Excision Of Fibroadenomas Research Articles

CONCERNS ABOUT FIBROADENOMA EXCISION IN YOUNG FEMALE PATIENTS VIA CIRCUMAREOLAR VERSUS RADIAL INCISION

Fibroadenoma is the most common benign breast tumour in young female patients between 15 to 30 years of age. Lumpectomy is the most common surgical procedure, usually carried out via Circumareolar or Radial incisions depending upon size and location in the breast. Both of these incisions for lumpectomy have advantages and disadvantages of their own. In this study, we compared the outcome in terms of healing of wounds, Aesthetics and patient satisfaction. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Circumareolar and Radial incision for lumpectomy, Aesthetic outcome and patient satisfaction in young female patients who opted for surgical excision. Methods: After ethical approval from the Hospital ethical committee and informed written consent from the participants; 189 patients were included and equally divided into Group A for Circumareolar incision and into Group B for Radial Incision participants, who met inclusion and exclusion criteria for this study. Data was collected by the Concerned Surgeon on a Pre-Designed Questionnaire in the District Headquarters Teaching Hospital, Kohat Development Authority Kohat from January 2021 to July 2021. Data was analyzed and shown in Tables. Results: The results demonstrate a significant preference for the circumareolar incision over the radial incision in the excision of large and peripherally located fibroadenomas among young female patients. A higher percentage of young female patients (63.04%) underwent circumareolar incision, reporting shorter recovery times (mean = 2.04 weeks) and greater satisfaction with the surgical outcome (mean satisfaction score = 5.43), compared to those who had a radial incision (37.25% underwent the procedure, with mean recovery time = 0.91 weeks and mean satisfaction score = 0.03). Statistical analysis further supports the efficacy of the circumareolar approach over the radial one, with significant differences in both recovery time and satisfaction levels (p < 0.000 for both measures), indicating its effectiveness and patient preference. Conclusion: Circumareolar incision is the best incision for large and peripherally located fibroadenoma excision in young female patients without any further morbidity or compromising quality of life.

Endoscopic excision of breast fibroadenoma through inframammary fold: Feasibility, safety and medium-term outcomes.

Endoscopic-assisted surgery for breast tumors has the advantage of inconspicuous scars, less breast volume loss, and nipple areolar distortion. A novel endoscopic-assisted technique through inframammary fold for excision of fibroadenomas is presented. Endoscopic-assisted excision of fibroadenoma(s) through inframammary fold was performed in four patients after informed written consent via three ports (12, 5, and 5 mm). Breast Cancer Treatment Outcome Score-12 (BCTOS-12) was used to evaluate patient satisfaction after surgery. No intraoperative and wound complication was noted. On median follow-up of 26.5 months, patients reported satisfactory responses to aesthetic and functional outcomes. No scar related complications were noted. Endoscopic-assisted excision of fibroadenoma through inframammary fold can be a safe and feasible option with good aesthetic outcomes.

Aesthetic Evaluation Post Fibroadenoma Excision with Periareolar Incision

Background: Fibroadenomas, benign breast tumors, often necessitate surgical excision for diagnostic confirmation and symptom relief. The periareolar incision technique has gained popularity due to its ability to provide access for tumor excision while minimizing visible scarring and preserving breast aesthetics. Objective: This study was done to evaluate the cosmetic results following fibroadenoma removal via periareolar incision. Study Design: Prospective, observational study. Settings: Department of Surgery - Liaquat University Hospital, Hyderabad Pakistan. Duration: Three years from 2017 to 2020. Methods: The study included women aged 18 years or older with a confirmed diagnosis of fibroadenoma through imaging and biopsy, who were scheduled for fibroadenoma excision using a periareolar incision technique. All patients underwent excision of the fibroadenoma using the periareolar incision method. Dissection was carefully performed to access the fibroadenoma while minimizing disruption to surrounding tissues. The fibroadenoma was excised with precision to minimize trauma to adjacent structures. Aesthetic assessment was conducted using a scoring system ranging from 1 to 4, with patients providing subjective ratings of their cosmetic outcomes. Data collection was done through a specially designed proforma. Results: The mean age of the patients was 29.76 years, with a standard deviation of 5.51 years. The majority of patients, comprising 45.10%, reported perceiving a good aesthetic outcome during their final follow-up, indicating almost complete satisfaction. Additionally, 43.70% of patients perceived the outcome as fair, expressing partial satisfaction. Conversely, 11.30% of patients perceived the outcome as poor, reflecting dissatisfaction. The p-values for both age group and residence are above 0.05, indicating that there is no statistically significant relationship between these factors and aesthetic condition. Conclusion: The use of periareolar incision for excising fibroadenomas shows promising potential for favorable outcomes. The aesthetic acceptance of the surgical results was generally perceived as good. Rare instances of unfavorable outcomes were associated with factors such as incision extension.

Efficacy and safety of vacuum-assisted excision (VAE) of fibroadenomas: experience in a tertiary centre

PurposeTo evaluate the technical success and efficacy rates of US-guided percutaneous vacuum-assisted excision (VAE) of breast fibroadenomas, also assessing procedural complications and long-term patient satisfaction rates. Materials and methodsThe institutional database of a tertiary breast cancer referral centre was retrospectively reviewed to retrieve all women with fibroadenomas who underwent US-guided VAE between May 2011 and September 2019. We subsequently included in this study all fibroadenomas with a maximum diameter of 3 cm at US and an available histological confirmation obtained by core-needle biopsy before VAE. Immediately after VAE, technical success (defined as the correct VAE execution) and the occurrence of procedural complications were evaluated. Imaging follow-up (US ± mammography) after 6, 12, 24 and 36 months was performed to evaluate technical efficacy (defined as the absence of fibroadenoma recurrence at 6-month follow-up). Long-term patient satisfaction was evaluated with telephonic interviews in October 2022.ResultsWe retrospectively included 108 women (median age 46 years) with 110 fibroadenomas diagnosed at core-needle biopsy with a median lesion size at US of 12 mm. Technical success was obtained in 110/110 VAEs (100%). Minor procedural complications (haematomas) occurred in 7/110 VAEs (6%), whereas 8/110 patients had a fibroadenoma recurrence at 6-month follow-up, resulting in a 93% technical efficacy (102/110 VAEs). All patients available for telephonic follow-up (104/104, 100%) reported high satisfaction with VAE results.ConclusionUS-guided VAE is a safe and effective procedure for the excision of fibroadenomas, representing a viable alternative to surgery, with a low complication rate and high patient satisfaction.

Oncoplastic Breast Reconstruction for Large Pediatric Breast Tumors: A Case Series.

Large breast fibroadenomas in pediatric females may cause discomfort, asymmetry, and psychological stress, and patients may elect for surgical excision. There are no criteria for reconstruction after the excision of these masses, and the research is limited in describing oncoplastic techniques in pediatric fibroadenoma excision. Nononcoplastic techniques, such as mastectomy with implant or flap reconstruction, have been used for pediatric fibroadenoma excision reconstruction. Oncoplastic techniques using Wise pattern or circumareolar incisions have shown to have efficacious outcomes. In addition, pediatric females undergoing breast surgery risk long-term complications such as continued breast asymmetry due to further breast growth, nipple and breast hypoesthesia, and future breastfeeding difficulty. This case series describes the oncoplastic techniques used for large benign mass excision and reconstruction of 3 pediatric females. A Wise pattern technique was used for all 3 patients, and 2 underwent a free-nipple graft. Oncoplastic techniques for pediatric breast mass excision provide satisfactory aesthetic outcomes with minimal surgical morbidity. Further research assessing the long-term effects of pediatric breast mass excision and reconstruction would be beneficial.

Swiss roll method of fibroadenoma excision: a case series

Fibroadenoma of 5 cm or more is called as giant fibroadenoma. Cosmesis is an important consideration while making breast incisions, especially in young adults. In our case series 15 girls of age group 18-30 years having giant fibroadenoma in breast were considered for the study and underwent Swiss roll method of fibroadenoma excision. 3 cm and 4 cm incisions were made for giant fibroadenoma of ≤6 cm and >6 cm in size respectively. Post-operative scars and cosmetic results were documented. In our study, average size of fibroadenoma was 6.5 cm. 10 patients (66.66%) had 3cm incision and 5 patients (33.33%) had 4 cm incision. Breast shape and symmetry is maintained with acceptable scar in all our patients postoperatively. Swiss-roll operation can be considered as cosmetically acceptable surgery for giant fibroadenomas.

Indications for the surgical excision of fibroadenomas: systematic review

Background: The differentiation between fibroadenomas and phyllodes tumors (PTs) is often difficult to establish based on core needle biopsy (CNB) alone due to similarities on pathologic evaluation and sampling error. Lesions for which a determination cannot be made are called fibroepithelial lesions (FELs). Since the surgical management of fibroadenomas and PT differ, we sought to determine the prevalence of PT on open surgical biopsy that were initially diagnosed to be fibroadenoma or FEL on CNB.

Ultrasound-guided vacuum-assisted excision biopsy in breast fibroadenomas: an Egyptian center experience

BackgroundBenign breast tumors although classified as benign lesions but excising them remain a troublesome problem. Surgical excision for benign breast lesions frightens most of female population suffering from such a problem, which created an urgency to search for a safe and effective alternative. My aim was to assess the efficacy of vacuum-assisted biopsy (VAB) excision system for the removal of benign breast lesions in terms of complete excision rate and incidence of complications.ResultsTwenty-three female patients with 29 twenty-nine lesions were included in our study. Mean age was 33 years (19–52 years). The incidence of complete excision was 100% in follow-up with 3 drop outs. The largest diameter of the tumors ranged from 1.2 to 3.3 cm. Rate of occurrence of complications in form of intra-procedural pain, 69% of our patients experienced mild intra-procedural pain with visual analog pain scale (VAS) score (1–3).21% experienced moderate pain with VAS score (4–6).8% experienced no pain. Patients who developed post procedural ecchymosis were 17% while hematoma group of patients were 10% of total number of patients.ConclusionsThe study showed that the use of vacuum-assisted biopsy excision system could provide a safe method for complete excision of fibroadenomas, with low rate of complications as incomplete excision, pain, and hematoma formation.

A comparative study between the efficacy of bupivacaine plus nalbuphine versus bupivacaine alone in pectoral nerve block for management of postoperative pain in patients undergoing breast fibroadenoma excision

BackgroundBreast surgeries, even the relatively minor ones, can be associated with significant postoperative pain affecting patients’ physical and psychological well-being. As a result, regional anaesthetic approaches have been used for breast surgery anaesthesia and analgesia. PECS I and II blocks have been proven to be relatively easy and safe in such regards. Moreover, using adjuvants, such as nalbuphine, have been proposed by many studies to intensify the block and decrease postoperative analgesic intake.This current study aims to assess the effects of using nalbuphine (20 mg) as a bupivacaine 0.25% (10 ml) adjuvant in PECS I block compared to injecting bupivacaine 0.25% (10 ml) alone in fibroadenoma excision patients.This trial enrolled 60 patients, 30 of whom received bupivacaine plus nalbuphine (group BN) and 30 in the bupivacaine only (group B). Postoperative VAS, SpO2 and vital signs at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 12 and 24 h as well as the amount of morphine consumed, the time it took for the first analgesic to be administered and adverse effects were both recorded and compared.ResultsRegarding postoperative outcomes, a statistically significant difference between the two groups was not detected regarding VAS, SpO2, vital signs and adverse effects. Similarly, there was no statistically significant difference in total morphine intake in the 24 h following surgery between the two groups (p-value = 0.65). Only 9 out of 60 patients needed analgesia, 5 in the BN group and 4 in the B group, and time to the first analgesic was not of statistically significant difference between BN and B groups (211.8 ± 71.29 and 183.5 ± 29.872 min respectively) (p-value = 0.73). In terms of postoperative complications, there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups.ConclusionsAdding nalbuphine (20 mg) to bupivacaine in PECS I block in fibroadenoma patients undergoing excision is not accompanied by a difference with statistical significance in postoperative VAS, morphine consumption and duration to the first analgesia when compared to bupivacaine alone.

Excision of Fibroadenoma with an Upper Incision Compared To the Periareolar Incision

Introduction: Breast fibroadenomas are removed traditionally with overlying incision on the tumor. The peri-areolar incision is a new and cosmetically important development for fibroadenomas excision. Aim: The aim of the analysis is to assess the peri-areolar method of excision of fibroadenoma. Place and Duration: In the surgical department of Benazir Bhutto Hospital and DHQ Hospital Rawalpindi for one-year duration from June 2020 to May 2021. Methods: The patients were selected by non-randomized technique and clinical data from 40 patients (Group A) who underwent excision of fibroadenoma via a peri-areolar incision and 42 patients who underwent the overlying technique of incision were analyzed retrospectively, and the parameters were evaluated such as the duration of the operation, the overall cosmetic outcomes and postoperative complications. The peri-areolar incision technique is explained in relations of indications and the surgical technique. Results: The use of the peri-areolar technique resulted in faster postoperative complications (4/40 vs 2/40, p = 0.072). The 6-month follow-up exhibited that the subjects who experienced peri-areolar procedure had improved cosmetic results (95% group A vs 71.4% group B, p = 0.001). Conclusions: Peri-areolar incision gives improved cosmetic results compared to the overlying technique of incision, at the expense of minor postoperative complications. Keywords: Areola, Breast fibroadenoma, Peri-areolar incision.

Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis: diagnostic dilemma

We report a case of Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis in a 21 years old female who came to our hospital with complaints of painful lump in her left breast because the results of initial excision of fibroadenoma, when re-exploration was done to rule out any foreign body – excision biopsy was done. However, the final histopathological diagnosis was granulomatous mastitis with suture granuloma, no evidence of malignancy. A review of literature revealed that idiopathic granulomatous mastitis has a tendency to affect young women. Clinical diagnosis and imaging has often been difficult. Complete resection or corticosteroid therapy can be recommended as appropriate treatment. Since recurrence rate is as high as 50%, long term follow up is indicated in such patients.

Randomized controlled trial to study the efficacy and safety of ultrasound-guided pectoral nerve block for superficial breast surgeries.

BACKGROUND:Our study aimed to compare pectoral nerve (PEC) block with local anesthetic (LA) infiltration for providing analgesia in superficial breast surgeries.MATERIALS AND METHODS:This prospective comparative randomized study included seventy American Society of Anesthesiologists I and II female patients undergoing excision of fibroadenoma. In Group 1, the LA mixture was infiltrated in the desired planes. In Group 2, PEC I and PEC II blocks were performed under ultrasound guidance. Patients were observed at regular time intervals for pain scores, time to first analgesic request, and the number of patients requiring rescue analgesia with the cumulative analgesic requirement, hemodynamic changes, and any adverse events.RESULTS:The patients were comparable in demographic profile, duration of anesthesia, and hemodynamic parameters. NRS scores at all times after extubation were significantly lower in Group 2 as compared to Group 1 (P < 0.0001). All patients in Group 1 required additional analgesia, while only two in Group 2 received rescue analgesia (P < 0.0001). The time to first analgesic request was significantly longer in Group 1 as compared to group 2 (9.5 + 0.70 h vs. 1.35 + 0.83 h) (P < 0.0001). The cumulative requirement of tramadol in Group 1 (96.88 ± 16.45 mg) was significantly higher than in Group 2 (6.47 ± 26.38 mg) (P < 0.0001). No adverse event was reported in either group.CONCLUSION:PEC block is a useful method for achieving effective and long-lasting analgesia. It is an efficient and safe alternative to LA infiltration in patients undergoing fibroadenoma excision.

623 Completed Audit Cycle of Indications for Excision of Fibroadenomas At A University Hospital

Abstract Aim This audit looked at indications for excisions of fibroadenomas one year on from the first audit cycle and following intervention of presentation and teaching at local departmental meeting. This audit was motivated by a drive to reduce operations on benign breast conditions including fibroadenoma excisions. ABS (Association of Breast Surgery) guidelines advise excision for fibroepithelial lesions (B3) on biopsy, pain and increasing size. Local consensus is excision of fibroadenomas over 30mm on ultrasound. Method Patients who underwent surgical excisions of fibroadenomas over 6 months at one hospital were analysed for size on ultrasound, biopsy histology and reason for excision, and compared to previous audit results over 24 months. Results Over 6 months, 18 patients underwent excisions. Histology specimens showed 13/18 were fibroadenomas, 4/18 benign phyllodes and 1/18 other benign conditions. This was similar to the previous audit, although there was an increase in the rate of benign phyllodes. Pre-operatively, 11/18 of patients met the ABS criteria for excision (7/11 were B3 lesions, 3/11 for increasing size and 1/11 pain). 11/18 patients met the local criteria. 2/18 patients met neither criteria. This had improved compared to the first audit cycle. Conclusions 88.9% of patients met ABS or local criteria, compared to 83.7% previously, and so this had improved following intervention. One outcome from the first audit cycle was patients need greater reassurance about the benign nature of fibroadenomas to avoid unnecessary morbidity due to surgical procedures, and this appears to have improved on re-audit. Both patients not meeting criteria had histology showing fibroadenomas.

Surgery for fibroadenoma arising from axillary accessory breast

BackgroundPatients with fibroadenomas in axillary accessory breasts (AABs) have a palpable mass, cyclic axillary pain, and aesthetic concerns that must be addressed. We compared the baseline patient characteristics, AAB characteristics, and surgical outcomes of patients with AABs with and without fibroadenomas undergoing surgical excision. We also monitored the patients for recurrence of axillary fibroadenomas.MethodsThis retrospective study involved 2310 women who underwent AAB excision from 2014 to 2019. Patients with and without a palpable fibroadenoma were divided into a fibroadenoma group and non-fibroadenoma group, respectively. All patients underwent complete excision of accessory mammary gland (AMG) tissue, including fibroadenomas in the AABs. We removed the fibroadenoma and the AMG tissue with a minimal axillary incision.ResultsThirty-nine patients had a palpable fibroadenoma in the AAB, and all patients in the fibroadenoma group had cyclic axillary pain and a palpable axillary mass. There were no significant differences in the patients’ age, weight of the AMG tissue, liposuction volume, or fibroadenoma laterality between the two groups. The body mass index in the fibroadenoma group was lower than that in the non-fibroadenoma group (19.9 vs. 22.3 kg/m2, respectively; P < 0.000). Concurrent fibroadenoma excision in a normal breast on the chest was performed more often in the fibroadenoma group than in the non-fibroadenoma group (35.9% (14/39) vs. 4.1% (92/2271), respectively; P < 0.000). The mean fibroadenoma size was 2.1 cm (range, 1.1–9.1 cm). All patients were satisfied with the degree of postoperative pain relief, disappearance of palpable lesions, and cosmetic improvement. No patients developed fibroadenoma recurrence.ConclusionsComplete excision of the AMG tissue and fibroadenoma is appropriate in patients with an AAB with a fibroadenoma. Surgeons should also consider the high incidence of concurrent fibroadenomas in the normal breasts on the chest.

Vacuum assisted excision as an alternative treatment option for benign breast lesions

Background: Vacuum assisted excision (VAE) is a method to remove benign tumors under ultrasound guidance, using large tissue samples. Although this technique is available and widely accepted, most hospitals in the Netherlands still perform a surgery for fibro adenomas. In this study we compare the re-excision rate, complication rate and cosmetic outcome after VAE and surgical excision (SE) of fibroadenomas.

Organochlorine Pesticide Tissue Levels in Benign and Malignant Breast Disease: A Comparative Exploratory Study.

Exposure to organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) may be a risk factor for breast cancer (BC). Their role may be more relevant in developing countries such as India, where an abundance of these products is used for agricultural purposes. The present study compares OCP tissue levels in patients who underwent BC surgery (group A) or patients who had surgery for excision of breast fibroadenoma (group B). We perform OCP level quantification using a PerkinElmer, Inc. (Waltham, MA) gas chromatograph (GC) that is equipped with a 63Ni selective electron-capture detector. Significantly higher breast tissue OCP levels are present in the study population, indicating significant exposure. We detect 18 different types of OPCs in study subjects, with six OPCs (γ-hexachlorocyclohexane [HCH], δ-HCH, endrin, endosulfan-II, p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroenthane [DDD], and p,p'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroenthane [DDT]) present in all subjects. Endosulfan-II, p,p'-DDT, and p,p'-DDD tissue levels are significantly higher in BC patients than in those with fibroadenoma. Higher tissue levels of OCPs (α-HCH) are significantly associated with the presence of extracapsular spread (1.42 vs. 0.91; p = 0.04) and higher disease stage (early BC vs. locally advanced BC; 18.90 vs. 11.90; p = 0.04). The present pilot study indicates higher OCP tissue levels in northern India BC patients compared to patients with fibroadenoma.

Fibroadenoma of the Breast

A young woman presented with a breast mass. This lobulated lesion was excised and diagnosed as fibroadenoma.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload Hi-res image Download (PPT) Which of the following statements regarding breast fibroadenoma is correct?a.Fibroadenomas are most common in post-menopausal women.b.Fibroadenomas may grow rapidly during pregnancy.c.Fibroadenomas are malignant neoplasms.d.Fibroadenomas often recur after complete surgical excision. Answer: b. Fibroadenomas may grow rapidly during pregnancy. Fibroadenoma is a circumscribed benign breast neoplasm.1Neal L. Sandhu N.P. Hieken T.J. Diagnosis and management of benign, atypical, and intermediate breast lesions detected on core needle biopsy.Mayo Clin Proc. 2014; 89: 536-547Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (46) Google Scholar They occur most commonly in adolescent females and young women, are hormone-sensitive, and may grow rapidly during pregnancy. Fibroadenomas may occur as multiple lesions in a patient, but small fibroadenomas in young women generally have a limited potential for recurrence after complete surgical excision.2Javed A. Jenkins S.M. Labow B. et al.Intermediate and long-term outcomes of fibroadenoma excision in adolescent and young adult patients.Breast J. 2019; 25: 91-95Crossref PubMed Scopus (4) Google Scholar,3Grady I. Gorsuch H. Wilburn-Baily S. Long-term outcome of benign fibroadenomas treated by ultrasound guided percutaneous excision.Breast J. 2008; 14: 275-278Crossref PubMed Scopus (63) Google Scholar

A rare case of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in adult: an incidental finding during an elective procedure

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia consists of a defect of the diaphragm that allows the passage of abdominal viscera into the thorax. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia most commonly present in infancy and childhood due to respiratory distress. However, a few of them may escape into adulthood. A very few of these adult cases may be identified during a routine medical checkup for various other reasons without any cardio-respiratory problems. In our case report, we have diagnosed incidentally an asymptomatic left diaphragmatic hernia with cardio-mediastinal shifting in a 38 years old female admitted for left breast fibroadenoma excision during a routine pre-anesthetic check-up and underwent breast surgery without any cardio-respiratory problems.

Giant phyllodes tumor of breast post fibroadenoma excision: A rare case report and review of literature

Phyllodes tumors are uncommon fibro-epithelial lesions that usually grow up to 4 cm in size, but tumors >10 cm in size have been described which are known as giant phyllodes tumors. We are reporting a case of 27-year-old married female who presented as Giant Phyllodes tumor involving her right breast for past 1-year post fibroadenoma excision and review of literature.

Evaluation of deslorelin implant on subsequent mammary tumors of rats (Rattus norvegicus)

ABSTRACT Background Mammary fibroadenomas are one of the most common tumors of female companion rats (Rattus norvegicus forma domestica). The objectives of this study were to determine if subcutaneous administration of a deslorelin implant following excision of fibroadenomas can prevent or delay development of additional mammary tumors and increase survival in companion rats. Methods Female intact client-owned rats with benign mammary tumors were divided into three groups: no implant (n = 10), placebo implant (n = 10), or 4.7 mg deslorelin implant (n = 10) placed within 2 months of tumor excision. Rats were monitored for subsequent mammary tumors for 10 months following treatment. Expression of estrogen α, progesterone, prolactin, and androgen receptors stained by immunohistochemistry in primary masses of rats included in the deslorelin-treated group was evaluated using the Allred scoring system. Results In the control non-implanted group, four of the 10 rats developed another mammary tumor, including one anaplastic carcinoma. In the control placebo group, five of the 10 rats developed another mammary tumor, including one ductal carcinoma. In the deslorelin-treated group, three of 10 rats developed another mammary tumor, including one adenocarcinoma. Median time between surgery and new mass detection did not differ significantly among groups (55 days in the deslorelin group vs. 77 days in the control placebo group, P = 0.25). Median survival times after surgery did not differ significantly among groups. No correlation was noted between receptor expression and response to treatment with deslorelin. Conclusions and clinical relevance Deslorelin implants placed within 2 months of benign mammary tumor surgical excision were not associated with a decreased risk of developing subsequent mammary tumors, nor with an increased survival in female rats. Further studies are needed to define useful adjunct therapy to surgery.