Excitation Functions Of Reactions Research Articles

Excitation Functions of Neutron Induced Nuclear Reactions for 59Co Nucleus using Different Level Density Models

Excitation Functions of Neutron Induced Nuclear Reactions for 59Co Nucleus using Different Level Density Models

Excitation Functions of Neutron Induced Nuclear Reactions for 59Co Nucleus using Different Level Density Models

Excitation Functions of Neutron Induced Nuclear Reactions for ⁵⁹Co Nucleus using Different Level Density Models

Excitation Functions Calculations of the Charged Particle-Induced Nuclear Reactions on the 9Be Target

In this study, calculation of charged particles induced nuclear reactions of beryllium (9Be) target nuclei have been investigated in the incident proton and alpha at energy range from threshold to 50 MeV. The excitation functions for 9Be target nuclei reactions have been calculated by using PCROSS nuclear reaction calculation code. Weisskopf–Ewing model for equilibrium, calculations and the full exciton and cascade exciton models for pre-equilibrium calculations were used. Also, the semi-empirical calculations for (p,α) reactions have been done by using cross section formula updated with new coefficient developed by Tel et al. (Pramana Indian Acad Sci 74(6):931, 2010). The calculated results were compared with the experimental data for different energy levels ranging from 0.00 to 9.65 MeV taken from the literature.

Model-based predictions for nuclear excitation functions of neutron-induced reactions on 64 ,66 −68 Zn targets

Abstract In this paper, nuclear data for cross sections of the 64Zn(n,2n)63Zn, 64Zn(n,3n)62Zn, 64Zn(n,p)64Cu, 66Zn(n,2n)65Zn, 66Zn(n,p)66Cu, 67Zn(n,p)67Cu, 68Zn(n,p)68Cu, and 68Zn(n,α)65Ni reactions were studied for neutron energies up to 40 MeV. In the nuclear model calculations, TALYS 1.6, ALICE/ASH, and EMPIRE 3.2 codes were used. Furthermore, the nuclear data for the (n,2n) and (n,p) reaction channels were also calculated using various cross-section systematics at energies around 14–15 MeV. The code calculations were analyzed and obtained using the different level densities in the exciton model and the geometry-dependent hybrid model. The results obtained from the excitation function calculations are discussed and compared with literature experimental data, ENDF/B-VII.1, and the TENDL-2015 evaluated data.

Production cross sections of 169Yb and Tm isotopes in deuteron-induced reactions on 169Tm

The excitation functions of deuteron-induced reactions on 169Tm were measured using the stacked-foil method and high resolution gamma-ray spectrometry. The production cross sections of a medical radionuclide 169Yb were investigated. The result was compared with the previous experiments and found to be in good agreement. In addition to 169Yb, the production cross sections of Tm isotopes, 170Tm, 168Tm and 167Tm, were measured. These results were compared with the TALYS calculations taken from the TENDL-2015 online data library.

Quantitative analysis of Li by PIGE technique

In this work, the cross section of the reactions 7Li(p,pγ)7Li (γ – 478keV) at the proton energy range 2.0–4.2MeV was measured. The measurements were carried out at the 3MV Tandem Accelerator at the CTN/IST Laboratory in Lisbon. To validate the obtained results, calculated gamma-ray yields were compared, at several proton energy values, with experimental yields for thick samples made of inorganic compounds containing lithium. In order to quantify the light elements present in the samples, we used a standard free method for PIGE in thick samples, based on a code – Emitted Radiation Yield Analysis (ERYA), which integrates the nuclear reaction excitation function along the depth of the sample. We also demonstrated the capacity of the technique for analysis of Li ores, as Spodumene, Lithium Muscovite and Holmquistite, and Li-alloys for plasma facing materials showing that this is a reliable and accurate method for PIGE analysis of Li in thick samples.

(n, p) Reaction Cross Sections Calculations of Some Stellar Iron Group Fusion Materials

The excitation functions for (n, p) reactions from reaction threshold to 24 MeV on some important iron (Fe) group target elements (20 ≤ Z ≤ 28) for astrophysical (n, p) reactions such as Si, Ca, Sc, Ti, Cr, Fe, Co and Ni were calculated using TALYS-1.0 nuclear model code. The new calculations on the excitation functions of 28Si(n, p)28Al, 29Si(n, p)29Al, 42Ca(n, p)42K, 45Sc(n, p)45Ca, 46Ti(n, p)46Sc, 53Cr(n, p)53V, 54Fe(n, p)54Mn, 57Fe(n, p)57Mn, 59Co(n, p)59Fe, 58Ni(n, p)58Co and 60Ni(n, p)60Co reactions have been carried out up to 24 MeV incident neutron energy. In these calculations, the compound nucleus and pre-equilibrium reaction mechanism studied extensively. According to these calculations, we assume that these model calculations can be applied to some heavy elements, ejected into interstellar medium by dramatic supernova events.

Measurements and usage of cross sections of various (n,xn) threshold reactions

Current trend in nuclear reactor physics is a transition from technologies using thermal neutrons to technologies utilizing fast neutrons. Unfortunately focus was put mainly on the thermal neutrons for a long time and lead to very good knowledge about this low energy region, but very scarce coverage of the high energy region. This means that there is a gap in the knowledge of excitation functions for higher energies. This gap spreads from 20 MeV up to 1 GeV and higher. This is exactly the energy region needed for description of advanced nuclear systems such as accelerator driven systems (ADS). Our group from Nuclear Physics Institute (NPI) of the CAS is a member of an international collaboration Energy & Transmutation of Radioactive Waste (E&T RAW). This collaboration focuses on ADS for many years. In order to measure neutron field within ADS models it is necessary to know excitation functions of reactions used to monitor the neutron field. In many cases there are almost no experimental data for suitable reactions. Worse and quite common case is that there are no data at all. Therefore we are also focusing on measurements of these data in order to fill the databases as well as to allow further improvements of codes for nuclear data calculations.

Investigation of excitation functions of proton-induced reactions on $^{94,\, 96,\, 98,\, 100}$Mo targets for production of radioisotopes $^{94m,\, 94g,\, 96m,\, 96g,\, 96,\, 99m}$Tc

In this work, we investigated the excitation functions of proton-induced reactions on even-even $^{94-100}$Mo isotopes for the production of medical radioisotopes $^{94m, 94g, 96m, 96g, 96, 99m}$Tc. To obtain the excitation functions we carried out cross-section calculations in the frameworks of the generalized superfluid model, microscopic level density model, and three options of the preequilibrium process in the Talys code. The aim of this study was to introduce a new aspect for the production of radioisotopes $^{94m, 94g, 96m, 96g, 96, 99m}$Tc with different models.

Calculations of (n,2n) reaction cross sections for Barium isotopes from 5 to 20 MeV

In this study, the excitation functions of (n,2n) reactions for 30,32,34,35,37,38 Ba isotopes are calculated using TALYS 1.6, EMPIRE-3.2.2, and ALICE-GDH codes based on statistical model up to 20 MeV. Moreover, the cross section for each isotope have also been estimated at 14.2 MeV using semi empirical formula developed by four different authors. The calculated and estimated cross-sections are compared with experimental cross-sections from EXFOR and compared with the evaluation data in ENDF/B-VII.1 library. Results are close agreement with the experimental data from literature.

Evaluation of Excitation Functions of Reactions Used in Production of Some Medical Radioisotopes

In this work, reaction cross-sections were calculated and Excitation Functions were evaluated for productions of 208Bi, 212,211,210At, 211,210Po isotopes using EXIFON code in the energy range from 0 MeV to 30 MeV. The code is based on an analytical model for statistical multistep direct and multistep compound reactions (SMD/SMC model). This work also investigates the shell structure effect on the reaction cross-section, the results obtained show that the cross-sections of (a, na) reaction for both with shell correction and without shell correction are zeros at energies range considered, this shows that the energy of the incident particle is below the threshold of this reaction due to the present of coulomb repulsive force between the projectile and target nucleus.

A new analysis procedure to extract fusion excitation function with large beam energy dispersions: application to the 6Li+120Sn and 7Li+119Sn

In the present paper it is described an analysis procedure suited for experiments where cross-sections strongly varying with energy are measured using beams having large energy dispersion. These cross-sections are typically the sub-barrier fusion excitation function of reactions induced by radioactive beams. The large beam energy dispersion, typical of these experiments, can lead to ambiguities in the association of the effective beam energy to the reaction product yields and consequently to an error in the determination of the excitation function. As a test case, the approach is applied to the experiments 6 Li+120 Sn and 7 Li+119 Sn measured in the energy range 14 MeV ≤ Ec.m. ≤28 MeV. The complete fusion cross sections are deduced from activation measurements using the stacked target technique. The results of these experiments, that employ the two weakly-bound stable Li isotopes, show that the complete fusion cross sections above the barrier are suppressed of about 70% and 85% with respect to the Universal Fusion Function, used as a standard reference, in the 6 Li and 7 Li induced reactions respectively. Moreover, the excitation functions of the two systems at energies below the barrier, do not show significant differences, despite the two systems have different n -transfer Qvalue .

Analysis of complete, incomplete and total fusion data of 9Be +169Tm, 187Re, 209Bi reactions

We have analyzed the incomplete fusion (ICF), complete fusion (CF) and total fusion (TF) excitation functions for reactions induced by [Formula: see text] on [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] targets at near barrier energies using Wong’s formula in conjunction with the energy dependent Woods–Saxon potential. A phenomenological selection function is proposed to separate out the contribution of ICF and CF cross-sections in TF cross-section. The variation of relative contribution of ICF and CF in TF with respect to incident beam energy is very well reproduced through this approach.

Reaction and fusion cross sections for the near-symmetric systemXe129+Snnatfrom8Ato35AMeV

\item[Background]Heavy-ion reactions from barrier up to Fermi energy. \item[Purpose]Reaction and fusion cross sections determination. Fusion reactions induced by $^{129}Xe$ projectiles on $^{nat}Sn$ targets for energies ranging from $8$ A.MeV to $35$ A.MeV were measured with the INDRA $4\pi$-array.\\ The evaluation of the fusion/incomplete fusion cross sections for the incident energies from 8 to 35 A.MeV is the main purpose of this paper. \item[Method] The reaction cross sections are evaluated for each beam energy thanks to INDRA $4\pi$-array. The events are also sorted in order to focus the study on a selected sample of events, in such a way that the fusion/fusion incomplete cross section is estimated. \item[Results] The excitation function of reaction and fusion cross sections were measured for the heavy and nearly symmetric system $^{129}Xe + ^{nat}Sn$ from 8 to 35 A.MeV. \item[Conclusions] The fusion-like cross-sections evaluated show a good agrement with a recent systematics for beam energies greater than 20 A.MeV. For low beam energies the cross-section values are lower than the expected ones. A probable reason for these low values is in the fusion hindrance at energies above/close the barrier.

Nuclear excitation functions of proton-induced reactions (Ep = 35–90 MeV) from Fe, Cu, and Al

Fe, Cu, and Al stacked foils were irradiated by 90MeV protons at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center’s Isotope Production Facility to measure nuclear cross sections for the production of medically relevant isotopes, such as 52gMn, 54Mn, 48Cr, 55Co, 58mCo and 57Ni. The decay of radioactive isotopes produced during irradiation was monitored using high-purity germanium gamma spectroscopy over the months following irradiation. Proton fluence was determined using the natAl(p,x)22Na, natCu(p,x)62Zn natCu(p,x)65Zn, and natCu(p,x)56Co monitor reactions. Calculated cross sections were compared against literature values and theoretical TALYS predictions. Notably this work includes the first reported independent cross section measurements of natCu(p,x)58mCo and natCu(p,x)58gCo.

Excitation function calculations for α + 93Nb nuclear reactions

In this study, the excitation functions of alpha-induced reactions on the 93Nb target nucleus were calculated by using ALICE-ASH code. The hybrid model, Weisskopf-Ewing model and geometry dependent hybrid model in this code were used to understand the alpha-niobium interaction. The contribution on the nuclear interaction of compound and pre-compound processes, with variation of the incident alpha particle energy, was presented. Furthermore, the reaction cross sections were calculated by using different level density models such as Superfluid nuclear model, Fermi gas model and Kataria-Ramamurthy Fermi gas model. Obtaining a good agreement between the calculated and the measured cross sections, the exciton numbers and the nuclear level density models were varied. Finally, the proper choice of the exciton numbers and the nuclear level density models was found to be quite important in order to obtain the more realistic cross section values.

Excitation Functions of (d,n) Reactions on Some Light Nuclei

Excitation Functions of (d,n) Reactions on Some Light Nuclei

Activation cross sections of proton induced nuclear reactions on palladium up to 80 MeV

Activation cross sections of proton induced nuclear reactions on palladium were measured up to 80MeV by using the stacked foil irradiation technique and gamma ray spectrometry. The beam intensity, the incident energy and the energy degradation were controlled by a method based on flux constancy via normalization to the excitation functions of monitor reactions measured in parallel. Excitation functions for direct and cumulative cross-sections were measured for the production of 104m,104g,105g,106m,110mAg, 100,101Pd, 99m,99g,100,101m,101g,102m,102g,105Rh and 103,97Ru radioisotopes. The cross section data were compared with the theoretical predictions of TENDL-2014 and -2015 libraries. For practical applications thick target yields were derived from the measured excitation functions. Application in the field of medical radionuclide production is shortly discussed.

Systematic study of suppression of complete fusion in reactions involving weakly bound nuclei at energies above the Coulomb barrier

Complete fusion excitation functions of reactions involving breakup are studied by using the empirical coupled-channel (ECC) model with breakup effects considered. An exponential function with two parameters is adopted to describe the prompt-breakup probability in the ECC model. These two parameters are fixed by fitting the measured prompt-breakup probability or the complete fusion cross sections. The suppression of complete fusion at energies above the Coulomb barrier is studied by comparing the data with the predictions from the ECC model without the breakup channel considered. The results show that the suppression of complete fusion is roughly independent of the target for the reactions involving the same projectile.

Excitation Function of (n,α) Reactions of Hafnium and Tungsten Isotopes for Fusion Reactor Technology

The cross-section of 176Hf(n,α)173Yb, 177Hf(n,α)174Yb, 178Hf(n,α)175Yb, 179Hf(n,α)176Yb, 180Hf(n,α)177Yb, 182W(n,α)179Hf, 183W(n,α)180Hf, 184W(n,α)181Hf and 186W(n,α)183Hf reactions have been analyzed by using TALYS 1.4 in the energy range between 13 and 15 MeV. The result has been compared with several experimental values taken from EXFOR data library and evaluated data file of ENDF/B-VII.0 and ENDF/B-VII.I. It is concluded that the present results contribute significantly to enhance the knowledge of cross-sections and in optimizing the input parameters required in model based evaluation.