Exclusion In China Research Articles

Association between Social Integration, Social Exclusion, and Vaccination Behavior among Internal Migrants in China: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Cross-sectional studies about the association between social integration, social exclusion, and vaccination behavior among internal migrants in China are lacking. In this study, we aimed to explore the association between the influenza vaccination behavior and social integration as well as social exclusion in China based on a cross-sectional study. We included 12,467 participants aged 15 years old or above from the 2017 Migrant Population Dynamic Monitoring Survey (MDMS). We used univariate analysis and logistic regression models to access the association between social integration, exclusion status, and influenza vaccination rates. Results suggested that the association between social integration and the vaccination rate was significantly positive. Moving between different districts impact on people’s mental health and their health performance. Significant association between influenza vaccination behavior and education attainment, income status, health record, and awareness of basic public health services program was reported. Therefore, in order to reduce the incidence of influenza disease and increase the vaccination rate, policymakers and the public should promote social integration for internal migrants. Meanwhile, our finding also implies possible strategies to promote COVID-19 vaccination.

A gender perspective on the use of mobile social network applications to enhance the social well-being of people with physical disabilities: the mediating role of sense of belonging

ABSTRACT The rapid development of information and communication technologies has demonstrated their potential to enable people with physical disabilities (PPD) to improve their livelihoods and reduce social exclusion in China. Only a few studies have been conducted to investigate how online social support boosts PPD’s sense of belonging and to determine which type of social support they need. We followed the sense of belonging theory and social support theory to review the related literature and understand the mechanisms by which PPD may use mobile applications to receive support in the online environment. Both personal interviews and questionnaire surveys were conducted. We collected data from 337 PPD from the China Disabled Person’s Federation. Results of the statistical analysis revealed that both emotional and informational support are significantly related to sense of belonging. Furthermore, sense of belonging affects social connection and social well-being. The results of the moderation analysis showed female and male PPD received different kinds of support. The findings offer insights for disability service institutions interested in better enablement of PPD.

Social Exclusion and High-Speed Railways: Evidence from China

Background: Despite their economic, social, and environmental advantages, HSRs are associated with some negative social impacts and controversy about their equitability. Gap: Very few studies have explored the relationship between HSR and social exclusion. Aims: This paper examines the relationship between HSR and social exclusion, and it focuses on China as a case study. Objectives: The objectives of the study are as follows; to identify the most important and favourable factors for choosing HSR from passengers' perspective; to reveal issues and reasons that inhibit passengers from using HSR and limit their accessibility to the service, and to propose some solutions and interventions. Methods: The study utilizes an online survey comprising a set of stated preference and revealed preference questions. A total of 3655 responses were collected, of which 3353 responses were complete and useful. Results: A key finding is that comfort is proven to be the most favourable factor for using HSR, followed by travel time and reliability. Another finding is that the economic exclusion followed by the geographical exclusion is prevailing across different age and monthly income groups of non-HSR users. Those who have the lowest income and the elderly experience the strongest levels of economic exclusion. Moreover, physical, time-based, and fear-based exclusions are also notable. Conclusion: To create a modal shift from other modes to HSR and allow more groups to access the service, HSR should be competitive in terms of affordability and accessibility. Possible solutions and policy interventions that may help to tackle categories of social exclusion in China are presented.

Towards a broader understanding of workplace inequality and exclusion in China: a review of discrimination based on social class, gender and physical ability

Research on equality, diversity and inclusion in the Chinese context is insufficient. This paper fills part of the research gap by examining the role of the institutional actors in shaping the equality and inclusion discourse, policy and reality in contemporary China. In particular, it highlights the crucial role of the state, and the emergence and maintenance of privileged social groups. This is because the construction of public discourse on inequality and inclusion is necessarily a political and social process, with social policy implications. Public discourse not only reflects the political ideals and moral standards of the nation at a given time, but also impacts the vested interests of different social groups, and their acquisition and maintenance of power. This paper reveals the entrenched, disadvantaged positions of rural migrant workers and other lower social groups, and of women and persons of disability at workplaces, and calls for policy and management intervention.

Can internet finance alleviate the exclusiveness of traditional finance? evidence from Chinese P2P lending markets

Recently, burgeoning Internet finance has been considered a crucial tool for alleviating financial exclusion in China, but few studies have empirically investigated its effectiveness. Using unique daily city-level multiplatform peer-to-peer (P2P) lending data from China, this paper empirically explores whether and how Internet finance, such as P2P lending, can alleviate financial exclusion. We find that city participation in P2P lending is positively linked to the degree of Internet development and negatively linked to the accessibility of traditional finance and that there is an obvious asymmetry in the levels of investment exclusion and borrowing exclusion. This paper provides empirical evidence that Internet finance can weaken the exclusiveness of traditional finance and reduce the asymmetry in investment and borrowing exclusion levels in traditional financial markets.

South Korea’s Geoeconomic Response to the United States’ Geopolitical Approach

The United States “Indo-Pacific strategy” itself entails geopolitics. Since 2017, the Indo-Pacific has emerged as a major strategic region for America’s diplomacy and security. Against this backdrop, the Indo-Pacific strategy extends both the “Asia Rebalancing Strategy” and the “Asia-Pacific Security Alliance” regime to the Indian Ocean, while seeking to bring emerging countries, such as China and India, into the U.S.-led international order. Major East Asian countries are actively employing economic means to advance their geopolitical goal -- reshaping the regional order in their own favor. The U.S. has shown a confrontational and exclusionary attitude toward China in terms of politics, economy and security, while the ASEAN has sought to promote inclusiveness by publicly expressing opposition to the exclusion of China. The ASEAN highlighted economic cooperation with China, while the U.S. focused on military and security aspects. The Indo-Pacific strategy will not be able to succeed without the participation of the ASEAN that serves as a crucial geopolitical link between the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Another important factor is that unlike former U.S. President Obama, who championed the Asia-Pacific rebalance, President Donald Trump does not show keen interest in the Indo-Pacific strategy. At the same time, President Moon Jae-in has been cautious about engaging in security issues that go beyond the Korean Peninsula or the Northeast Asia -- namely joining in any collective move to contain China. Currently, South Korea is grappling with the geopolitical challenges by expressing support for the ASEAN's geoeconomic approach. Instead of choosing whether to participate in the U.S. Indo-Pacific strategy, South Korea is seeking common ground between the strategy and its “New Southern Policy.” In other words, the New Southern Policy is a kind of buffer zone. South Korea is taking a geoeconomic response that focuses on developing the regional economy rather than adhering to the strategic and military role of the U.S. Indo-Pacific strategy.

The return of the Indo-Pacific strategy: an assessment

ABSTRACTEleven years after it was abandoned, the so-called Indo-Pacific concept is back with a vengeance in regional security debates. At the 2017 Shangri-la Dialogue, there were only five mentions of the ‘Indo-Pacific’ at the annual defence ministerial forum. In the following year, the figure had jumped to 92. The Indo-Pacific Four countries promoting the ‘free and open Indo-Pacific’ (FOIP) concept share many principles, including freedom of navigation and overflight, connectivity and economic growth, and respect for the rule of law. There are, however, clear points of divergence between them, such that there are actually different Indo-Pacific strategies among the Indo-Pacific Four. Even if the Indo-Pacific Four manage to resolve these issues (and the possibility of this is low), it is not likely that ASEAN would endorse the FOIP concept. The reality remains that Indonesia and ASEAN have taken a different approach to the Indo-Pacific. The ASEAN approach is to appropriate elements of FOIP strategy which are more attractive to ASEAN (for example, connectivity and infrastructure), yet reject elements of FOIP strategy which ASEAN deems inappropriate (the exclusion of China and the loss of ASEAN centrality). This does not augur well for the adoption, in its entirety, of the FOIP concept by ASEAN.

Did a meta-analysis accurately estimate the temporal trends of carbon stock change after grazing exclusion in China's grasslands? A comment on “Effects of grazing exclusion on carbon sequestration in China's grassland,” by

The temporal pattern of carbon stock changes in response to grazing exclusion (GE) is important for grassland ecosystem restoration policy. The carbon stock change rate is the quotient computed by dividing the change in carbon stock after GE by GE duration. We modeled varying carbon stock change rates with GE durations based on data from a meta-analysis by Deng et al. (2017). We found that the close relationship between the carbon stock change rate and GE duration was mostly driven by GE duration in the denominator, rather than by carbon stock changes in the numerator. We argue that Deng et al.'s conclusion that the exponential decay trend varies with GE duration was inaccurate and that it was misleading to suggest there is a temporal pattern to carbon stock changes that is associated with GE duration. Their model may further encourage GE-based policy that includes fencing as a major practice of grassland restoration. However, this practice yields clearly negative impacts on herders' livelihoods, animal husbandry, pastoral social development and wildlife protection.

对中国金融排斥程度和主要因素的实证研究

对中国金融排斥程度和主要因素的实证研究

From elite capture to marginalization of the poorest: a new social exclusion in anti-poverty programmes in China

ABSTRACT Based on a case study of state-directed aid resources in anti-poverty programmes, we detected a new phenomenon of social exclusion in China. In a period of several years, a shift is observed from elite capture to marginalization of the poorest. This phenomenon occurs under the administrative pressure from the authoritarian state and the morbid democratic mechanism. Contemporary structural changes in economic and social culture also make it difficult for marginal people to escape from this predicament. From a social structural transformation point of view, we suggest that the marginalization of the poorest should be seriously taken into consideration in rural development programmes and policies.

Hukou intermarriage and social exclusion in China

Hukou is a key marker of status in contemporary China. Urban hukou status confers large economic benefits such as preferential access to good schools, prestigious occupations, and state-subsidized welfare benefits. As such, trends in hukou intermarriage convey important but underappreciated information about social mobility in China. This article examines trends in hukou intermarriage between 1958 and 2008. We find that hukou intermarriage is surprisingly common and has grown steadily since 1985. Hypotheses derived from Western contexts do little to explain this trend. Increased education, economic inequality, and availability each fail to explain trends as predicted in prior work. A common hypothesis is that increased inequality should reduce intermarriage by making it more costly to “marry down.” We find the opposite—increasing inequality is associated with increasing hukou intermarriage, particularly between urban men and rural women, which is consistent with the hypothesis that the costs of marrying down may be outweighed by the incentives to marry up in this context. Our results also suggest hukou conversion plays a key role in increased intermarriage. These findings highlight the uniqueness of the Chinese context and suggest that standard hypotheses about assortative mating may not be applicable in contexts with strong state-controlled social boundaries.

To include, or not to include, that is the question: Disability digital inclusion and exclusion in China

Information and communication technologies (ICTs) are increasingly important for people with disabilities (PWDs), suggesting digital inclusion as a possible social mechanism against the social exclusion of disability. This study suggests a more complicated relationship between ICTs and disability. Situated in a Chinese context and based on research methods of ethnographic participant observation and in-depth interviews, this study explains why and how social exclusion of disability in China leads to PWDs’ exodus to the Internet, where they find a possible habitat of digital and social inclusion notwithstanding the risk of more profound social exclusion. The study finally argues that the Internet habitat of PWDs is both a material enclave and a discourse heterotopia for understanding Chinese society, disability, and ICTs. In addition, future studies should further include PWDs in this field.

Radium, biophysics, and radiobiology: tracing the history of radiobiology in twentieth-century China.

Radiobiology assesses the biological hazards of exposure to radioactive substances and nuclear radiation. This article explores the history of radiobiology in twentieth-century China by examining the overlapping of radium research and biophysics, from roughly the 1920s Nationalist period to the 1960s Communist period; from the foreign purchase of radium by the Rockefeller Foundation's China Medical Board during the Republican era, to the institutional establishment of radiobiology as a subset of biophysics in the People's Republic. Western historiography of radiobiology highlights the connection between the military development of nuclear weapons and the civilian use of radiation in biology, as well as the international export of radioisotopes and nuclear reactors. Considering the exclusion of China from Western atomic diplomacy, I argue that the study of the Chinese history of bomb-making and radiobiology is necessary not just to fill an existing knowledge gap, but more importantly to elucidate the influence of the Chinese nuclear weapons program and Cold War atomic politics on Chinese life-science enterprises. Through examining the formational history of the radiobiology program in China, I hope to shed light on the implications of the atomic age for Chinese biology in the twentieth century.

Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 status of gastric cancer patients in Asia: results from a large, multicountry study.

Current estimates of the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positivity rate in gastric cancer vary widely in the literature, and there are limited data from countries in Asia. The primary aim of this study was to conduct a clinical audit of laboratories across seven countries in Asia to determine the incidence of HER2-positive gastric cancer in this region. Pathologists were asked to collect data on patient gender, age, cancer site, specimen type, tumor spread, type and grade, HER2 test results, including protein and/or gene copy enumeration, and final HER2 status on consecutive gastric cancer cases tested for HER2 in their laboratory over a 2-year period. HER2 results from 5,301 gastric cancers were submitted by 50 laboratories. The overall HER2-positivity rate was 9.7% which, after the exclusion of China, increased to 18.1%. The rate between countries ranged from 0% to 23.1%, and from 0% to 50.0% between laboratories. An equivocal HER2 result was recorded in 19.5% of cases. Despite the lack of centralized testing to confirm the accuracy of HER2 diagnoses, the incidence of HER2-positive gastric cancer observed here was comparable to that reported in the literature. Nevertheless, rates were highly variable between countries and laboratories, which suggests a lack of HER2 testing expertise in gastric cancer. Given that the mortality rates for gastric cancer in Eastern Asia are the highest in the world, efforts should focus on improving HER2 testing expertise in the region so that patients receive the appropriate treatment early in their disease.

Updating and refining estimates of typhoid fever burden for public health action.

Updating and refining estimates of typhoid fever burden for public health action.

‘Refugee’ or ‘returnee’? The ethnic geopolitics of diasporic resettlement in China and intergenerational change

The interrelationship between forced migration, return migration and ethnicity remains relatively unexplored in current scholarship. By using the case of China’s resettlement policy towards diasporic Chinese descendants expelled from Southeast Asia during 1949–1979 and examining their contemporary situation, this paper highlights the way scholarship on forced migration and ethnically privileged (return) migration can mutually enrich one another. The paper, first, examines the geopolitical context of Chinese forced migration and the premises of China’s preferential policy towards co‐ethnics, which labelled the ‘refugees’ as ‘returnees’ intentionally. It argues that metaphors of extraterritorial ethnic kinship and ‘return’ are used to justify ethnic privilege but the co‐ethnics experienced socio‐spatial exclusion in China because of their cultural distinctiveness. Second, the paper explores the impact of the post‐1980s reforms on the rural overseas Chinese farms in which the co‐ethnics were resettled. This discussion suggests that the rescaling of governance brought about policies that capitalise upon their distinctive Southeast Asian identities to reinvent the farms as economic zones and tourism sites. The sustainability of this economic strategy is, however, questioned in the third part of the paper, which considers intergenerational change now happening on the farms. It argues that international migration histories are transitioning to new internal migration flows. Such migration succession trends may transform the ethnically privileged status of the farms and their inhabitants. The qualitative findings in this paper direct broader inquiry into the complex ethnic geopolitics underpinning mobilisations of diasporic belonging and also the implications of intergenerational change.

Cultural Exclusion in China: State Education, Social Mobility and Cultural Difference. By Lin Yi. London and New York: Routledge, 2008. x, 176 pp. $150.00 (cloth).

Cultural Exclusion in China: State Education, Social Mobility and Cultural Difference. By Lin Yi. London and New York: Routledge, 2008. x, 176 pp. $150.00 (cloth).

Homelessness, housing insecurity and social exclusion in China, Hong Kong, and Japan

The term social exclusion has been the catalyst for extensive debate regarding the nature of social differentiation in European capitalist societies ( Jordan, 1996; Rodgers, Gore, & Figueriedo, 1995; Room, 1995) and is now widely used and differently interpreted (see Levitas, 1998) in national and international policy arenas. However, whilst there has been some examination of the value of the concept for exploring and explaining homelessness in East Asia ( Iwata, 2006), the concept has had little influence on existing policy paradigms. This paper seeks to explore the nature, extent, and dynamics of housing insecurity and homelessness and its relationship with social exclusion in East Asia. It will consider the nature and dynamics of housing insecurity, homelessness, and regimes of inclusion, as well as the institutional and policy responses to dispossession in three East Asian societies: Mainland China, Hong Kong SAR, and Japan.

Book Review: Lin YI, Cultural Exclusion in China: State Education, Social Mobility and Cultural Difference. London and New York: Routledge, 2008. 192 pp., with appendices, references, and index. ISBN: 978-0-415-45761-3 (hc). Price: £85.00

Book Review: Lin YI, Cultural Exclusion in China: State Education, Social Mobility and Cultural Difference. London and New York: Routledge, 2008. 192 pp., with appendices, references, and index. ISBN: 978-0-415-45761-3 (hc). Price: £85.00

Cultural Exclusion in China: State Education, Social Mobility and Cultural Difference by Lin Yi. Abingdon, U.K.: Routledge, 2008. 176 pp. $150.00 (cloth). ISBN 978‐0‐415‐45761‐3.

Previous articleNext article No AccessBook ReviewCultural Exclusion in China: State Education, Social Mobility and Cultural Difference by Lin Yi. Abingdon, U.K.: Routledge, 2008. 176 pp. $150.00 (cloth). ISBN 978‐0‐415‐45761‐3.Gregory P. FairbrotherGregory P. FairbrotherThe Hong Kong Institute of Education Search for more articles by this author The Hong Kong Institute of EducationPDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Comparative Education Review Volume 53, Number 3August 2009 Sponsored by the Comparative and International Education Society Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/605523 Views: 52Total views on this site © 2009 by The Comparative and International Education Society. All rights reserved. For permission to reuse, please contact [email protected]PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.