Exchange Rules Research Articles

Considerations for trustworthy cross-border interoperability of digital identity systems in developing countries

AbstractIn developing nations, the implementation of Foundational Identity Systems (FIDS) has optimised service delivery and inclusive economic growth. Cross-border e-government will gain traction as developing countries increasingly look to identity federation and trustworthy interoperability through FIDS for the identification and authentication of identity holders. Despite this potential, the interoperability of FIDS in the African identity ecosystem has not been well-studied. Among the difficulties in this situation are the intricate internal political dynamics that have led to weak institutions, suggesting that FIDS could be used for political purposes; additionally, citizens’ or identity holders’ habitual low trust in the government raises concerns about data security and privacy protection. Similarly, vendor lock-in, cross-system compatibility, and ambiguous legislative rules for data exchange are other concerns. Interoperability is fundamentally necessary as a precondition for e-government services and serves as the foundation for the best possible service delivery in the areas of social security, education, and finance, as well as gender equality as demonstrated by the European Union (EU). Moreover, the integration of cross-border FIDS and an ecosystem of effective data governance will be created by unified data sharing via an interoperable identity system. Thus, in this study, we point to the challenges, opportunities, and requirements for cross-border interoperability in an African setting. Furthermore, we investigated current interoperability solutions such as the EU’s eIDAS and Estonian X-Road and proposed an approach for scoping requirements to achieve a fully functional interoperable identity ecosystem in the African setting. Our findings show that interoperability in the African identity ecosystem is essential for expanding the scope of e-government throughout the continent and for bolstering the smooth authentication and verification of identity holders for inclusive economic growth.

Nonequilibrium statistical mechanics of money/energy exchange models

Many-body dynamical models in which Boltzmann statistics can be derived directly from the underlying dynamical laws without invoking the fundamental postulates of statistical mechanics are scarce. Interestingly, one such model is found in econophysics and in chemistry classrooms: the money game, in which players exchange money randomly in a process that resembles elastic intermolecular collisions in a gas, giving rise to the Boltzmann distribution of money owned by each player. Although this model offers a pedagogical example that demonstrates the origins of Boltzmann statistics, such demonstrations usually rely on computer simulations. In fact, a proof of the exponential steady-state distribution in this model has only become available in recent years. Here, we study this random money/energy exchange model and its extensions using a simple mean-field-type approach that examines the properties of the one-dimensional random walk performed by one of its participants. We give a simple derivation of the Boltzmann steady-state distribution in this model. Breaking the time-reversal symmetry of the game by modifying its rules results in non-Boltzmann steady-state statistics. In particular, introducing ‘unfair’ exchange rules in which a poorer player is more likely to give money to a richer player than to receive money from that richer player, results in an analytically provable Pareto-type power-law distribution of the money in the limit where the number of players is infinite, with a finite fraction of players in the ‘ground state’ (i.e. with zero money). For a finite number of players, however, the game may give rise to a bimodal distribution of money and to bistable dynamics, in which a participant’s wealth jumps between poor and rich states. The latter corresponds to a scenario where the player accumulates nearly all the available money in the game. The time evolution of a player’s wealth in this case can be thought of as a ‘chemical reaction’, where a transition between ‘reactants’ (rich state) and ‘products’ (poor state) involves crossing a large free energy barrier. We thus analyze the trajectories generated from the game using ideas from the theory of transition paths and highlight non-Markovian effects in the barrier crossing dynamics.

Accounting of foreign economic activities: impact on current aspects of currency operations supervision and financial monitoring during the period of martial state in Ukraine

Introduction. Accounting for foreign economic activity was and remains a relevant area of accounting support for business entities, which is associated with an increased risk of errors in connection with changes in regulatory documents on such activities, different conditions for carrying out activities due to the variability of the terms of foreign economic contracts, the need to take into account different exchange rates and the correct submission and presentation of information in financial statements. It is important for business entities to comply with the requirements of legislation, to organize proper internal control/internal audit to prevent errors in reflected transactions in the conditions of foreign economic activity. The purpose of the paper is to highlight the features of accounting for foreign economic activity, taking into account the latest changes and the impact on currency supervision and financial monitoring. Results. Subjects of foreign economic activity must also comply with the rules of currency exchange, import and export licensing, as well as customs procedures. Starting from 2019, currency supervision replaced currency control, a risk-oriented approach was introduced. Correct accounting is affected by the control of settlement deadlines, i.e. the time between the customs declaration and the payment. The experience of regulating foreign economic activity in Ukraine was the mandatory sale of proceeds by exporters under foreign economic contracts, which was canceled in 2019 by the NBU Resolution of February 6, 2019, №. 3. During the martial law, it was not restored. Funds, before entering the current account, may first be credited to a distribution account in the bank, which is in transit, and the operations of crediting to the distribution account and transferring to the current account may take place both during the same day and on different days. Based on the set of criteria for risky operations of foreign economic activity and taking into account internal documents, the bank can make a decision to break up the operation and violate the deadlines even if formal criteria are observed in export-import operations. Conclusion. Under the conditions of extraordinary events, there is a need to establish new currency regulation and control measures. Currency supervision is based on a risk-oriented approach and certain indicators of violations of currency legislation should be taken into account when implementing internal control measures.

Market price determination: Interpreting quote order imbalance under zero-profit equilibrium

We address the challenge of accurately determining market prices in order-driven markets, where the granularity of price adjustments is set by exchange rules, such as minimum increments of 0.01. Our approach advances traditional pricing models in accuracy by interpreting the dynamics of quote order imbalance, defined as the difference in volume between buy and sell orders at the best available prices, within a zero-profit equilibrium framework. This framework assumes that market competition leads to a state where no additional profit can be made from these imbalances. Analyzing high-frequency data from China's A-share market, we demonstrate the variable impact of order imbalances on price formation, influenced by the depth and liquidity of the market. We also uncover a potential threshold effect of order flow autocorrelation on pricing. Our findings enhance market microstructure research and high-frequency trading strategies by offering a valuable tool for understanding price formation's complex dynamics.

Collaboration is Key: How to Streamline and Automate Healthcare Administration

Leaders across healthcare have made great progress in automating administrative tasks, but there are still significant opportunities to increase efficiency and alleviate the burden for providers and health plans. For example, the medical industry can save more than $22 billion1 each year by fully automating just ten transactions–and a significant share of these savings are achievable for provider organizations. Industry collaboration is essential to accelerate automation and develop business processes that streamline operations. Through consensus-building efforts such as the CAQH Committee on Operating Rules for Information Exchange, stakeholders can transform healthcare for patients, providers, and health plans, and enable a more efficient system and a better experience for all involved.

Reduced Biquaternion Windowed Linear Canonical Transform: Properties and Applications

The quaternion windowed linear canonical transform is a tool for processing multidimensional data and enhancing the quality and efficiency of signal and image processing; however, it has disadvantages due to the noncommutativity of quaternion multiplication. In contrast, reduced biquaternions, as a special case of four-dimensional algebra, possess unique advantages in computation because they satisfy the multiplicative exchange rule. This paper proposes the reduced biquaternion windowed linear canonical transform (RBWLCT) by combining the reduced biquaternion signal and the windowed linear canonical transform that has computational efficiency thanks to the commutative property. Firstly, we introduce the concept of a RBWLCT, which can extract the time local features of an image and has the advantages of both time-frequency analysis and feature extraction; moreover, we also provide some fundamental properties. Secondly, we propose convolution and correlation operations for RBWLCT along with their corresponding generalized convolution, correlation, and product theorems. Thirdly, we present a fast algorithm for RBWLCT and analyze its computational complexity based on two dimensional Fourier transform (2D FTs). Finally, simulations and examples are provided to demonstrate that the proposed transform effectively captures the local RBWLCT-frequency components with enhanced degrees of freedom and exhibits significant concentrations.

ОТКРЫТЫЕ ПИСЬМА МАГИСТРАТА ЛЮБЕКА 1594 Г. ИЗ РОССИЙСКОГО ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО АРХИВА ДРЕВНИХ АКТОВ

The article describes 16 open letters of the Lübeck City Council, kept in the Russian State Archives of Ancient Documents, and issued to the Hanseatic merchants travelling to Russia, and confirming the Hanseatic origin of the goods transported across the border. The contents of the open letters are analyzed to identify the main features of the Russian-Hanseatic trade after the end of the Livonian War and before the signing of the Trade Peace Agreement of 1603, which established the rules of the Hanseatic-Russian commodity exchange and the list of the German merchants’ privileges in the Russian markets. Much attention is paid directly to the merchants who were given the open letters to determine their connection with the Corporation of Lübeck’s “Novgorod guests” (Nowgorodfahrer), a Lübeck burghers’ large commercial association that occupied an important place in the Russian–Hanseatic trade of the late Middle Ages and the early Modern Times. The subject of research in that respect were manuscript materials from the Archives of the Hanseatic city of Lübeck have become the subject of the research work. Moreover, the 1594 open letters of the Lübeck Magistrate from the Russian State Archives of Ancient Documents are compared with the similar documents of the period under review from the Tallinn City Archives. The original text of one of the open letters is appended to the article, as well as the drawings of the possessory signs of the Hanseatic merchants depicted in the studied handwritten sources.

The impact of ferrofluid actuated by an external magnetic field on heat exchange performances of curved channels

The development rules of ferrofluid flow and heat exchange in curved channels under the influence of external magnetic field were thoroughly investigated using the finite element method. The comprehensive strengthening performance of elbows under magnetic fields was evaluated based on the factors including the dimensionless pressure coefficient, heat transfer coefficient, and comprehensive strengthening factor. The results demonstrate that the heat transfer coefficient can be improved by increasing the volume fraction of ferrofluid in the presence of lower or no magnetic field, while it exhibits no significant variation with the increase of the volume fraction for higher magnetic fields. For a given volume fraction, a lower magnetic field may slightly inhibit heat transport of ferrofluid. A higher magnetic field can induce a complex swirling flow of the fluid along the curved axis. As the curvature decreases, the magnetic field effect becomes stronger, leading to the coupling of the magnetic field force with the centrifugal force. This coupling results in three pairs of secondary vortices on the cross-section and the heat exchange capacity is significantly enhanced. Within the study, the heat transfer coefficient of the curved tube with a dimensionless curvature of 0.067 for the magnetic field intensity of 1800G increased by 43.51%, and the comprehensive strengthening factor is 1.326, compared to without a magnetic field.

Study on the Sustainable Development Strategy of Container Rail-Water Intermodal Transport in Chinese Ports

The sustainable development of container rail-water intermodal transport in China faces a series of deep-seated constraints. In this paper, we quantitatively summarize the development status of container rail-water intermodal transportation in China’s ports. Next, the typical problems faced by the sustainable development of rail-water intermodal transport are analyzed from the bottom constraints and direct constraints. Finally, this paper proposes strategic ideas to promote sustainable development of rail-water intermodal transport, taking into account network layout, technical equipment, data exchange rules, and policy environment.

Social influence of the “rational flow” communication model of brand community participation in four-wheeled vehicle companies as a supporting correlation for knowledge exhibitions

This study aims to brand community research by proposing and testing a model of user participation in brand communities. The authors conceptualise three antecedents of brand community participation (e.g., individual, relationship, and group) based on qualitative results and an extensive literature review. The empirical analysis comes from data related to the official car brand community and supports most of the hypotheses. However, several differences emerge between users of official car brands and unofficial dealers regarding the correlation factor in the level of knowledge exhibition. Additionally, critical mass perceptions explain some of the social mechanisms underlying members' decisions to participate in brand communities. Finally, quantile regression analysis extends previous literature by showing that different exchange rules motivate brand users, depending on their level of participation. This paper discusses the managerial implications of these findings as well as some important issues and lines of research.

Flexible working arrangements as privilege or entitlement? Type of access to flexible working arrangements shapes reciprocal beliefs and social exchange relationships in hybrid work teams

Literature suggests that employees reciprocate the ‘privilege’ for flexible working arrangements (FWA) with higher effort. Drawing on social exchange theory, our interview study investigated how leaders shape members’ beliefs about the need to reciprocate the access to FWA. Based on 20 interviews nested in ten teams from two organisations, we analysed how FWA are perceived and negotiated between team leaders and their members, and whether low or high prevalence of FWA in teams plays a role for establishing social exchange relationships. The interviews took place prior to Covid-19. While in one organisation access to FWA was negotiated individually only due to a specific need, in the other organisation it was facilitated more easily and granting FWA had evolved as a social norm. Our findings indicate that in both contexts FWA indeed initiated social exchange relationships, as team members often tried to return the favour for access to FWA by maintaining the performance and/or by showing high flexibility. When FWA were granted to selected members only (low prevalence), ‘score-keeping’ and ‘quid-pro-quo exchanges’ were mentioned as important exchange rules in the accounts. In the organisation with high FWA prevalence, cooperative team routines showed that members felt the need to reciprocate the favour to other team members or the organisation rather than directly to the leader. However, even in this organisation, leaders were able to establish employees’ belief in privilege and their obligation to reciprocate in order for them not to lose access to FWA. Our findings show the role of the leader in shaping and instrumentalising FWA. The study has high practical relevance for hybrid teams and discusses the essential role of leaders in FWA.

Markets and knowledge commons: Is there a difference between private and community governance of markets?

AbstractIt is well-established that market governance can be provided by both public (state) and private organizations. However, the concept of private governance has been used, this article contends, to refer to two distinct forms of non-state governance: private governance and community governance. We distinguish between these two forms, arguing that private governance should be understood as the provision of market governance by (external) private parties, while community governance refers to a process where a group, a community, or society has the autonomy to govern its own affairs without interference from external authorities. The former internalizes the externalities associated with governance, while the latter comes about mainly as an unintended externality of social interaction in markets. To further illuminate the differences, and the relative strengths of these types of non-state governance, we distinguish among three elements of market governance: (1) the formation and interpretation of rules, (2) the administration of rules of ownership and exchange, and (3) the enforcement of rules. We argue that community governance is of great relevance for the formation and interpretation of the rules of ownership and exchange, which is consequently very hard to outsource to external parties, private or public. Community governance also plays a frequently overlooked role in administration and enforcement through the process of co-production. Rule formation and interpretation are theorized as the epistemic components of market governance, which can be analyzed within the Governing Knowledge Commons framework.

Shining and automation: the phenotechnology of ornament

This article follows the fascinating mythology of grace and gift exchange to construct an argument about appearances as transcending the boundaries of things through a form of radiance or shining. The latter is based on the primary figure of the Graces, Aglaea, whose name literally signifies shining. The question arises how the obligatory rules of gift exchange - giving, receiving, and returning - apply to appearances, which leads to a cyclical ’alternating current’ of shining and working. It now becomes clear why the ancient Greeks married the ethereal figure of Aglaea to the sweaty, club footed smithgod Hephaestus: shining things are necessarily linked to the making of shining things. In the magic realm of Hephaestus shining and automation are fully merged: automata are without exception made of gold or silver, while the abundantly embellished objects he creates always evoke movement. At this point in the essay the term ’phenotechnology’ is coined: the work of making things lies in their overworking, which is sharply contrasted to the classic notion of ornament as parergon, as by-work, or in the words of Aby Warburg, as bewegtes Beiwerk. Instead of viewing movement as added on (Alberti) to structure we find that the figural movement of pliant motifs in fact creates structure, a structure that according to Gottfried Semper undergoes ’the mystery of transfiguration’, which reverses the relationship between surface and space: space is the very depth of radiating surfaces.

MVDLite: A fast validation algorithm for Model View Definition rules

Model View Definition (MVD) is the mainstream method for formally representing the knowledge about the data exchange of building information models (BIMs). The MVD ruleset can be used in automatically validating the compliance of the BIM data against the exchange requirements and rule constraints. At present, MVD validation is performed with the “matching-checking” process according to the data structure templates and the rule statements respectively. However, there are redundant visit of edges and nodes in a process with separated subgraph matching and value checking, and the efficiency of MVD validation on large real-world models is still a challenge. In this paper, the MVDLite algorithm is proposed for the fast validation of MVD rules. By integrating the separated templates and statements into a “rule-chain” structure, a fast round-trip searching can be performed, which remarkably speeds up the MVD validation in the experiments. Discussions on the complexity of the MVD validation algorithms and the applicable scope of the proposed algorithm are also provided, which intends to bring some new ideas to the community about the future evolution of the MVD technology.

Re-examining the showrooming phenomenon: the moderating role of consumers' maximizing tendency

PurposeShowrooming presents a complex and evolving challenge to retail managers, as it signifies the emergence of new forms of exchange rules. The purpose of this research is to investigate how factors responsible for information search and evaluation affect showrooming and also consider the consumer mindset as a moderator.Design/methodology/approachThis research undertakes three experimental designs to investigate how the push (i.e. assortment size), pull (i.e. price discount), and mooring (i.e. sunk cost) factors influence consumers' showrooming intention. Specifically, consumers' maximizing tendency plays the role of moderator.FindingsThe results reveal that push, pull, and mooring factors are significantly related to consumers' showrooming intention. Furthermore, the findings show that maximizers have higher showrooming intention than satisficers in the context of the push, pull, and mooring factors.Originality/valueBy integrating the push-pull-mooring framework and the maximizing mindset theory, this research proposes a novel research model and the empirical testing results support six hypotheses. The findings add to the body of knowledge in showrooming behavior by taking consumer mindset into account. The results also provide implications for practitioners to develop their retail strategies.

The influence of hyporheic exchange with spur dikes: Laboratory experiments

It is important to understand heat transfer changes in the hyporheic zone of spur dikes when assessing ecological restoration and sustainability in rivers. To reveal the rule of hyporheic exchange under the action of a spur dike, the sinusoidal temperature change of surface water was set with a period of 24 h. The porous subsurface flow paths under different riverbed forms were plotted through dye tracing. In addition, the influences of surface water velocity (U), river width narrowing ratio (L/B), the number of spur dikes and riverbed shape on hyporheic exchange were also studied using the temperature tracing method. The results show that the hyporheic exchange path presents a trend of diagonal flow downstream, first conducting turbulent diffusion upstream and then sinking, with different riverbed morphologies having different path lengths. The temperature of surface water has a significant controlling effect on the temperature field of the riverbed. The sediment temperature change from the water–sediment interface to 0.3 m depth is closer to the sinusoidal trend. The change in surface water velocity (U) has the most significant effect on the temperature amplitude ratio. The temperature field below spur dikes is more susceptible to the impact of spur dikes and usually presents a “semielliptical” high-temperature area. With the increase in surface water velocity (U), river width narrowing ratio (L/B), and the number of spur dikes, the range of hyporheic exchange under the dam head also increases, which is positively related to the vertical section hyporheic exchange flux at the dam head. The local backwater area generated by spur dikes also affects pressure field distribution near spur dikes, but the changes caused by the fluctuation of the riverbed itself are greater than the impact of spur dikes on the riverbed. The water–sediment interface velocity at the spur dike increases sharply, and the upstream 1 m of the dam head gradually experiences upflow, drops sharply after reaching the maximum at the dam head, and then approaches zero after 1 m. There is no obvious upwelling and downwelling at the whole interface.

Suppression of Crosstalk in Quantum Computers Based on Instruction Exchange Rules and Duration

Crosstalk is the main noise source in quantum computing devices. In quantum computation, the parallel execution of multiple instructions will cause crosstalk, destroy the quantum state, and cause the program to fail to execute correctly. Overcoming the influence of crosstalk is a key requirement for quantum error correction and large-scale fault-tolerant quantum computing. This paper presents a method to suppress crosstalk in quantum computers based on multiple instruction exchange rules and duration. Several Benchmarks experiments verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. Compared with the prior techniques, the fidelity of the proposed method is improved by 15.97% on average.

Suppression of Crosstalk in Quantum Circuit Based on Instruction Exchange Rules and Duration.

Crosstalk is the primary source of noise in quantum computing equipment. The parallel execution of multiple instructions in quantum computation causes crosstalk, which causes coupling between signal lines and mutual inductance and capacitance between signal lines, destroying the quantum state and causing the program to fail to execute correctly. Overcoming crosstalk is a critical prerequisite for quantum error correction and large-scale fault-tolerant quantum computing. This paper provides an approach for suppressing crosstalk in quantum computers based on multiple instruction exchange rules and duration. Firstly, for the majority of the quantum gates that can be executed on quantum computing devices, a multiple instruction exchange rule is proposed. The multiple instruction exchange rule reorders quantum gates in quantum circuits and separates double quantum gates with high crosstalk on quantum circuits. Then, time stakes are inserted based on the duration of different quantum gates, and quantum gates with high crosstalk are carefully separated in the process of quantum circuit execution by quantum computing equipment to reduce the influence of crosstalk on circuit fidelity. Several benchmark experiments verify the proposed method's effectiveness. In comparison to previous techniques, the proposed method improves fidelity by 15.97% on average.

Futures of Money – Monies of the Future. Introduction

Abstract This introduction reviews the main themes addressed in the special issue Futures of Money – Monies of the Future. Recalling broader historical transformations of money, this introduction focuses on how the digitalization of money interacts with the central role of states and the financial industry in the issuance and distribution of money. This concerns how money interacts with non-monetary digital information and how digital forms of social interaction transform the rules of exchange where money is used. Exploring these issues, the articles brought together here open fruitful venues to rethink the way we theorize money.

Social exchange theory: Systematic review and future directions.

Social exchange theory (SET) is one of the most influential theories in social sciences, which has implications across various fields. Despite its usefulness being a typical social transaction, there is a need to look at it from the lens of psychological transactions to further its evolution and to identify future directions. After generally reviewing 3,649 articles from the Social Science Citation Index and Scopus, a total of 46 articles were selected for final review using a comprehensive systematic review approach. We have highlighted the need for further research in psychological transactions, reciprocity principles, exchange relations, and the impact of various factors on the exchange process. Among other exchange rules (social, economic, and psychological) and transactions (social, economic, and psychological), this research provides an elevation platform for the less explored exchange rules in psychological transactions. Among other theories in the social sciences, social exchange theory is a theory that shadows many other theories under its umbrella.