Processes Of Exclusion Research Articles

Biographical perspectives on language ideologies in teacher education

Universities represent spaces where language ideologies are taken up, modified, and transformed. The monolingual orientation of most universities contributes to the (re)construction of inequalities between students perceived as “native speakers” and others labelled as “non-natives”. Therefore, language ideologies can be a challenge for linguistically minoritized students if their multilingual practices are not accepted as legitimate. Linking biographical with sociolinguistic and educational theories, this article focuses on the experiences of linguistically minoritized student teachers who aspire to work as German teachers in Austria. The research is based on biographical interviews. Through a comparison of three different cases, in which interviewees describe personal experiences with language hierarchies, the article elaborates on the following: how biographies of linguistically minoritized student teachers are shaped by language ideologies; how the processes of inclusion and exclusion in teacher education are linked to multilingual practices; and how linguistically minoritized student teachers position themselves against and make sense of language ideologies in their educational biographies. In the concluding section, the article makes an argument for the relevance of biographical theory and methodology to research on multilingual practices in educational institutions.

The Racialized Consequences of Jail Incarceration on Local Labor Markets

As a racialized labor market institution, the criminal justice system shapes racial patterns in local labor markets through processes of exclusion and marginalization. How do local county jails contribute to these dynamics? To examine that question, the relationship between county-level jail and employment rates is examined across the U.S. between 2007 and 2017. The study uses a System Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) dynamic panel model approach that structurally controls for simultaneous determination and other sources of endogeneity. A racial stratification analysis identifies a negative relationship between jail and employment in the urban counties with the highest percentage of Black residents aged 15 to 64, whereas areas with the lowest percentage of Black residents have a positive relationship between jail and employment. These racially differential spillover effects suggest that the impact of jail incarceration on employment is significantly racialized at this level of analysis.

The Racialized Consequences of Jail Incarceration on Local Labor Markets

As a racialized labor market institution, the criminal justice system shapes racial patterns in local labor markets through processes of exclusion and marginalization. How do local county jails contribute to these dynamics? To examine that question, the relationship between county-level jail and employment rates is examined across the U.S. between 2007 and 2017. The study uses a System Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) dynamic panel model approach that structurally controls for simultaneous determination and other sources of endogeneity. A racial stratification analysis identifies a negative relationship between jail and employment in the urban counties with the highest percentage of Black residents aged 15 to 64, whereas areas with the lowest percentage of Black residents have a positive relationship between jail and employment. These racially differential spillover effects suggest that the impact of jail incarceration on employment is significantly racialized at this level of analysis.

Constructing the places of young people in public space: Conflict, belonging and identity.

Building on the growing discursive approach to people-place relations, we examine how young people negotiate people-place tensions and relations, and how they establish their everyday sense of place in contemporary public spaces. Facilitated by the use of Collaborative Spatial Mapping, analysis of focus group data from 51 young people focuses on three aspects of participants' talk about the places that make up their everyday lives: appropriation of micro-geographical spaces, the construction of autobiographical insideness and the mobilization of shared socio-spatial histories. Our analysis illustrates young people's responses to a broader problematic of being 'troublesome' in public spaces, demonstrating how they construct a deep-rooted attachment to, and sense of themselves as located members within, such spaces. We argue that place appropriation and autobiographical insideness are important concepts for understanding the practice of citizenship by young people, and how such practice is embedded in wider political processes of spatial conflict and exclusion.

Time, Sovereignty, and Refugee Writing

AbstractThe birth of the modern refugee is nearly always told as a story of territory, in which the changing character of the European nation-state radicalized processes of exclusion. Yet changes to the nation-state in the twentieth century transformed not only how territory was inhabited but also how time was inhabited and experienced. The powers of national sovereignty thus operate not only through lines on maps or militarized borders but also through policing the borders of the past, present, and future. In this essay, then, I offer a broad reframing of modern refugee writing, focusing on the ways that it has emerged with and challenged national sovereignty's power over time rather than over territory. To do so, I examine a recurring figure: a refugee, real or imagined, who refuses to progress forward into citizenship, taking up a posture in time that is queer, backward, and antiteleological.

Shame, Anger and the Lived Experience of School Disengagement for Marginalised Students: A Recognition Theory Approach

Experiences at school are fundamental in shaping young people’s worldviews, sense of worth and willingness to engage, not only at school but also with wider society. This article seeks to gain a deeper understanding of processes of inequality and social exclusion by qualitatively investigating Australian young people’s narratives about their school experiences, paying attention to how relationality shapes schooling subjectivities. The framework of recognition theory is applied to analyse social relations embedded in and across these sites. The article underscores the difficulties disadvantaged students face in challenging their marginalised positioning, as these positions were relentlessly reinforced in their encounter with the educational system and institutional judgement. A student’s apparent ‘apathy’ and ‘disengagement’ towards school can in many cases be seen as resistance to exclusionary social relations. Schooling structures and processes taking account of young people’s relational struggles and strivings to belong may more successfully engage students at risk of disengaging.

Street Art Commodification and (An)aesthetic Policies on the Outskirts of Lisbon

In this article, I discuss how street art has become an ally of urban policies molded by the creative city paradigm in marginalized neighborhoods of Lisbon (Portugal). Based on a dense ethnography of a peripheral neighborhood of this Southern European city, I follow the trail left by how public power uses the commodification of street art as an instrument for urban regeneration, touristification, and management of inequalities. The different meanings and interests around this policy are examined in street art festivals and tours, focused on the participation of young people as local guides. This urban policy has changed the negative public image of the neighborhood, with street art being combined with a multicultural experience commodified in guided tours for tourists. However, by ignoring the opinions of the residents on the interventions, this policy follows a top-down approach in which street art aesthetics operate as a device of subjugation and maintenance of the subaltern, beautifying processes of exclusion.

Art in transit: Mobility, aesthetics and urban development.

High-profile architecture and design, alongside integrated arts and cultural programming are now ubiquitous features of public transit networks. This article considers how and why transit-based arts and cultural programmes are proliferating globally as well as the impact of these programmes on transit and urban dynamics. Through critically analysing the discourses surrounding different transit art initiatives and the institutional structures which support them, this article shows how transit art is used today for varied - and often contradictory - ends. Based on this, it argues that we should not uncritically celebrate the rise of transit art as an unmitigated civic good. Rather, we must situate the rise of transit art within a political and aesthetic economy in which art has become 'expedient', and contend with the way transit art is implicated in elite, exclusionary and unsustainable processes of urbanisation.

What Can You Do as an Eco-hero? A Study on the Ecopedagogical Potential of Dutch Non-fictional Environmental Texts for Children

AbstractIn the context of a global crisis around climate change, children continue to be largely excluded from environmental conversations. In order to change this, there has been an increased effort to produce children’s media that educates young readers about the origins, effects, and possible solutions to climate change. These environmental texts for children can contribute to the ecopedagogical project and provide children with the information and the language that are necessary to become conscious ecocitizens. This paper analyzes how children’s non-fiction books from the Netherlands enable young readers to develop socio-political agency regarding climate change and position themselves within discussions about this topic. A potential trap for children’s environmental literature lies in its tendency to simplify the complex issue of climate change and to offer potential ways for fighting climate change which are not accessible to all young readers. Therefore, the paper pays specific attention to the processes of inclusion and exclusion that are used in these books. The analysis is structured around Greta Gaard’s critical model for inclusive ecopedagogical texts, based on recognizing and dismantling alienation, hierarchy, and ultimately domination. The study finds that the books selected use contrasting techniques that alienate the reader from the already abstract concept of climate change. They encourage the reader to see themselves as possible “eco heroes” and propose different strategies for contributing to help the direct victims of climate change who are frequently positioned as distanced from the intended young reader. Nature is largely represented as a passive entity, which can play no role in restoring ecological balance.

Gatekeeping EpiSTEMic territories: Disciplinary requirements in Engineering and Natural Sciences undergraduate admissions interviews at the University of Cambridge

This article explores the gatekeeping practices involved in undergraduate admissions interviews comprising two “STEM” disciplines, Engineering and the Natural Sciences, at the University of Cambridge. It finds that the processes of inclusion and exclusion are not, unlike other gatekeeping encounters, determined primarily by rhetorical modes of self-presentation. They are instead determined by candidates’ ability to engage with and complete a series of problem sets that embed the discipline-specific epistemic and interactional requirements that comprise each discipline's “epistemic territory” (Heritage 2013). How candidates accomplish this goal is explored in each of the relevant disciplines, and contrasted with the requirements of non-STEM admissions interviews.

Striving for technical consensus by agreeing to disagree: the case of monitoring underground nuclear waste disposal facilities

Socio-technical arrangements seeking to produce consensus are understood differently by theories in science and technology studies. Some scholars argue that consensus ambitions are coercive in that they oppress the (inevitable) alternatives to the dominant values and interests that are enforced under a guise of consensual unity. Others argue that consensus is inherently characterized by value and interest heterogeneity, i.e. downplaying processes of coercion and exclusion, and instead emphasizing ‘multiplicity’. In this article, we combine both these seemingly contradictory insights to understand how a European Union Research and Development Project sought to produce consensus among a range of international actors about introducing new technology into existing nuclear waste management programmes. By presenting the political and technical contexts of two national programmes – the Swedish and the French – we show that political and legislative preconditions for monitoring differed between the countries. The project thereby faced the European Union’s expectations of honouring certain (political) values by producing consensus and the simultaneous turmoil of divergent national trajectories. This turmoil, however, was reconciled by ‘agreeing to disagree’. By producing consensus on the level of technical protocols that allowed a degree of flexibility, both the political values of European harmonization imposed on the project and the integrity of the somewhat divergent national programmes were honoured. Fundamentally, we argue that the coercive aspects of this process are constituted by the naturalization of European Union policy, but that such coercive efforts still leave some room for diversity, i.e. flexibility.

Between hope and expectation: understanding ordinary ex-combatant agency in Sierra Leone’s TRC

ABSTRACT This article empirically deepens understandings of the relationship between everyday ex-combatants and the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) in Sierra Leone. It asks, what are the agentic implications of this victim-centred model of justice among its designated perpetrators (everyday or ordinary ex-combatants)? This article advances criticisms against the participatory limitations of the victim-centred model of justice in truth commissions. It applies the concept of friction to analyse the theft of agency produced by Sierra Leone’s TRC among everyday ex-combatants. It analyses the contradictions between everyday ex-combatant hopes for the TRC against institutional expectations set for this population to reveal the agentic effects of this sticky engagement. In so doing, this article exposes the agentic theft produced by compound frictions which interact to deny agency among those designated as perpetrators by the material engagement and frictional travels of transitional justice. It argues that the primacy placed on the restoration of victims’ dignity within truth commissions comes at a particularly heavy cost for the population of everyday ex-combatants, who experience multiple processes of exclusion as a result.

‘Changed Utterly’: The Citizens’ Assembly on the 8th Amendment

The 2018 Citizens’ Assembly on the 8th Amendment of the Constitution instigated an important process for public participation and deliberation about the legal status of abortion in the Republic of Ireland. Examining the processes of the 2018 Citizens’ Assembly, I argue that it was consistent with democratic deliberations as discrete initiatives that function alongside other deliberative processes. I identify and examine some limitations of Citizen Assembly processes, including the tendency to favour monologue over dialogue, the construction of ‘objective’ reason over the possibility of emotion in deliberations, and processes of exclusion that limited understandings and applications of Iris Marion Young’s idea about social justice. Their implications were identified as limitations in public engagement and political decision making in the Republic of Ireland in a 2017 Council of Europe fact-finding report. In future, acknowledging and addressing these limitations could enhance the use of Citizens’ Assemblies and their relationship to other systemic processes to consider constitutional change.

Carceral Structures: Financialized Displacement and Captivity in Detroit

This article develops an analytic of carceral structures that bridge processes of racist inclusion and exclusion. It does so by examining the relocation of a county jail from Detroit's central business district into a hazardous waste corridor. In recent years, county administrators have funded jail expansions using revenues from tax foreclosure surpluses produced by evicting majority-Black Detroit residents. Buildings that disappear Black people within the strictures of mass incarceration are financed by the mass displacement of Black people from their homes. Jails have been central features of Detroit's downtown neighborhood since the 19th century. Surrounding property owners celebrated their late 20th century expansions as a means of supporting districts experiencing the economic fallout of racist population loss. However, when county administrators ran out of funds to complete a jail expansion, developers successfully lobbied to transform the jail site into a campus of a majority-white university. Their plan included rehousing incarcerated people in new jails constructed on the site of unused warehouses adjacent to an incinerator. By attending to Black Detroiters as they navigate dislocations that make incarceration financially possible, this article argues that uneven development is funded by the articulation of racist displacement with racist captivity. In so doing, it offers a model for identifying the expansive structures of carceral institutions as they organize the production of space in the context of racial capitalism.

Who excludes? Young People’s Experience of Social Exclusion

AbstractExisting policy research has not comprehensively examined the processes by which young people experience social exclusion: that is, the relationships among different risk factors for exclusion, their actual experiences of exclusion, and outcomes that matter for their life chances. Drawing on data from a survey of Australian 13-14 year olds (N=3,535), this paper adapts the Bristol Social Exclusion Matrix to examine pathways from young people’s personal and family resources, their experience of participation (school engagement; bullying victimization; teacher support), and their life satisfaction – a predictive indicator of wellbeing and mental health in adulthood. The effects of other characteristics or risk factors for young people’s social exclusion (living with disability, being a young carer, identifying as Indigenous, and speaking a language other than English at home), are also examined. This paper shows that experience of exclusion mediates the relationship between young people’s personal and family resources and life satisfaction. Controlling for characteristics or risk factors does not change this relationship, suggesting that processes of social exclusion, enacted in interpersonal encounters, are driven by overarching structural factors. These findings are relevant for policy in Australia, and in other countries with similar policy regimes.

Equity in a sea of debt: how better understanding of small-scale fisheries can help reel in sustainable seafood

Abstract Small-scale fisheries are globally important to food security, nutrition, culture, ecosystem health, and livelihoods for millions of people. They also face considerable ecological, and economic pressures, including climate change, privatization, and top-down decision-making. Historically, processes of exclusion (e.g. industrialization, market forces, and settler colonialism) have persisted in the global food system. To mitigate against such processes and protect the livelihoods and human rights of small-scale fishers, the socially responsible seafood movement has emerged. This paper examines the local relationships in a seafood value chain in Indonesia, which extends from village fishers to international export markets. We present a case study from Sumbawa Indonesia, where a foreign direct seafood exporter is focused on sourcing socially responsible seafood from waters worked by small-scale fishers. Applying a systems lens, we analyse how a system driven by market forces and underpinned by western values can integrate with a system driven by traditional customs, social ties, and trust. The findings demonstrate that social connections and feedbacks within the value chain play a key role. Systems thinking reveals pathways to help synergize the two systems. This research shows that to deliver on the promise of socially responsible seafood, better understanding is needed of the interconnected social, cultural, and economic ties of small-scale fishers.

Adolescents’ attitudes towards otherness: the development of an assessment instrument

ABSTRACT Former literature found that various ‘different’ students experience exclusion and rejection by their peers in schools. This may be linked with the attitudes that their school and classmates hold towards them. Identifying someone as ‘Other’ may indeed result in prejudicial attitudes which, in turn, can lead to his/her marginalisation and exclusion. From an inclusive perspective, it is thus pivotal to explore student attitudes towards the conceived different ones and how they are linked with exclusionary patterns among peers in schools. To contribute to the understanding of the link between peer attitudes, diversity and exclusion, the present paper reports on the stages of development of an instrument aimed to measure adolescents’ attitudes towards otherness which combines a qualitative and a quantitative approach. Beside measuring their attitudes, the instrument also investigates students’ representations and definitions of otherness. Such representations – as emerged from the pilot study of the instrument – will be presented here. The findings confirmed the importance of adopting a wider and non-categorical approach to otherness in the study of peer attitudes and exclusionary processes in schools.

Inclusive gentrification? Reproducing logics of exclusion in strategies for inclusive urban planning

PurposeThe authors investigate two contrasting, yet mutually constitutive strategies for regulating open drug scenes in the city of Aarhus, Denmark: A strategy of dispersing marginalized substance users from the inner city, and a simultaneous strategy of inclusion in a new, gentrifying neighbourhood.Design/methodology/approachThe authors apply a multi-temporal ethnography approach, including data from studies dating back to 2002. This enables us to scrutinize reconfigurations of processes of exclusion and inclusion in urban city life based on studies that in different ways feed into the broader picture of how socially marginalized citizens are included and excluded in urban space.FindingsThe municipality of Aarhus sways between strategies of dispersion and exclusion and those of inclusion of marginalized citizens. Taken together, these strategies constitute a “messy middle ground” (May and Cloke, 2014) in responses to the street people rather than either clear-cut punitive or supportive strategies. Finally, we point to the limit of inclusion in more recent strategies aimed at including marginalized citizens in urban planning of a new, gentrifying neighbourhood.Originality/valueThe article builds on studies that in critical engagement with the dominating focus on punitive or revanchist approaches to regulation of homeless citizens' presence in urban space have shown how such regulating practices are rarely punishing alone. We contribute to this literature by showing how seemingly contradictory attempts to exclude, disperse and include socially marginalized citizens in different urban settings are relational rather than in outright opposition. In continuation of this, we show how dispersal strategies both depend on and are legitimized by the promotion of alternative and more inclusive settings elsewhere.

Picturing Gentrification: Co-Producing Affective Landscapes in an Agrarian Locale

In this paper, a photo elicitation methodology applied in “Strathben Parish,” Scotland is utilized to assess how gentrified landscapes are produced on rural smallholdings. Analysis revealed a complex, embodied landscape which is produced on an ongoing basis with a range of human and “more-than human actants,” such as wildlife, trees and landforms. Amenity migrants to Strathben Parish have actively developed their holdings to facilitate desirable sensory experiences, which embed their personal histories and future imaginaries in the physical features of their holdings. Study participants thus interact with, privilege and displace a range of actants, producing both active and passive sites of resistance to industrialization. Their narratives emphasized the protection and production of biodiversity on their land but rationalized highly consumptive lifestyles. Findings demonstrate the utility of photo elicitation for understanding how landscape changes are co-produced on amenity holdings, and the privileges and exclusionary processes associated with land ownership.

Theoretical and methodological approaches to ethnic identity

The article discusses theoretical and methodological approaches to the study of “ethnic identity” as a key tool of scientific analysis in cultural anthropology and ethnology. The primordialist, instrumentalist and constructivist theories of ethnicity, which in different ways determine the role of the objective and subjective characteristics of its expression, are characterized. Primordialist view on ethnos as organic ethnic unit is based on “primordial” cultural differences (“givens”). Constructivists and instrumentalists have mainly focused on the social organization of ethnic differences and distinctions based on situational processes of inclusion and exclusion. From the standpoint of constructivism, ethnic identity is viewed as a symbolic construct – socially invented, discursively constructed and culturally marked. In the study of ethnic identity, an important role is played by the revealing of the specific distinctive features that separate one ethnic group or category from another. For this, it is necessary to use comparative ethnographic methods aimed at identifying “ethnic boundaries” and “ethnic markers”.