship hull.

Social Psychological and Cultural Resilience in Its Influence on Exclusive Breastfeeding Behavior

ABSTRACT Mother's milk (ASI) is the best food for babies that cannot be replaced by anything. Breastfeeding has been proven to be beneficial for both the baby and the mother. However, the coverage rate for achieving exclusive breastfeeding is still far below the target. This research aims to determine the influence of social psychological and socio-cultural resilience on exclusive breastfeeding behavior. This research is an analytical study with a cross sectional design. The sample in this study was 108 postpartum mothers taken using a simple random sampling technique. The independent variables in this research are social psychological and socio-cultural resilience, while the dependent variable is the behavior of postpartum mothers in providing exclusive breastfeeding. Data collection in this study used a questionnaire and was analyzed bivariately using the Chi Square and Fisher Exact Tests, while multivariate analysis used the Logistic Regression Test. The results of analysis using the Chi Square and/or Fisher Exact tests showed a p value > 0.05 for all indicators of social psychological resilience, which means that there are no indicators in this dimension that have an influence on exclusive breastfeeding. Meanwhile, for the socio-cultural resilience variable, the result was a p value of 0.014 or p value <0.05 on the social care indicator, which means that social care has a significant influence on exclusive breastfeeding. So it can be concluded that social psychological resilience has no effect on exclusive breastfeeding, while socio-cultural resilience influences exclusive breastfeeding on indicators of social concern.

Exclusive Breastfeeding Behavior and Clean Water Facilities with the Incidence of Diarrhea in Toddlers

Diarrhea is still the second cause of morbidity and mortality in children under five in Indonesia. Data from Basic Health Research (Riskesdas) in 2013 showed that the incidence of diarrhea in toddlers in Indonesia was 6.7%, a similar figure was also found in West Nusa Tenggara Province at 6.6%. Several factors are related to the incidence of diarrhea, namely exclusive breastfeeding and clean water facilities. This study aims to determine the relationship between exclusive breastfeeding and clean water facilities with the incidence of diarrhea in toddlers in Selagalas Village, the working area of the Cakranegara Community Health Center. The research design was cross sectional on 104 toddlers conducted in 3 selected environments in Selagalas Village. Data was collected by structured interviews using questionnaires and observation sheets. Data were analyzed bivariately with Stata SE 12.1. The results of this research were that 67 (64.42%) toddlers had experienced diarrhea. The variable related to the incidence of diarrhea is clean water facilities. There is no significant relationship between exclusive breastfeeding and the incidence of diarrhea. The importance of providing good and adequate clean water facilities, especially for mothers in caring for children.

Factor analysis of exclusive breastfeeding to mothers who work as health personnel in Kupang, Indonesia

Introduction: Breast milk (breast milk) is rich in nutrients and nutrients that babies need from birth. Exclusive breast milk is breast milk given to babies for the first six months without additional fluids or other solid foods. Many factors influence the success of exclusive breastfeeding, including working mothers. Mothers who work as health workers have good scientific knowledge of the benefits of exclusive breastfeeding, but in practice, many people still experience failure. Objective: This study aims to analyze the factors of exclusive breastfeeding for mothers who work as health workers in Kupang. Method: The type of research used in this research is analytical observational, using a cross-sectional approach. The population in this study were all mothers with babies aged 6 – 36 months who worked in Health Facilities in the Kupang Regency area. The samples were taken using total sampling with a total of 61 mothers. Inclusion criteria are that the mother is in good health and willing to be a respondent. The independent variables in this research are attitude, family support, and distance from home to work. Data collection used a questionnaire with G-Form, with data analysis using chi-square and Mann-Whitney. Result: The study's results showed a significant relationship between the maternal attitude variable and family support for exclusive breastfeeding for mothers who work as health workers (p-value ≤ 0.05).In contrast, the distance variable was unrelated (p-value ≥ 0.05). Conclusion: Mothers who work as health workers need support from their families to strengthen their determination and provide exclusive breastfeeding, especially after the mother returns to work. Future researchers are expected to be able to examine other factors that influence exclusive breastfeeding behavior, such as culture, regulations, policies, and others.

Self-similar chiral organic molecular cages

The endeavor to enhance utility of organic molecular cages involves the evolution of them into higher-level chiral superstructures with self-similar, presenting a meaningful yet challenging. In this work, 2D tri-bladed propeller-shaped triphenylbenzene serves as building blocks to synthesize a racemic 3D tri-bladed propeller-shaped helical molecular cage. This cage, in turn, acts as a building block for a pair of higher-level 3D tri-bladed chiral helical molecular cages, featuring multilayer sandwich structures and displaying elegant characteristics with self-similarity in discrete superstructures at different levels. The evolutionary procession of higher-level cages reveals intramolecular self-shielding effects and exclusive chiral narcissistic self-sorting behaviors. Enantiomers higher-level cages can be interconverted by introducing an excess of corresponding chiral cyclohexanediamine. In the solid state, higher-level cages self-assemble into supramolecular architectures of L-helical or D-helical nanofibers, achieving the scale transformation of chiral characteristics from chiral atoms to microscopic and then to mesoscopic levels.

Hypnotherapy influence on maternal psychological, breastfeeding, mRNA-OXTR expression, and OXTR protein

ABSTRACT Hypnotherapy has emerged as a potential alternative to improve exclusive breastfeeding rates, particularly in countries like Indonesia where they are below optimal levels. This study aims to evaluate the impact of audio hypnotherapy on the psychological, exclusive breastfeeding behavior, the OXTR protein and mRNA expression gene OXTR in mothers of infants aged 0–6 months. This study employed a Pragmatic Randomized Controlled Trial design, conducted from November 2022 to May 2023 in 11 primary health centers. The study population included breastfeeding mothers with infants aged 0–6 months, with a total sample size of 70 respondents who were randomly divided into intervention (received audio hypnotherapy) and control groups (received standard care). The psychological condition was measured using the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale. Exclusive breastfeeding behavior was assessed based on both quality and quantity. Genetic factors were evaluated through mRNA OXTR expression using real-time PCR and protein OXTR levels using ELISA. Analyzing data using linear and logistic regression models. Both bivariate and multivariate analyses revealed significant differences in psychological condition (p < .0001). There were big differences in the exclusive breastfeeding behavior (p < .0001), as well as in the amounts of protein OXTR and mRNA expression of the OXTR gene (p < .0001). We recommend the implementation of audio hypnotherapy as an effective complementary therapeutic approach to manage the psychological well-being, exclusive breastfeeding behavior, the mRNA expression of the OXTR gene and levels of OXTR protein in mothers of infants aged 0–6 months.

Radiation effect on stagnation point flow of Casson nanofluid past a stretching plate/cylinder

The exclusive behaviour of nanofluid has been actively emphasized due to the determination of improved thermal efficiency. Hence, the aim of this study is to highlight the laminar boundary layer axisymmetric stagnation point flow of Casson nanofluid past a stretching plate/cylinder under the influence of thermal radiation and suction/injection. Nanofluid comprises water and Fe3O4 as nanoparticles. In this article, a novel casson nanofluid model has been developed and studied on stretchable flat plate or circular cylinder. Adequate rational assumptions (velocity components) are employed for the transformation of the governing partial-differential equations into a group of non-dimensional ordinary-differential formulas, which are then solved analytically. The momentum and energy equations are solved through the complementary error function method and scaling quantities. Using various figures, the effects of essential factors on the nanofluid flow, heat transportation, and Nusselt number, are determined and explored. From obtained results, it is observed that the velocity field diminishes owing to magnification in stretching parameter B\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$B$$\\end{document} and Casson fluid parameter Λ\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\Lambda$$\\end{document}. The temperature field increases by amplifying radiation Nr\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$N_{r}$$\\end{document}, and solid volume fraction parameter ϕ\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\phi$$\\end{document}. The research is applicable to developing procedures for electric-conductive nanomaterials, which have potential applications in aircraft, smart coating transport phenomena, industry, engineering, and other sectors.

电商平台独家交易行为对商家入驻决策的影响

电商平台独家交易行为对商家入驻决策的影响

Illegal Identification of Exclusive Trading Behavior of Network Platform Enterprises from the Perspective of Anti-Monopoly

Illegal Identification of Exclusive Trading Behavior of Network Platform Enterprises from the Perspective of Anti-Monopoly

Comprehensive Assessment of Exclusive Breastfeeding: Insights into Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice among Lactating Mothers at Hoima Regional Referral Hospital, Hoima District: A High-Impact Analysis

This research aimed to rigorously evaluate the knowledge, attitude, and practice concerning exclusive breastfeeding among lactating mothers attending Hoima Regional Referral Hospital (HRRH). Employing a quantitative descriptive research design, the study meticulously selected mothers seeking medical attention for their infants at HRRH, adhering to rigorous selection criteria. A sample size of 208 subjects participated, comprising lactating mothers with infants aged between 0-6 months, utilizing a self-administered structured questionnaire to gather comprehensive data on exclusive breastfeeding behaviors. The data collected underwent meticulous analysis utilizing Statistical Analysis Software (STATA) version 10. Results revealed that a majority of the participants were aged between 25-29 years (30.8%) and had attained secondary education (38.5%), with an employment status predominantly as employed individuals or peasants (38.5%). The study cohort primarily resided in urban areas. Among the 208 lactating mothers, a significant proportion (61.5%) initiated breastfeeding within the first hour after birth, with the mode of delivery significantly influencing this initiation, favoring normal deliveries. However, the practice of exclusive breastfeeding exhibited a decline over subsequent months. Assessment of knowledge demonstrated that over 80% of mothers possessed substantial knowledge regarding exclusive breastfeeding, with a small percentage (5%) exhibiting poor knowledge. In terms of attitude, 74.4% expressed comfort and acknowledged exclusive breastfeeding as superior to artificial feeding, yet 40.9% reported feelings of shyness while breastfeeding. Interestingly, a positive correlation between higher education levels and a favorable attitude toward exclusive breastfeeding was observed. Overall, the study revealed a generally commendable level of knowledge, attitude, and practice concerning exclusive breastfeeding among lactating mothers attending Hoima Regional Referral Hospital. However, a notable finding was the significant decline in exclusive breastfeeding prevalence observed from the first month following initiation. Keywords: Exclusive breastfeeding, Breast milk, Infants, Lactating mothers.

Exclusive breastfeeding and smoking behavior as determinants of ARI in toddlers

Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI) are one of the leading causes of childhood morbidity and mortality worldwide, with ARI accounting for one-third of under-five deaths in low-income countries. One of the factors that influence the incidence of ARI in toddlers is the exclusive breastfeeding and smoking behavior of parents of toddlers and in the neighborhood. This study aims to determine the relationship between exclusive breastfeeding and smoking behavior with the incidence of ARI in toddlers in the working area of the Turikale Health Center, Maros Regency. This study used a type of quantitative research with a cross-sectional study design, with a population of 120 toddlers. Sampling was done using accidental sampling. The results showed that the variables of exclusive breastfeeding (p-value = 0.003) and smoking behavior (p-value = 0.000) were associated with the incidence of ARI in toddlers in the Turikale Puskesmas Working Area, Maros Regency. It is expected for health workers to increase counseling related to exclusive breastfeeding and parents to keep toddlers away from smokers so they are not exposed to cigarette smoke

The Bai'at Santri System of Islamic Unity Islamic Boarding Schools in Indonesia as An Effort to Deradicalize Religious Behavior

One of the Islamic boarding schools that is known to be quite fundamental in implementing an understanding of Islamic teachings is the Islamic Association Islamic Boarding School. The main sources of Islamic teachings which are the benchmark for truth in all actions, especially those related to faith and sharia are the Koran and al-Hadith. However, if there is minimal development of interpretive methodology for these two sources, it will result in exclusive religious behavior and truth claims for one's own opinions. So, it is not uncommon for this understanding to give rise to cultural conflicts in society where some parties have long practiced traditional Islamic religion and give rise to radical thought patterns and actions. The fundamental and radical thinking pattern which is interpreted politically is not without reason, but refers to various terrorist incidents which when the perpetrators were interviewed and books which were used as references for acts of terrorism indicated radical, takfiri and truth claim thinking patterns which were then aimed at educational products. Deradicalism means eliminating radical actions or radicalism, eliminating all ideologies and currents that give rise to acts of violence and terror. This gives rise to religious radicalism which, at a certain level, gives rise to acts of terror as an implementation of the concept of jihad which causes victims in an inhumane way. The research method uses descriptive analysis with qualitative data types and a sociological approach. The type of data is adjusted to the research objectives, while the primary data source is the caregivers and students of Islamic Association Islamic boarding schools in West Java, East Java and Central Java. Secondary data is in the form of students' allegiance documents, books about the Islamic Association, and profiles of the Islamic Association Islamic boarding school, the tertiary data is all scientific works that support this research. Data was collected by observation, interviews, documentation and literature study. The data collected was analyzed using the content analysis method.

Dynamic compartmentalization of the pro-invasive transcription factor NHR-67 reveals a role for Groucho in regulating a proliferative-invasive cellular switch in C. elegans.

A growing body of evidence suggests that cell division and basement membrane invasion are mutually exclusive cellular behaviors. How cells switch between proliferative and invasive states is not well understood. Here, we investigated this dichotomy in vivo by examining two cell types in the developing Caenorhabditis elegans somatic gonad that derive from equipotent progenitors, but exhibit distinct cell behaviors: the post-mitotic, invasive anchor cell and the neighboring proliferative, non-invasive ventral uterine (VU) cells. We show that the fates of these cells post-specification are more plastic than previously appreciated and that levels of NHR-67 are important for discriminating between invasive and proliferative behavior. Transcription of NHR-67 is downregulated following post-translational degradation of its direct upstream regulator, HLH-2 (E/Daughterless) in VU cells. In the nuclei of VU cells, residual NHR-67 protein is compartmentalized into discrete punctae that are dynamic over the cell cycle and exhibit liquid-like properties. By screening for proteins that colocalize with NHR-67 punctae, we identified new regulators of uterine cell fate maintenance: homologs of the transcriptional co-repressor Groucho (UNC-37 and LSY-22), as well as the TCF/LEF homolog POP-1. We propose a model in which the association of NHR-67 with the Groucho/TCF complex suppresses the default invasive state in non-invasive cells, which complements transcriptional regulation to add robustness to the proliferative-invasive cellular switch in vivo.

Dynamic compartmentalization of the pro-invasive transcription factor NHR-67 reveals a role for Groucho in regulating a proliferative-invasive cellular switch in C. elegans

A growing body of evidence suggests that cell division and basement membrane invasion are mutually exclusive cellular behaviors. How cells switch between proliferative and invasive states is not well understood. Here, we investigated this dichotomy in vivo by examining two cell types in the developing Caenorhabditis elegans somatic gonad that derive from equipotent progenitors, but exhibit distinct cell behaviors: the post-mitotic, invasive anchor cell and the neighboring proliferative, non-invasive ventral uterine (VU) cells. We show that the fates of these cells post-specification are more plastic than previously appreciated and that levels of NHR-67 are important for discriminating between invasive and proliferative behavior. Transcription of NHR-67 is downregulated following post-translational degradation of its direct upstream regulator, HLH-2 (E/Daughterless) in VU cells. In the nuclei of VU cells, residual NHR-67 protein is compartmentalized into discrete punctae that are dynamic over the cell cycle and exhibit liquid-like properties. By screening for proteins that colocalize with NHR-67 punctae, we identified new regulators of uterine cell fate maintenance: homologs of the transcriptional co-repressor Groucho (UNC-37 and LSY-22), as well as the TCF/LEF homolog POP-1. We propose a model in which the association of NHR-67 with the Groucho/TCF complex suppresses the default invasive state in non-invasive cells, which complements transcriptional regulation to add robustness to the proliferative-invasive cellular switch in vivo.

Numerical studies on the effects of melting heat transfer over quadratic radiative-magnetic hybrid nanofluid flow toward a porous shrinkable surface influenced by second-order slip velocity: Stability analysis and entropy generation

ABSTRACT The exclusive behavior of hybrid nanofluid flow and heat transmission properties through a porous medium toward a porous shrinking surface along with the external magnetic field, melting heat transfer, and second-order slip is investigated in this study. Moreover, the effects of a porous medium and quadratic thermal radiation are also incorporated. Molybdenum disulfide () and silicon dioxide () are hybridized as a very dilute homogenous mixture in the base fluid water (). Nonlinear partial differential equations with specified boundary constraints are transformed into a set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations using similarities transformation before being solved numerically with the help of default solver by bvp4c technique in MATLAB programming. This work is distinctive because it presents a novel hybrid nanofluid mathematical model with multiple (lower and upper) solution branches for the shrinking case within the defined ranges of the physical parameters. The temporal stability analysis shows that only one solution is stable as time evolves. The results are shown as velocity and temperature curves, skin friction coefficient, and local Nusselt number in the form of tabulated data and graphical structures. The heat for quadratic thermal radiation and melting heat transfer parameters contribute to the progress of thermal enhancement. Furthermore, by combining silicon oxide with a volume percentage of molybdenum disulfide, the flow is retarded, and heat transfer is enhanced. Entropy formation is considerably enhanced by quadratic thermal radiation and nanoparticle solid volume fraction parameters. In engineering, hybrid nanofluid has many uses, including in cosmetics, fabrics, paper plastics, automobiles, soaps, food packaging, food colorants, homes, cancer treatment, pharmaceuticals, ceramics, and paints.

Factors Related to Exclusive Breastfeeding Behavior for Toddlers

Introduction: Breast milk is one of the best investments to meet nutritional needs and optimize children's survival in the first two years. Various studies have proven the influence of breast milk. Breastfeeding also affects the level of intelligence and provides protection against various diseases in the future, such as overweight and diabetes. The coverage of exclusive breastfeeding in the Bina Sejahtera VII Panunggangan Integrated Healthcare Center work area is only 47%. The coverage value is not in accordance with the target standard of the Indonesian Ministry of Health, which is 80%. Objective: Knowing the factors related to exclusive breastfeeding behavior for toddlers in the work area of Integrated Healthcare Center Bina Sejahtera VII Panunggangan Pinang Tangerang City in 2023. Method: The type of research is quantitative research with a cross-sectional research design. Result and Discussion: There is a relationship between education (p-value = 0.031), with exclusive breastfeeding behavior and there is no relationship between attitude (p-value = 0.436) and husband support (p-value = 0.979) with exclusive breastfeeding behavior for toddlers in the Bina Sejahtera VII Panunggangan Pinang Integrated Healthcare Center working area in Tangerang City in 2023. Conclusion: It is expected that counseling and coaching programs are carried out regularly and optimally not only for mothers but also for couples (husbands) to support the achievement of exclusive breastfeeding targets.

Development and analysis of magnet-engaged piezoelectric energy generator under friction-induced vibration

Piezoelectric energy transducers, which can be an efficient solution for the power supply of wireless devices, have been widely researched. This study investigated the characteristics of a magnet-engaged nonlinear piezoelectric energy generator stimulated by friction-induced vibration (FIV), in two distinct design configurations (in-parallel and in-series). A mathematical model was developed, and the dynamic response of the mechanical system and voltage output from the piezoelectric shear deformation were solved using an iterative method. A friction model considering the Stribeck effect was introduced to describe the friction motion. The emergence of a stick-slip motion induced limit cycle and its vanishing delineates the unstable and stable regions of the system, respectively. A critical sliding velocity vc splits the regions. When the sliding velocity exceeds vc, the system remains in stable region with exclusive slip friction behavior. Parameter studies were conducted to explore the effect of decay factor β, dynamic friction coefficient μk, static friction coefficient μstatic, and normal force FN on vc. The results indicate that increasing β and μk can reduce the unstable region and generation of FIV, whereas, increasing FN and μstatic can promote the occurrence of FIV. The energy generation was evaluated by a transient charging simulation that has been experimentally validated in a previous study. The influence of β, μk, μstatic, and FN on the energy generation was also investigated relative to the operating velocity range (OVR) and sum of root mean square charging power (SRCP). The in-parallel systems exhibit a higher SRCP within the same OVR, whereas the in-series systems are more likely to excite FIV with a wider OVR. Additionally, the simulation results of fluctuating working conditions show that both fluctuating FN and v0 have negative effects on the energy generation. The nonlinear in-series system exhibits better robustness with the least affected SRCP and almost unchanged OVR under fluctuating FN and v0.

Correlation Mothers’ Knowledge about Stunting and Exclusive Breastfeeding Behavior

Stunting is still a nutritional health problem in children that has received the attention of the developing world. Knowledge of stunting plays a role in efforts to prevent stunting. Breastfeeding in the first six months of life is one of the preventive behaviours whose success is influenced by knowledge. This research aimed to determine the relationship between stunting knowledge and exclusive breastfeeding behaviour in mothers with toddlers. This research design is secondary research with quantitative correlational methods with a retrospective approach. The sample was determined through a purposive sampling technique with the inclusion criteria of mothers with toddlers and exclusion criteria for mothers with children over five years old so that 55 respondents were obtained. The instrument includes demographic information, stunting knowledge, and exclusive breastfeeding behaviour. The statistical test used is Chi-Square. The study results show no relationship between the level of knowledge about stunting and exclusive breastfeeding behaviour (p-value = 0.16). Knowledge can affect the occurrence of the behaviour, but other aspects can influence the occurrence of a behaviour. Further research is needed by modifying the methods and variables used.

The Relationship Between Mothers' Knowledge Level about Exclusive Breastfeeding and Providing Exclusive Breastfeeding Behavior

Child health problems in Indonesia are affected by the high infant mortality rate (IMR). One of the reasons for the high infant mortality rate in Indonesia is the low level of breastfeeding immediately after birth (initiation of breastfeeding) and exclusive breastfeeding. This study aimed to determine the relationship between mothers' knowledge and exclusive breastfeeding in the working area of ​​the sub-district health center. This study used an analytic survey study using a cross-sectional method. Data was collected using a questionnaire with a sample of 81 mothers with children aged 0-6 months, taking samples with purposive sampling. Data were analyzed using the Chi-Square test. Characteristics of the last educational research respondents 30 (37%) had junior high school education. The employment status of housewives was 34 (42%), 21 (25.9%) private, and 15 (18.5%) farmers. The average maternal age at productive age was 20-35, namely 46 (56.8%) mothers. The level of knowledge of mothers about exclusive breastfeeding mostly has a sufficient level of understanding of as many as 39 (48.1%) mothers. Mother behavior of infants aged 0-6 months mostly gave exclusive breastfeeding to their babies, as many as 47 (58%) mothers. There is a significant relationship between mothers' knowledge level about exclusive breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding to infants aged 0-6 months in the working area of ​​the Krai health center with a p-value of 0.001. Mothers should actively ask midwives to explain the benefits of exclusive breastfeeding to motivate mothers to provide it to their babies.