Excitation Functions Of Proton-induced Reactions Research Articles

Investigation of the Excitation Functions of Proton-Induced Reactions on Natural Gadolinium Using the Nuclear Interaction Codes TALYS 1.96 and EMPIRE 3.2

Investigation of the Excitation Functions of Proton-Induced Reactions on Natural Gadolinium Using the Nuclear Interaction Codes TALYS 1.96 and EMPIRE 3.2

Excitation functions of proton-induced reactions on natW target for rhenium isotope production

The proton-induced reaction cross-sections on natural tungsten within the proton energy range of 12.50 ± 0.79 MeV to 44.08 ± 0.33 MeV are determined by using the stacked-foil activation method and offline γ-ray spectrometry at the MC50 cyclotron of the Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Science. The proton beam intensity is determined by using the natCu(p,xn)62Zn and natCu(p,xn)65Zn monitor reactions. The residual nuclide activities are measured using an HPGe γ-ray detector. The experimental results in this work contains 63 individual measured points for seven identified nuclides 181;182m,g;183;184m,g;186Re via the natW(p,xn) reactions. In addition, the thick target yields are determined for the 181;182m,g;183;184m,g;186Re products produced from the natW(p,xn) reactions. The present data are compared with literature data and the theoretical predictions from the TALYS-1.9 code and the TENDL-2019 library.

Extension of excitation functions of proton-induced reactions on bismuth

Extension of excitation functions of proton-induced reactions on bismuth

Excitation functions of proton-induced reactions on natFe and natZr targets for the production of cobalt and niobium isotopes

Excitation functions of proton-induced reactions for the natural iron and zirconium targets were measured from their respective threshold energies to 22 and 20 MeV. The conventional stacked foil technique was used in combination with the off-line $\gamma$ -ray spectroscopy at the BARC-TIFR Pelletron facility, Mumbai. The computer code SRIM 2013 was used to calculate the energy degradation along the stack and the proton beam intensity was measured via the natCu(p,x)62Zn monitor reaction. The measured excitation functions were then compared with the literature data available in EXFOR database as well as with the theoretical values from the TALYS-1.8 code and the TENDL-2017 data library. The shapes of the excitation function for all the reactions were reproduced well by TALYS-1.8. In terms of absolute values, for some reactions the data are in good agreement with both the literature data and TALYS-1.8 whereas, for others there is a slight deviation either from the literature data or from the theoretical values of TALYS-1.8 and TENDL-2017.

Nuclear reaction cross sections for proton therapy applications

Nuclear reactions of high-energy protons with treatment equipment, air, and patient tissue during proton therapy generate residual radioactivity and secondary particles including protons, deuterons, alphas, and neutrons. The most up-to-date versions of INCL++ (v5.2.9), TALYS (v1.8), EMPIRE (v3.2.2 Malta), and ALICE/ASH were used in this study to calculate the excitation functions of proton-induced reactions with carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, aluminum, calcium, iron, nickel, copper, zinc, tin, tungsten, and lead nuclei. The cross sections of different nuclear reaction mechanisms, gamma particles, and residual radionuclides were calculated. The obtained results were compared with available experimental data and the ENDF/B-VII.1.

Investigation of excitation functions of proton-induced reactions on $^{94,\, 96,\, 98,\, 100}$Mo targets for production of radioisotopes $^{94m,\, 94g,\, 96m,\, 96g,\, 96,\, 99m}$Tc

In this work, we investigated the excitation functions of proton-induced reactions on even-even $^{94-100}$Mo isotopes for the production of medical radioisotopes $^{94m, 94g, 96m, 96g, 96, 99m}$Tc. To obtain the excitation functions we carried out cross-section calculations in the frameworks of the generalized superfluid model, microscopic level density model, and three options of the preequilibrium process in the Talys code. The aim of this study was to introduce a new aspect for the production of radioisotopes $^{94m, 94g, 96m, 96g, 96, 99m}$Tc with different models.

Nuclear excitation functions of proton-induced reactions (Ep = 35–90 MeV) from Fe, Cu, and Al

Fe, Cu, and Al stacked foils were irradiated by 90MeV protons at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center’s Isotope Production Facility to measure nuclear cross sections for the production of medically relevant isotopes, such as 52gMn, 54Mn, 48Cr, 55Co, 58mCo and 57Ni. The decay of radioactive isotopes produced during irradiation was monitored using high-purity germanium gamma spectroscopy over the months following irradiation. Proton fluence was determined using the natAl(p,x)22Na, natCu(p,x)62Zn natCu(p,x)65Zn, and natCu(p,x)56Co monitor reactions. Calculated cross sections were compared against literature values and theoretical TALYS predictions. Notably this work includes the first reported independent cross section measurements of natCu(p,x)58mCo and natCu(p,x)58gCo.

Excitation functions of proton-induced reactions on natural Nd and production of radionuclides relevant for double beta decay: Completing measurement in 5–35 MeV energy range

Cross-sections for the proton-induced reactions on natural neodymium in energy regions 5-10 MeV and 30-35 MeV were measured using the cyclotron U-120M at the Nuclear Physics Institute at Rez near Prague. This measurement completes the investigation previously done in the 10-30 MeV energy range. Results revealed practical production thresholds and secondary maxima and minima in the excitation functions. It allowed for more appropriate calculation of thick target yields and production rates of many longer-lived radionuclides potentially disturbing the search for neutrinoless double beta decay. Measured cross-sections are consistent with our previously published data.

Erratum: Excitation functions of proton-induced reactions on natural Nd in the 10–30 MeV energy range, and production of radionuclides relevant for double-βdecay [Phys. Rev. C85, 014602 (2012)

Received 24 January 2014DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.89.049905©2014 American Physical Society

Excitation functions of proton-induced reactions on natural Nd in the 10–30 MeV energy range, and production of radionuclides relevant for double-β decay

A preferred candidate for neutrinoless double-{\beta} decay, 150Nd, is present in natural neodymium at an abundance level of 5.64%. However, neodymium could be activated by cosmic rays during the period it spends on the Earth's surface. Its activation by protons is therefore of interest when it comes to estimating the possible disturbance effects and increased background during neutrinoless double-{\beta}-decay experiments like Sudbury Neutrino Observatory plus liquid scintillator (SNO+). In most cases, we lack experimental data on proton-induced reactions on neodymium. Therefore, a measurement of cross sections has been performed for the formation of 141Pm, 143Pm, 144Pm, 146Pm, 148Pm, 148Pmm, 149Pm, 150Pm, 140Nd, 141Nd, 147Nd, 149Nd, 138Prm, 139Pr, 142Pr, and 139Ce by 10-30 MeV protons. Oxidation-protected metal foil targets of natural isotopic abundance were irradiated by the usual stacked-foil technique on the external proton beam of the isochronous cyclotron U-120M at the Nuclear Physics Institute at \v{R}e\v{z} near Prague. Special attention was paid to the excitation functions of long-lived radionuclides. The measured data were compared with TENDL-2010 library data (TALYS code).

Excitation functions of proton-induced reactions in natCu in the energy range 7–17 MeV

Elemental production cross sections were measured for (p, x) reactions on natural Cu targets, leading to the formation of 62,63,65Zn. These reactions are generally used for monitoring the proton beam intensity and energy e.g. in isotope production facilities. Cross sections were obtained by activation of stacked foils and subsequent gamma spectroscopy. The production data for 62,63,65Zn between 7 and 16.5 MeV proton energy are presented as well as comparisons with literature values. Good agreement with the evaluated values was found for most of the cross-section values.

Excitation functions of proton-induced reactions on natFe and enriched 57Fe with particular reference to the production of 57Co

Excitation functions of the reactions natFe(p,xn) 55,56,57,58Co, natFe(p,x) 51Cr, natFe(p,x) 54Mn, 57Fe(p,n) 57Co and 57Fe(p, α) 54Mn were measured from their respective thresholds up to 18.5 MeV, with particular emphasis on data for the production of the radionuclide 57Co ( T 1/2=271.8 d). The conventional stacked-foil technique was used, and the samples for irradiation were prepared by an electroplating or sedimentation process. The measured excitation curves were compared with the data available in the literature as well as with results of nuclear model calculations. From the experimental data, the theoretical yields of the investigated radionuclides were calculated as a function of the proton energy. Over the energy range E p=15→5 MeV the calculated yield of 57Co from the 57Fe(p,n) 57Co process amounts to 1.2 MBq/μA h and from the natFe(p,xn) 57Co reaction to 0.025 MBq/μA h. The radionuclidic impurity levels are discussed. Use of highly enriched 57Fe as target material would lead to formation of high-purity 57Co.

New calculation of excitation functions of proton-induced reactions in some medical isotopes of Cu, Zn and Ga

The new calculations on the excitation functions of 61Ni(p,n) 61Cu, 62Ni(p,n) 62Cu, 64Ni(p,n) 64Cu, 63Cu(p,2n) 62Zn, 63Cu(p,n) 63Zn, 65Cu(p,n) 65Zn, 66Zn(p,n) 66Ga, 67Zn(p,2n) 66Ga, 67Zn(p,n) 67Ga and 68Zn(p,n) 68Ga reactions have been carried out in the 5–30 MeV proton energy range. The calculations involve the cascade exciton model, preequilibrium nuclear reaction model and exciton model. The calculated results are compared with the experimental data taken from the literature.

Calculated Excitation Functions of Proton-Induced Reactions on Vanadium and Chromium for Incident Energies up to 30 MeV

Excitation functions for proton-induced reactions on 52Cr and 51V for which there had been no experimental data were reasonably predicted by the newest theoretical calculation program at incident proton energies from threshold to 30 MeV. The set of calculation parameters used here was obtained from threshold to 65 MeV, based on the available experimental data.

Excitation functions of proton-induced reactions on 126Xe: 125I impurity in 123I

Highly enriched gaseous 126Xe (99.48%) was used to make measurements of the excitation functions of the 126Xe(p, 2n) 125Cs and 126Xe(p, pn) 125Xe reactions up to proton energies of 35 MeV. Differential and integral yields of 125I were determined. The 125I impurity in 123I was calculated for the 124Xe(p, x) 123I production process.

Threshold Effects in Proton-induced Reactions on Copper

A study has been made of proton-induced reactions on the two copper isotopes 65CU and 63CU for bombarding energies in the range 1�2-4�6 MeV. This energy range includes the (p,n) thresholds for 65CU and 63CU, which occur at 2�17MeV and 4�21 MeV respectively. Excitation functions for (p, y) reactions were obtained by observing discrete y-ray transitions between low-lying states of the compound nuclei. Data were also obtained for the charged-particle reactions 65Cu(p,lXo)62Ni and 63CU(p, lXo.,)6�Ni. As the respective (p, n) thresholds are crossed, the yields of proton-induced reactions on 65CU fall by a factor of about 5 while the excitation functions of proton-induced reactions on 63CU reveal no evidence of a significant threshold effect. These data are ompared with Hauser-Feshbach statistical model calculations. The structure in the 65CU+p reaction yield is interpreted in terms of Wigner cusps.

Excitation functions of proton-induced reactions in 16O at medium energies

Protons elastically and inelastically scattered from 16O were observed at lab angles between 60° and 160° using NaI(Tl) detectors. The incident beam energy was varied in approximately 200 keV steps from 21.25 to 33.12 MeV and in 500 keV steps at higher energies up to 38.5 MeV. Angular distributions at the same energies were also measured for inelastic proton scattering leaving the 16O nucleus with excitation energies of Q = 6.05, 6.13 MeV and Q = −8;.88 MeV. The excitation functions for the (p, d) and (p, α) reactions were measured at 70° for the same energy range, and the (p, t) reaction was observed above 31 MeV. The elastic scattering angular distributions have been integrated over the angular range 100°–160° and anomalies are observed. An optical-model-with-resonance analysis of the data is presented which indicates states at E p = 21.6, 22.6, 23.5, 24.7, 26.4, 28.3 and 30.1 MeV with Jπ assignments 9 2 + , 9 2 + , 7 2 + , 7 2 + , 7 2 − , 5 2 − and 5 2 + , respectively. A coupled-channels calculation has also been compared with the elastic and inelastic scattering ( Q = −6.05, −6.13 MeV) angular distributions.