Exchange Rules Research Articles

Altered third-party punishment in Huntington's disease: A study using neuroeconomic games.

BackgroundHuntington's disease (HD) is a heritable degenerative brain disease caused by a mutation in the huntingtin gene with excessive repeats of the base triplet cytosine–adenine–guanine (CAG), which codes for the aminoacid glutamine. HD is associated with a broad spectrum of neurocognitive dysfunction, including deficits in social cognition. The appreciation of fairness rules and reciprocity has not been studied in HD. Based on theoretical considerations suggesting that brain regions known to be affected from HD are involved in economic decision‐making, the present study sought to examine HD patients' performance in two neuroeconomic games.MethodsTwenty‐nine manifest HD mutation carriers (20 males, nine females) performed an Ultimatum Game (UG) and a Dictator Game (DG) where third‐party punishment of observed unfairness was required. In addition, patients were tested for neurocognition and the ability to understand other people's mental states (“theory of mind”). For comparison, a clinical control group of 30 patients with chronic schizophrenia, and 30 unaffected healthy controls matched for age and verbal intelligence took part in the study.ResultsPatients with HD had some appreciation of fairness rules, as they tended to reject unfair offers in the UG similar to controls. However, unlike the other two groups, individuals with HD did not punish observed unfairness from a third‐party perspective. This lack of “altruistic punishment” was associated with deficits in executive functioning including working memory, inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility, and to a lesser degree with poor “theory of mind.”ConclusionsHD seems to be associated with impairments in understanding of more complex rules of social exchange. Aside from deficits in executive functioning, this behavior could, in part, be linked to an inability to experience third‐party punishment as rewarding.

Circuit Breakers – a legal analysis of volatility safeguards in the rules of stock exchanges on the occasion of the COVID-19 crisis

Abstract This paper examines circuit breakers (CBs), i. e. emergency systems of trading venues that interrupt or restrain trading when significant price movements of financial instruments occur. After a description of the ratio legis and the economic fundamentals, the genesis and the different forms of CBs are presented. The European legal framework is then outlined. The relevant rules of the Frankfurt Stock Exchange (FWB) serve as an example.

COVID-19 Could Change the Way We Respond to the Opioid Crisis-for the Better.

COVID-19 Could Change the Way We Respond to the Opioid Crisis-for the Better.

Do morphophonological exchange rules exist? A reply to DiCanio et al. (2020)

DiCanio et al. (2020) (this volume) argue that San Martín Itunyoso Triqui has a morphophonological exchange (also called ‘polarity’), where morphemes are realized by switching feature values: e.g. the bare root [anĩɦ] ‘get dirty’ is realized as [anĩː] in the 1s, while the root [aniː] ‘stop’ is 1s [anĩɦ]. In this Reply, I seek to clarify how the descriptive use of ‘exchange’ relates to and differs from its meaning in phonological theories. I also show that the issue of whether exchanges exist is highly theory-dependent. For SPE, Lexical Phonology and Morphology, and single-level parallelist OT with opacity mechanisms, the IT forms do not provide evidence for exchange mechanisms. In contrast, a version of OT that lacks opacity mechanisms probably cannot generate the IT forms without an exchange mechanism. Issues facing the analyst, such as how to prove that exchanges exist, and which apparent exchanges one should expect to observe, are also discussed.

A Dual Model of Ownership

The transparency and visibility engendered in Distributed Ledger Technology allows, for the first time, disparate stakeholders to agree on common resource existence, ownership, and rules of exchange, while keeping the coordination costs comparatively low with respect to earlier methods. This infrastructure can finally facilitate a self-organising market mechanism, where people can decide upon the market rules themselves and potentially self-select into any particular marketplace dependent upon their personal beliefs and preferences. Reinventing the apparatus of the economy upon shared distributed infrastructure may finally allow the emergence of actual shared ownership, unlike the existing systems where short-term rentals or access-based consumption are often confused with sharing and social exchange.

The non-profit sharing economy from a social exchange theory perspective: a case from World Wide Opportunities on Organic Farms in Taiwan

The non-profit form of the Sharing Economy (SE) is arguably better positioned to manifest the alternative nature of SE that supports sustainable production and consumption than its for-profit counterpart. However, interactions in non-profit SE are imbued with uncertainties that can discourage participants’ continuing engagement. Social exchange theory was adopted to explore the dynamism of non-profit SE exchange in the context of WWOOF (World Wide Opportunities on Organic Farms) as a niche area. The study was conducted primarily through semi-structured interviews with eighteen WWOOF farm hosts in Taiwan. The findings revealed that most hosts opened their farms to share their organic farming knowledge with WWOOF guests as a measure to attain social/environmental, cultural, and economic values that motivated their participation in WWOOF. Depending on the value(s) salient in driving WWOOF hosts’ participation, the exchange rules of reciprocity, rationality, and altruism were variously applied to manage uncertainties and limited resource capacities, and address issues arising from demands for emotional labor and social dilemmas. Positive exchange outcomes were experienced when exchange rules lead to reduced uncertainties, and enhanced equality, fairness, and joint responsibility. Implications of how the findings can be applied to promote sustainable production and consumption through non-profit SE are discussed.

DEVELOPMENT OF A SOFTWARE MODULE FOR AUTOMATED GENERATION OF «IMPLEMENTATION REPORT» ON 1C PLATFORM

This article discusses the production problem associated with the processing and uploading of data from Cargo database to 1C: Accounting for billing and reporting. At the moment, the data for billing is transferred to the 1C: Therefore, one of the tasks is the selection of software and the transfer of the information base from the 1C Cargo system. To do this, the database is unloaded in .xml format with the declaration of exchange rules between systems.

Organizing actor Engagement: A platform perspective

Research on engagement has shifted to a systemic, rather than a dyadic, view that considers the engagement of multiple actors in complex business settings. Existing literature suggests that actor engagement in business settings is dependent on, and inextricably linked with, service ecosystems, platforms, and the value co-creation process. However, despite its potential to deliver strong performance for organizations, actor engagement in complex business settings has yet to be examined empirically. To gain a deeper understanding of engagement dynamics in these settings, this qualitative study explores the evolution of actor engagement on a platform. The findings offer three main contributions: (i) a typology of three organizing modes of engagement (orchestrating, facilitating, and stimulating), (ii) an understanding of the modular architecture that supports actor engagement within clearly defined rules of exchange, and (iii) insight into engagement activity over time reveals that actors’ engagement states oscillate between object or subject of engagement.

The Akazehe of Burundi: Polyphonic Interlocking Greetings and the Female Ceremonial. By Serena Facci. Translated by Alessandra Ciucci.

Akazehe is one of the names in Burundi for forms of sung greeting performed exclusively by women. Studies carried out during the colonial era (in particular Rodegem 1965, 1973) and in more recent times (Ndimurwanko 1985-6) have shown how the contents of these greetings among women are closely linked to the feminine world in which these greetings are used—in specific private and public spaces in accordance with rural tradition. Although these greetings were becoming less common at the time the research for this article was conducted, the author was able to record a number of akazehe after listening to examples of them in the sound archives of the Centre de civilisation burundaise.
 A greeting is defined by linguists as a formalized parenthesis that defines, reiterates, and encloses the relation between two participants. The formulaic character of a greeting makes it different from ordinary speech. In the case of the akazehe, the greeting emphasizes gestural and sound qualities to such an extent that it creates a veritable musical texture.
 This article presents transcriptions and analysis of some models of akazehe, focusing on one that features procedures of vocal interlocking. The two parts—gutera and kwakira—are organized according to musical rules that manifest a strong spirit of cooperation between the two women who sing the two parts in dialogue. Furthermore, well-defined rules of exchange for the two roles semantically remind us of the social equality between the two participants. The musical enrichment of the time reserved for the greeting is experienced as amusing by the performers. The greeting also represents an opportunity for artistic expression in a social reality that otherwise allows few performance spaces for women.
 Citation: Facci, Serena. The Akazehe of Burundi: Polyphonic Interlocking Greetings and the Female Ceremonial. Translated by Alessandria Ciucci. Ethnomusicology Translations, no. 10. Bloomington, IN: Society for Ethnomusicology, 2020.
 Originally published in Italian as "Akazehe del Burundi: saluti a incastro polifonico e cerimonialità femminile." In Polifonie: Procedimenti, tassonomi e forme: una reflessione a più voci, edited by Maurizio Agamennone, 123-61. Roma: Bulzoni Editore, 1996.
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Glottal toggling in Itunyoso Triqui

Itunyoso Triqui (Oto-Manguean: Mexico) possesses several unique morphological derivations, each of which is typified by a toggling of glottal features at the right edge of the root. Root-final coda /ɦ/ is deleted if it is present on uninflected stems, but inserted if it is absent. This process, traditionally known as a morphophonological exchange rule (c.f. Baerman 2007; de Lacy 2012; Wunderlich 2012), is regular and productive in the language. Moreover, it is the primary exponent of the first person singular, the topical third person, and nominal quantifier morphemes, while tonal alternations are secondary, morpheme-specific exponents. The current paper both provides the first comprehensive description of these patterns in Itun-yoso Triqui and argues two theoretical points. First, Triqui glottal toggling involves a morphophono-logical exchange mapping (/α/ → [β]; /β/ → [α]) which, in coordination with syllable well-formedness conditions, produces a toggling pattern. Second, exchange mappings or rules like the Triqui toggle pose unique problems for parallelist approaches to Optimality Theory but not to serialist approaches which permit intermediate stages of representation, a finding that accords well with the necessity for multiple strata in Triqui word formation.

Uncovering the Environmental and Social Conflicts Behind Residents’ Perception of CBT: A Case of Perak, Malaysia

ABSTRACT This paper examines an indigenous community’s perception of community-based tourism (CBT), using the revised social exchange theory (SET) that recognizes the limits of rationality in explaining behaviour and therefore integrates other exchange rules. Unlike most quantitative SET studies that describe residents’ perception without explaining the root cause; this qualitative study investigates prior conditioning from socio-cultural background and potential biased information processing as the underlying reasons of residents’ perception. An indigenous community’s negative perception may be caused by long standing disruption of livelihood from human-wildlife conflict and other non-tourism causes. Livelihood losses aggravate socio-economic deprivations and magnify the expectation for income replacement, such that where tourism income is inadequate, the perceived costs of tourism is amplified. Managing income expectation is therefore crucial in CBT planning. An over-optimistic representation of CBT as a source of livelihood may diminish the role of tourism in conservation conflict management.

Defining and Defending a Progressive Market Square: Bringing Institutionalist Development Discourse in Line with the Reality of Post-Soviet Transition Experiences

:This article is a response to two crucial ideas about progressive institutional change: the first is J. Fagg Foster’s principle of “minimal social dislocation,” which asserts that socio-economic changes should be implemented gradually, to avoid unraveling the social fabric of the community; the second is Karl Polanyi’s principles of redistribution of rights and powers by relevant authorities and reciprocity, a symmetrical and highly personalized exchange system, which is likewise a protective mechanism that society employs against anonymity and disintegration brought about by unregulated market. Using lessons learned in the thirty-year transition to market in post-Soviet countries, this article argues that to commence progressive institutional change in the honesty- and transparency-resistant cultures of former Soviet states, impersonal exchange and impartial rule of law must be given far greater weight than personalization of contacts and continuation of cultural traditions.

Formation Control With Multiplex Information Networks

Current distributed control methods have a lack of information exchange infrastructure to enable spatially evolving multiagent formations. Specifically, these methods are designed based on information exchange rules represented by a network having a single layer, where they lead to multiagent formations with fixed, nonevolving spatial properties. For situations where capable agents have to control the resulting formation through these methods, they can often do so if such agents have global information exchange ability. Yet, global information exchange is not practical for cases that have large numbers of agents and low-bandwidth peer-to-peer communications. Motivated from this standpoint, the contribution of this paper is to show how information exchange rules, which are represented by a network having multiple layers (multiplex information networks), can be designed for enabling spatially evolving multiagent formations. In particular, we first consider the formation assignment problem and then the formation tracking problem and introduce new distributed control architectures that allow capable agents to spatially alter the size and the orientation of the resulting formation without requiring global information exchange ability. In addition, tools and methods from differential potential fields are further utilized in order to generalize the proposed distribute control architecture for the formation tracking problem to allow for connectivity maintenance and collision avoidance needed in real-world applications. Stability of the proposed architectures is theoretically analyzed and their efficacy is illustrated on numerical examples and on multiagent formation experiments.

Competences of the Ministry of Justice in Providing International Legal Assistance

Legal Assistance is the assurance of efficiency in the form of procedural developments by the state authorities, respectively, the state that implements the procedural actions at the request of the other state pursuing civil proceedings with a foreign element. By providing international legal assistance, states contribute to a stable, democratic area and sustainable development in the commitment to share achievements in conducting procedural actions across borders. The objective of the paper is to reflect the progress of the state conducting the requesting state procedure as well as to try to improve and promote cross-border judicial cooperation in the beneficiary countries to investigate and prosecute cross-border crime. Regarding to this paper will also reach the initial delays in cross-border cooperation with practical examples, the time element and the international element. The main advantage of international legal assistance is the opportunity and ability to share information, the rules of use and exchange of information and evidence through formal requirements, and why not and an ongoing avant-garde communication between relevant institutions or bodies. (Using technology platforms, greater collaboration between countries takes place. Through different real-time communication applications, information is obtained, which although may be in different countries, provides the same quality of service between organs. One thing such will undoubtedly increase confidence in institutions, procedure processes and parties wherever they are)

An Agglomerative Greedy Brain Storm Optimization Algorithm for Solving the TSP

The brain storm optimization algorithm(BSO) is a population based metaheuristic algorithm inspried by the human conferring process that was proposed in 2010. Since its first implementation, BSO has been widely used in various fields. In this article, we propose an agglomerative greedy brain storm optimization algorithm (AG-BSO) to solve classical traveling salesman problem(TSP). Due to the low accuracy and slow convergence speed of current heuristic algorithms when solving TSP, this article consider four improvement strategies for basic BSO. First, a greedy algorithm is introduced to ensure the diversity of the population. Second, hierarchical clustering is used in place of the k-means clustering algorithm in standard BSO to eliminate the noise sensitivity of the original BSO algorithm when solving TSP. Exchange rules for the individuals in the population individuals were introduced to improve the efficiency of the algorithm. Finally, a heuristic crossover operator is used to update the individuals. In addition, the AG-BSO algorithm is compared with the genetic algorithm (GA), particle swarm optimization (PSO), the simulated annealing(SA) and the ant colony optimization (ACO) on standard TSP data sets for performance testing. We also compare it with a recently improved version of the BSO algorithm. The simulations show the encouraging results that AG-BSO greatly improved the solution accuracy, optimization speed and robustness.

MIXED DOUBLES: COLLABORATIVE WRITING AND PERIPHERAL STRATEGIES

This exposition attends to the theme of peripheral spaces, sites, practices, epistemologies and conceptions. It takes the form of a playful, nonfiction archival document that comprises the interleaving of two scripts within a series of photographic images. It stands as trace for an event—originally described as “peripherally performative”—that took place at an academic conference in creative writing in Australia in 2018 (the annual Association of Australian Writing Programs Conference, in Perth). As a research artefact, the methods and mode of presentation of this work are tangential to normative procedures. This exposition co-mingles the performed accounts of two collaborative writing projects in which the exposition's four authors—Carlin, Murray, McKinnon and Lobb —had been variously enmeshed: the collectively written book project 100 Atmospheres; Studies in Scale and Wonder (Open Humanities Press, 2019), and the Murray/Carlin speculative research endeavour How To Dress For Old Age: an Enquiry with Costumes. Each of these projects experiments with devising creative methods of collaboration so as to approach research questions multifariously and heterogeneously. Slant, in other words. What does collaboration offer writers and writing processes? How is vision refracted through a multiplicity of gazes? How does the peripheral make itself felt? In an era shaped by critical ecological transformation, the 100 Atmospheres project—speculative, poetic, provocative—pays attention to future ways of being and becoming. In a tightly scripted dialogue, Lobb and McKinnon reflect on a collaborative process involving an interdisciplinary ensemble of 13 people, that uses ‘cross-over writing’. This process allows for fluid boundaries, multiple entries and exits, and other peripheral strategies, to enliven living and practicing in the Anthropocene. This first script is met sideways by the more improvisatory, contingent approach of Murray and Carlin, who re-construct their process of framing and investigating “how to dress for old age,” as a live and unfolding methodology (including costume changes). They report on how, in improvising with writing methods that involve alternating responses, redirections, and unanticipated shifts in focus / tempo, they have been drawn to sport, theatre and domestic metaphors to negotiate evolving rules of engagement and exchange. The original performance used a length of rope pinned with images to stand in for a tennis net and a backdrop. This malleable object allowed us to demonstrate materially the multiple experiences of collaboration: combative and communal, public and private. In our written document we will use inset photographs (portraits and images of place), columned text and variable typography: these will interrupt and intersect with the ideas discussed in order to amplify the complex interactions central to the collaborative process. Our visual and verbal approaches assert tactics of peripherality to examine that which is often overlooked, irrelevant or superficial, and serve as a counterpoint to normative methods. Our approaches argue for a different kind of sensitivity in practice, one which pays heed to the dance of agency between subjects and objects.

ПРОБЛЕМИ РЕФОРМУВАННЯ ФІСКАЛЬНО-ПОДАТКОВОЇ СИСТЕМИ УКРАЇНИ У КОНТЕКСТІ ДЕОФШОРИЗАЦІЇ

The peculiarities of implementation of the Minimum Standard of the BEPS Action Plan in Ukraine, the MLI Multilateral Convention, which provides for separate actions of the BEPS Action Plan, taxation rules of controlled foreign companies (CFC) as well as rules for automatic exchange of information under the CRS standard, are investigated. It was found that rising the effectiveness of existing Ukrainian fiscal-tax system according the de-offshorization of the national economy, double tax treaties with offshore jurisdictions is only possible under the OECD criteria for information transparency of the Ukrainian tax system. The article analyzes the implementation of the concept of CFC into national legislation in connection with the objective need to eliminate the negative consequences of using business offshore schemes. The relationship between national tax and international tax law principles is analyzed on the basis of the ratio of CFC rules, both to the provisions of international tax agreements and to the norms of international legal restrictions. The levels of development of national tax and financial instruments were determined on the basis of international methodological and regulatory approaches to determining the balance between liberalization of national capital markets and systemic financial risks, between optimizing the economic tools for controlling taxation of residents and attracting foreign investors and capital owners, are investigated too. The article analyzes the conditions under which the CFCs are exempt from profit taxation when double taxation treaties are concluding, ensuring timely and complete exchange of tax and financial information between the national fiscal departments. The ways that Ukrainian companies use in low tax zones to restructure their businesses and protect their assets that are not declared in Ukraine are identified. It is about the endorsement by Ukraine of the double taxation treaties for «double tax evasion» (in fact, they do not pay taxes in any of the jurisdictions). The peculiarities of the implementation of the CFC rules as a fiscal component (budget replenishment) and as a regulatory tool to protect and encourage inward investment are investigated separately. Particular attention was paid to the problem of ensuring business security in the context of confidentiality and protection of information while sharing it with other countries in the process of implementing the BEPS plan. It is proved that today the new standards of compliance with the requirements of financial motivate Ukrainian beneficiaries of foreign companies to conduct business under more transparent rules (including the protection of confidentiality of the received information), identify and strengthen weaknesses of business models.

Mapping of water resistivity using pool water

In the papers of G.E. Archie and V.N. Dakhnov were presented formulas of dependence between resistivity (or conductivity) of soil and that of porous water. Such dependence shows that we need to know water resistivity, that means its study at each fieldwork area. In some areas places for groundwater are absent or restricted (boreholes, wells, springs) as places of surface water (rivers, streams, ponds, lakes). Can we measure water resistivity in pools? Immediately after rain such water has no relation with soil resistivity. The purpose of our study consists in determination the rules of ionic exchange between soil and rain water in time. In the paper [Brunet et al., 2010] the authors demonstrated results of water resistivity measurements at contact with soil in time. We wanted to check results of that experiment.

SEC approves Nasdaq rule change to permit direct listings without an IPO

Purpose To explain the rule changes in Nasdaq’s new Listing Rule IM-5315-1, approved by the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) on February 15, 2019, that permit direct listings on Nasdaq without an initial public offering, similar to the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) rule changes approved in 2018. Design/methodology/approach Explains the legislative and regulatory background, historic limitations on direct Nasdaq listings, and de-tailed provisions of Nasdaq’s new Listing Rule IM-5315-1. Findings The direct listing alternative to an IPO may appeal to cash-rich companies that do not need the publicity or new capital associated with a traditional IPO. Originality/value Expert analysis from experienced securities litigation and corporate governance lawyers.

Cascading risk assessment in power-communication interdependent networks

With the expansion of power system scale, more and more network systems are interconnected to form a huge interdependent network. The most notable of these is the power-communication interdependent network. Modern power systems rely heavily on being controlled via communication networks; in reverse, power supply is the foundation of maintaining the normal operation of communication network. In such an interdependent network, a failure in one layer will not only disrupt its own stability, but may also cause a cascading failure between multiple layers. Therefore, developing an advanced method that can assess the cascading risk in power-communication interdependent network is essential. In this paper, an improved Complex Network model for power-communication interdependent network risk assessment is proposed. Firstly, a model of power system coupled with communication network is developed. Then data exchange rules which is improved from the existing ”point-wise” interdependent model are introduced. In addition, the interactions between the power system and communication network are provided. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method is effective for a power-communication interdependent network cascading risk assessment.