Exchange Of Letters Research Articles

The Uses and Advantages of Side Letters in the Investment Chapters in Preferential Trade Agreements

Abstract This article analyses the utility and advantages of employing side letters in the investment chapter in Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs). Even thoughparties to a PTA often use side letters, particularly in relation to the investment chapter, the literature has paid little attention to their utility and advantages. This article develops a typology based on the three functions of the side letter (ie clarification, correction, and consensus on a new term) and explains the detailed letter exchange procedure of the letter exchange. It then discusses the three advantages (ie cost efficiency, flexibility, and transparency) of using side letter.

The Guildhall Putsch: The York Civic Corporation and Royalist Military Government, 1643–44

In January 1643, a dispute over the election of the Lord Mayor of York led to the assertation of the authority of the Royalist military governor through armed force at the instigation of the King’s Lord-General in the North, the Earl of Newcastle. This paper takes a micro-historical approach to this event; analysing the mechanics of the coup, particularly the exchange of letters between the civic corporation and Newcastle, the state of the York city charter in the 1640 s, the legal arguments used by both the corporation and the Royalists and the after-effects of the incident on relations between the civic and military governments of the city. However, the primary focus of the article is on how Royalist administration functioned on the local level. Owing to the destruction of Royalist records following their defeat in 1644-45, Royalist administration occupies a limited position in the historiography of the British Civil Wars. This article aims at helping to correct this deficiency using civic corporations’ own records of their interactions with the Royalists, which typically survived the Civil Wars.

Elementy Hermeneutyki podmiotu Michela Foucaulta w powojennej korespondencji Jarosława Iwaszkiewicza z Jerzym Lisowskim

The article analyses the phenomena occurring in epistolary, namely the exchange of letters. The newly published correspondence of Jerzy Lisowski with Anna and Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz, during a very specific period, when, just after the war, the imposed socialist-realist regime was taking shape, will serve as an example. However, the practices connected with disciplining public order in Poland are not the subject of the article, but people with completely different aesthetic desires. Politics in this correspondence gives way to the plan of, for example, fascination with Romance studies and the achievements of Western culture, which not only united the authors of the epistolary dialogue, but also significantly shaped it for the rest of their lives. This is particularly important if one looks at the professions of both participants in the correspondence. The author of the article takes as a paradigm elements of Michel Foucault’s claims from the collection of lectures entitled Hermeneutics of the Subject from the College de France from the turn of 1981/1982. The correspondence is analysed in terms of claims related to the practices of the self, the exchange of letters between friends in the age of antiquity, and parrhesia. References to fragments of an elementary work on epistolography, namely Theory of a Letter [Teoria listu] by Stefania Skwarczyńska, are also an important element. One of the inspirations for writing the article was also New Theory of a Letter [Nowa teoria listu] by Anita Całek, who also proposes to look at the correspondence through the prism of the theorems of Foucault and Skwarczyńska. The aim of the article was to present not only the essential features of a letter in the context of the formation of interpersonal relations, but also the maturation of personality and to understand to what extent letters may become a testimony of rich autobiographical narratives.

О новых тенденциях в переводах текстов Ибн ‘Абд аз-Захира

The beginning of diplomatic relations between the Golden Horde and Mamluk Egypt and the conversion to Islam by Khan Berke (1257–1266) are reflected in written sources. The most important of these is the Garden of Flowers in the Biography of al-Malik al-Zahir, compiled by Muhyi d-Din Abu-l-Fadl ’Abdallah ibn ‘Abd az-Zahir, the secretary of the Sultan al-Malik al-Zahir Rukn al-Din Baybars al-Bunduqdari (1260–1277). This work became the basis for later books of those who represented Arabic-speaking historical tradition. The excerpts from these works uncovering the history of the Golden Horde were published in 1884 by V. G. Tizengausen. It should be noted that the translation of the sources made by V. G. Tizengausen at a high level is not a word-by-word translation. The literary translation leaves room for various historical interpretations of the texts. In 2020, V. A. Sidorenko published an attempt of interpretation of the kind. The aim of the present research is grammatical, historical, and religious analysis of the conjectures given by V. A. Sidorenko and the conclusions drawn against this background. The results of the research undertaken support the conclusion that the most likely date of conversion to Islam by Khan Berke reflected in the written sources is 1263. Moreover, the author criticises the conjectures of Ibn Abd al-Zahir’s text suggested by V. A. Sidorenko. The greatest objection is the translation of the content of the first letter of the Egyptian Sultan to Khan Berke. The conclusion is made that, at the moment when the letter to Berke was written, al-Malik al-Zahir Baybars had no doubts about the religion of the Khan. This conclusion suggests doubts concerning the chronological sequence of diplomatic missions and exchange of letters between Egypt and the Golden Horde suggested by V. A. Sidorenko. One should search for the reason for the contradictions between the content of the Sultan’s message to the Khan of the Golden Horde and the content of the letters delivered to Egypt by Berke’s ambassadors among the features of religious policy of Mongolian rulers. Taking the Khan’s sympathy for Islam into account, the reason behind the letter to Berke probably was the misinterpretation of the information concerning his religion received in Egypt.

Astronomical causes of climate change. Milanković–Bacsák cycle and the last ice age

György Bacsák, a Hungarian polyhistor, was born 150 years ago and died 50 years ago. He played an important role in refining and further developing the Milanković cycle. Milanković's theory describes the effect of changes in Earth's movements on the climate. The theory came from its creator, Milutin Milanković, a Serbian geophysicist and astronomer. The Serbian scientist was imprisoned in the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy during World War I as a citizen of a hostile state. He developed his theory in the library of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Understanding the essence of the theory, György Bacsák enjoyed the theoretical support of Milanković in the form of regular correspondence between 1938 and 1955. In total, György Bacsák wrote 56 letters to Milutin Milanković, while the Serbian scholar wrote 10 letters, all of which can be found in the Library of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. The language of the letters was German, since both Bacsák and Milanković spoke German fluently. Three articles from György Bacsák, from the year 1940, were published in the Magazine “Weather” and a part of his book “Earth’s history of the last 600,000 years” was published in 1944 both of them were based on this letter exchange.

Astronomical causes of climate change. Milanković–Bacsák cycle and the last ice age

György Bacsák, a Hungarian polyhistor, was born 150 years ago and died 50 years ago. He played an important role in refining and further developing the Milanković cycle. Milanković's theory describes the effect of changes in Earth's movements on the climate. The theory came from its creator, Milutin Milanković, a Serbian geophysicist and astronomer. The Serbian scientist was imprisoned in the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy during World War I as a citizen of a hostile state. He developed his theory in the library of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Understanding the essence of the theory, György Bacsák enjoyed the theoretical support of Milanković in the form of regular correspondence between 1938 and 1955. In total, György Bacsák wrote 56 letters to Milutin Milanković, while the Serbian scholar wrote 10 letters, all of which can be found in the Library of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. The language of the letters was German, since both Bacsák and Milanković spoke German fluently. Three articles from György Bacsák, from the year 1940, were published in the Magazine “Weather” and a part of his book “Earth’s history of the last 600,000 years” was published in 1944 both of them were based on this letter exchange.

The Political Arrays of American Indian Literary History by James H. Cox

Reviewed by: The Political Arrays of American Indian Literary History by James H. Cox Joshua T. Anderson James H. Cox, The Political Arrays of American Indian Literary History. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 2019. 274 pp. Hardcover, $108; paper, $27; e-book, $14.95. In The Political Arrays of American Indian Literary History James H. Cox introduces exciting new methodologies for reading and recognizing the wide range of political thought, expression, and activism of Native American authors from the early twentieth century to the present. Challenging the "perception of the Native American Renaissance as a rupture," Cox powerfully recasts the Red Power era as part of a vibrant and, at times, vexed lineage of Native writing and political action (13). In his efforts to "foreground continuities" between and across generations of Native writers and intellectuals, Cox continues his broader work to re-recognize the contributions of early- and mid-twentieth-century Native writers, such as Gertrude Bonnin (i.e., Zitkala-Ša, Lakota), John Milton Oskison (Cherokee), Lynn Riggs (Cherokee), and Todd Downing (Choctaw), while also bringing critical attention to more recent writers, such as HIV/AIDS activist and novelist Carole laFavor (Ojibwa), who have been largely overlooked by Native literary scholars (13; see also Lisa Tatonetti's work on laFavor). Cox's "political arrays" productively signify and engage the ways in which Native politics and literary works cross generic, geographic, and generational boundaries, forming complex relations between and among Native writers within personal and professional networks in publishing, film, editing, and academia. At times the arrays emerge as intimate letters between friends, such as in the marvelous chapter "Academic Networks," in which Cox turns to the political and personal correspondence of John Joseph Mathews (Osage), arguing that "the exchange of private letters between Natives and non-Natives … generates new, and contributes to existing political arrays rooted in both Indigenous and settler-colonial communities, histories, and literary histories while establishing local, intimate links among them all" (144). At others the political arrays develop across time and territory, such as the final chapter "Crimes Against Indigeneity," in which Cox tracks the political arrays of the robust Native crime and detective [End Page 188] genre, from foundational works by John Rollin Ridge (Cherokee), Todd Downing, and D'Arcy McNickle to contemporary writers Thomas King, Sara Sue Hoklotubbe, Louis Owens, Louise Erdrich, Carole laFavor, and Linda Hogan. As Cox argues, "like no other literary form, detective fiction by Native authors rigorously centers the most urgent concerns of Native communities," including the protection of resources, the reclamation of lands, and the pursuit of justice for missing and murdered Indigenous women, while the varied routes toward Indigenous justice envisioned by the diverse range of authors enact complex arrays within and across the texts (205). Celebrating the richness and diversity of Native American literature and political thought, Cox produces his own political array that re-entangles the Red Power era within the broader landscape of American Indian literature. His methodologies re-recognize the intimate intersections and layered relations between and among generations of Native writers and Native-authored texts, while also modeling how to read across a wide range of textual and extratextual materials—from private letters to films, academic and editorial networks to the lineages of literary and genre-fiction. Essential reading for Native American literature scholars, Cox's book makes a significant contribution to the field, providing a methodology not merely for reading but for reorganizing American Indian literary history. Joshua T. Anderson University of Saint Joseph Copyright © 2021 Western Literature Association

«ПЕРЕЛИЦЬОВАНА ЕНЕЇДА» ІВАНА КОТЛЯРЕВСЬКОГО В ІНТЕРПРЕТАЦІЇ ШВЕДСЬКОГО ВЧЕНОГО АЛЬФРЕДА ЄНСЕНА

We analyze the work “The travesty Eneida” by Kotlyarevskyi by Alfred Jensen, the reknown Swedish Historian, Slavist and translator. This work was first published in German, within the scientific collection “Greetings to Ivan Franko in occasion of 40th anniversary of his writing activity, 1874–1914” (Lviv, 1916). The translation of this work into Ukrainian by Pavlo Volyanskyi was published in Peremyshl in 1921. The Scholar highly acclaims the poem “Eneida” by I. Kotlyarevskyi and that fact promoted an interest to the Ukrainian literature in the German-speaking cultural circles. The analysis of this work is made in the context of Alfred Jensen’s interest in Ukraine during prolonged time. In the first place, we emphasize the role of his first trip to Ukraine in the mid-1890s, when he visited Kyiv, made a cruise along Dnipro river, visit ethnography exhibition in Lviv and travelled throughout Halychyna. The results of this trip formed the bulk of his edition “Slavia. Cultural sketches from Volga to Danube (1896–1897)”, in Swedish. We cover the letter exchange between Alfred Jensen and Mykhailo Hrushevskyi and Mykhailo Kotsyubynskyi, his personal contacts with them, as well as with Ivan Franko and Vasyl Shchurat during his scientific trip to Ukraine, aimed on collecting material for his book about Hetman Ivan Mazepa, in 1909. This book was published in Stockholm in Swedish (1912), and then translated into Ukrainian by Natalia Ivanychuk, the translation being published twice (1993 and 2020). We mark also his book “Taras Shevchenko. The life of Ukrainian poet” in German (1910), translations of two stories by M. Kotsjubynskyi into Swedish and publishing them. We also emphasize his collabo-ration with M. Hrushevskyi in the “Notes of the Taras Shevchenko Scientific Society”, in particular his publications of archive materials about Ukrainian immigration in Sweden (Pylyp Orlyk and Voynaroskyi family). The works of A. Jensen about Ukraine keep their scientific value until now. Keywords: Alfred Jensen, “Eneida”, Ivan Kotlyarevskyi, Ivan Franko, Mykhaylo Kotsyubynskyi, Mykhaylo Hrushevskyi, Hetman Ivan Mazepa, Hetman Pylyp Orlyk, Voynaroskyi family.

Belle van Zuylen: schrijfster van adel, over de adel. Haar correspondentie digitaal beschikbaar

The Dutch-Swiss writer Belle de Zuylen/Isabelle de Charrière (1740-1805) was born in the Dutch noble family Van Tuyll van Serooskerken, but married (in 1771) outside of nobility. As a child she had a Swiss gouvernante, like so many children of the European elites, and in spite of being quite familiar also with the Dutch language, she would continue using French all her life, both for private correspondence and for her literary works. Most of these were published in Switzerland. Indeed, once she had married Charles-Emmanuel de Charrière, former tutor of her brothers, she went to live with him in his family house near Neuchâtel. This is where she started publishing and found recognition with her contemporary readers. In her novels and plays, she tends to confront characters representing different social classes – the reasons of which are often formulated in exchanges of letters with family members or friends who either helped her copying the texts, or were enthusiastic readers. As she wrote to her German translator, in these fictions she could illustrate the potential ‘nobility’ of the ‘so-called lower classes’. This is what she considered ‘her own democracy’.

ESPERANÇAR NO COLETIVO: CARTA ÀS MINHAS ALUNAS DE ESTÁGIO

The exchange of Pedagogical Letters was part of the activities foreseen in the disciplines of Organization of Pedagogical Work (OTP) and Pedagogical Practice C - Supervised Internship in the School Organization carried out through remote teaching at the Federal University of Parana between April and May 2020. This The initial period was entitled: “The internship as an experience and the trainee subject - or, becoming a pedagogue in the context of the pandemic”, envisaged to encourage students to reflect on themselves and the pedagogical formation and record them in a diary correlating with the texts read during the disciplines and the discussions held in the virtual meetings and at the end there was an exchange between the students of Pedagogical Letters to exchange notes on the experience of the formative process lived up to that moment. The one presented in this text is the Letter from the teacher to the students at the end of this stage, in which she presents the hope built on the experience of sharing training between students and teacher in times of Covid-19 pandemic.

A apropriação de recursos linguístico-discursivos necessários à interação via carta: um estudo de caso em linguística aplicada

Este trabalho apresenta os resultados de uma pesquisa sobre a troca de cartas entre uma professora estagiária de Língua Portuguesa e seus alunos do sétimo ano do Ensino Fundamental de uma escola pública da Paraíba (PB). Essa pesquisa se insere no campo aplicado de estudos de linguagem, fundamentando-se teoricamente na concepção de interação do círculo de Bakhtin e de letramento dos novos estudos de letramento. Do ponto de vista metodológico, trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa do tipo estudo de caso. Os resultados apontam que a troca de cartas teve efeitos nos letramentos, pois, devido ao papel de andaime que a escrita da professora desempenhou, os alunos se apropriaram dos recursos linguístico-discursivos da estrutura composicional prototípica do gênero carta pessoal.

Peripatetic careers of Vsevolod and Eugenie Gorsky, mid-20th century Slovenian-educated geoscientists

In September 1947, South Africa’s most famous geologist, Dr Alexander Logie du Toit, FRS, well known for his support of the concept of Continental Drift, received a visit from a Slovenian-educated Russian émigré couple, Vsevolod and Eugenie Gorsky, who were newly arrived in South Africa. Vsevolod, born in what is now Ukraine, was a mining engineer, geologist and geophysicist with vast experience in the minerals industry, while his wife Eugenie, born in the Russian Caucasus, was an analytical geochemist. Vsevolod had a brief exchange of letters with du Toit, seeking his help in obtaining employment in South Africa’s minerals industry. Included in the first letter to du Toit were detailed curricula vitae of both Vsevolod and Eugenie Gorsky. These detailed CVs allow us to reconstruct the training (at the University of Ljubljana, under the influence of Russian mineralogist V.V. Nikitin) and careers of these two earth science professionals in Slovenia and Macedonia, in the early Twentieth Century, and to follow their peripatetic careers as they left the Kingdom of Yugoslavia before the start of the Second World War, in Cyprus, Egypt, Tanganyika and South Africa. They ultimately ended up in Brazil in the 1960s and 1970s, and probably retired there. Eugenie was constrained to follow her husband wherever his career led him, but she always ended up working in most of the countries and places they found themselves in. As a professional couple who travelled the world, the Gorskys were pioneers in a way of life that is commonplace now in a globalized world.

The Letter Exchange on the Romanian Front during the First World War

Abstract Letters, unusual postcards, censored, illustrate the mood on the front, conveyed by two participants to the world’s first conflagration. The first letter, dated October 26, 1916, belongs to Lieutenant D. Stoica, commander of the Second Section Telegraph. A simple letter, which expresses much optimism, sent to his wife Ionela, two months after Romania’s entry into the national reunification war, accompanied by his portrait. The second letter, dated 1918, is more intense in terms of experiences, sent to a lady named Marie Ionescu, by a Romanian wounded during the battles. The letter, from the stamp that only marks the year 1918, could be dated approximately after November this year. The militant was in convalescence in a camp hospital, waiting to be resent on the front.

'Rates of Exchange' Rather than Intellectual Exchanges

The newly found exchange of letters between Marcel Mauss and Victor Branford dated 1926 testifies to the active exchanges between both their traditions. Durkheimian sociology owed a great deal to the Branford-Geddes network of colleagues across the Channel, not less than a funding of the republication of their iconic journal, the Année sociologique. On the other hand, Branford was far from apologetic about his own tradition of thought and even went as far as to criticize the Institut Français de Sociologie in the 1920s. All this shows the enduring links between both countries in the field of sociology, contrary to what has often been held.

Public Opinion of the Police in 1930s America: A Qualitative Historiographical Study

Public opinion polls largely developed post-WWII and questions about the police did not appear until the late 1960s. Since then, over 100+ studies have assessed the modern-day public opinion of the police, but none have looked to public opinion from an earlier time period. This study uses a qualitative historiographical approach for assessing public opinion of the police in the 1930s by drawing on the primary source of a letter exchange between two of that eras greatest pulp writers: Robert E. Howard and H.P. Lovecraft. Findings suggest similarities between the 1930s and present day public opinion of the police.

ESP Learner Motivations and Perceptions towards International Online Letter Exchange Program

The Online Letter Exchange Program (OLEP) was an online collaborative learning program hosted by the Faculty of Agriculture of the University of Miyazaki, Japan. It has collaborated with the Faculty of Agriculture in one of the private universities in Malang. The program is designed to encourage students’ written communication skills and facilitate students with intensive real-life English communication experience with other students around Asia. The participant countries are from Japan, Taiwan, China, and Indonesia. One of its uniqueness lies in the policy that the participants share their specific fields, including agriculture and related fields. This study sought to investigate the intrinsic and extrinsic motivation and perception of the students towards the OLEP as it was supplementary activity. The perception included the topic, the platform, and interaction. The data were gained from questionnaires and interviews and were then analyzed using thematic analysis. The result showed that extrinsic motivation was dominant in completing the task in OLEP. The positive and negative perception of the three aspects would be a valuable source for those who attempt a similar online letter exchange program

Herring Trade, Quality Controls and Diplomacy in Cologne in the Fifteenth Century*

Abstract The importance of herring to Cologne’s medieval economy is well-known and the need to control the quality of this long-distance and perishable product has also been widely recognized. The interregional quality norms that Cologne negotiated with Low Countries fishing towns in 1481 have been neglected, however. This article offers the first reconstruction of the diplomatic process that led to the edict and an analysis of the motives that impelled the diverse stakeholders to reach an agreement. The article demonstrates that in addition to herring’s commercial significance, its quality control was a major issue and was used as an instrument of influence by Cologne and other powers in the politically decentralized Holy Roman Empire. Comprehensive analysis of Cologne’s abundant sources shows how exchanges of letters and complaints gradually fed into formal negotiations, culminating in the publication of a crucial edict that established an interregional quality control system and took account of the interests of the different stakeholders in the herring trade. The article suggests that this push for regulation was also an element of Cologne’s economic strategy since it helped justify the taxes the city levied on goods in transit at the expense of competing actors in the Rhine region. In short, the example of quality controls on herring shows how food trade studies can shed light on power relations in the Empire during the late Middle Ages.

The exchange of letters in early Sufism: A preliminary study

AbstractThis paper introduces the exchange of letters in early Sufism, analyses the significance of these exchanges, and examines these documents not for their general literary qualities or for theoretical discussion of appropriate conduct but, rather, for actual data relating to personal and interpersonal relationships. Furthermore, this paper emphasizes the crucial need for creating a corpus of Sufi letters and pieces of correspondence. The discussion is divided into methodological and conceptual-historical perspectives. The methodological perspective includes a survey of sources, the question of transmission, letter fragment usage by later authors, and a reconstruction attempt of the actual circumstances of these documents. The conceptual-historical perspective analyses content, rhetoric, argumentation forms, and self-representation.

For Phillip: Remembering a Friend

It is going to take some time for me to fully accept that Phillip Zarrilli is no more. Phillip, as I knew him as a friend, continues to live in my mind's eye with memories of ceaseless conversations, exchanges of letters and interactions in different parts of the world. Just three months before his death on 28 April 2020, we had met in Kerala, his second home, in the town of Kunnamkulam, where we had watched a high-voltage, virtuoso performance of the Kathakali play Duryodhanavadham (The Killing of Duryodhana) by the Kerala Kalamandalam troupe, which we thoroughly relished. I have rarely seen Phillip more relaxed and happy as I remember him in Kunnamkulam. While he was, in all probability, aware that this was going to be his last trip to Kerala, he was making the most of it, reminding us that he had come full circle by returning to the state which had nurtured his initiation into the martial arts tradition of kalarippayyattu.

Leonhardi Euleri Opera Omnia IVA/7: Commercium Epistolicum (Euler – French speaking scientists from Switzerland). Editors: S. Bodenmann, V. Hug, M. Ilić, A. Kleinert. Basel: Birkhäuser, 2017, XII+621 pages – A volume overview

We give an overview of the seventh volume of series IVA of the Birkhäuser edition of Leonhard Euler’s complete works and correspondence. This volume contains Euler’s correspondence in French with ten of his Swiss countrymen: Louis Bertrand, Charles Bonnet, Marc-Michel Bousquet, Jean de Castillon, Gabriel Cramer, Philibert Cramer, Gaspard Cuentz, Albrecht von Haller, Georges-Louis Lesage and Johan Caspar Wettstein. A letter of the German Johann Michael von Loën to Euler, mentioned in the Euler-Bertrand letter exchange is also included as well as the recently rediscovered first letter of Euler to Jean le Rond d’Alembert in supplement. The letters cover a large range of topics also outside Euler’s mathematical and physical interests giving a new insight into his non-scientific activities, and thus casting also a new light on this great scientist as a person.