Exchange Orientation Research Articles

Developing a resilient workforce in the context of organisational change: the role of employee assistance programmes

Employee assistance programmes (EAPs) are helpful human resource management (HRM) practices to develop a resilient workforce under drastic organisational change. However, there is limited research that explores the underlying mechanisms through which EAPs function as part of HRM strategies to foster well-being and resilience in the context of organisational change. Drawing on conservation of resources theory and social exchange theory, this study theorises and tests a model to examine whether, how, and when EAPs impact employee openness to organisational change and well-being. A two-wave time-lagged survey of 513 employees from eight private and two public organisations in China indicates that EAPs strengthen employee resilience under organisational change, which fosters employee well-being and openness to organisational change. Moreover, we verify perceived organisational justice as a critical boundary condition such that the resource exchange orientation of perceived organisational justice crowds out the positive effects of EAPs on well-being and openness to organisational change. This study empirically consolidates the strategic function of EAPs in developing a resilient workforce under organisational change and provides practical insights for management to improve EAP efficacy.

Exploring the Mediating Role of Social Exchange Orientation in the Relationship Between Mentoring Experiences and Mentoring Intentions: A Cross-Sectional Study.

The study utilized a cross-sectional design to determine the relationship between positive and negative mentoring experiences and intentions to engage in future formal mentoring and the mediating role of aspects of social exchange theory particularly Negotiated Exchange Orientation and Perceived Organization Support. The study was conducted among 303 nurses and midwives working in acute care hospitals in Uganda. The results showed that, in the negative mentoring model, Perceived Organization Support fully mediated the relationship between lack of mentor expertise and willingness to participate in formal mentoring programs (B = -0.201, 95% CI [-0.399, -0.056]). In the positive mentoring model, indirect effects were observed for the relationship between Individual Influence variable and willingness to participate in formal mentoring programs mediated by Perceived Organization Support (B = 0.131, 95% CI [0.011, 0.283]). Furthermore, indirect effects were observed between the Relational Quality variable and willingness to participate in formal mentoring programs mediated by Negotiated Exchange Orientation (B = 0.081, 95% CI [0.008, 0.183]). Therefore, the social exchange theory can explain the relationship between past mentoring experiences and future intentions to engage in mentoring activities.

The Concept of TPACK through Exchange Orientation Program in Boosting Madrasa Student Achievements

This qualitative study investigates the application of the Technological Pedagogical and Content Knowledge (TPACK) framework through an Exchange Orientation program designed to enhance student achievement in madrasahs. The research employs in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with educators participating in the program to gather insights into their experiences and perceptions regarding the integration of technology in teaching practices. The findings reveal that the Exchange Orientation program fosters collaborative learning among teachers, enabling them to share effective strategies for incorporating technology into their pedagogy and content delivery. Participants reported increased confidence in using technological tools, which subsequently led to more engaging and interactive learning experiences for students. The study highlights the critical role of professional development initiatives that utilize the TPACK framework in transforming teaching methodologies and improving student learning outcomes in madrasahs.

Systematic observation of participatory interaction in university lectures: a multiple case study with a mixed methods approach.

In order to improve and innovate the face-to-face instructional task in postgraduate and doctoral university teaching encompasses different formats of participatory interaction (PI), considered to be social medium facilitators of deep learning, including the development of autonomous expert activity. The purpose of this article is to establish the use of systematic observation and lag sequential analysis as a conceptual-methodological choice to base the review of social-constructivist instructional practice that is taught in an expository format prepared by the teacher. The systematic observation of the expert's expository session from its inception to its conclusion was approached from a mixed methods perspective as a subject of multiple case studies. A total of four postgraduate teachers were selected. A purpose-built observational instrument was constructed. The data quality was evaluated with intra-observer agreement tests by calculating Cohen's kappa coefficient (k). After the data matrices for each case were obtained, all possible file aggregations of the data were performed to detect the existence of common structures in the patterns through lag sequential analysis. The sequential patterns of replicated and common lags of the multiple cases describe the chaining of the observed events, which characterizes the participatory interaction. Twelve lag sequential patterns have been identified that function as dialogical links, generated by the probability that the category "question" is linked to the conditioned events of "speech direction" and "exchange orientation." Having constructed a theoretical interpretative scheme of the replicated patterns, we discuss the results. First, the significant results of the lag sequential analysis as examples of basic patterns extracted from their way of conducting expert expository sessions. As such, they can be reviewed with the formative purpose of reflecting on their potential for change when they are understood as dialogical links of participatory interaction committed to deep learning and the development of expert autonomy. Second, there is a training step consisting of the use of self-observation and the observation that teachers can make of the expert expository task. Finally, we conclude that non-intrusive systematic observation is a good choice when channeling the gradual and renewed improvement of participatory interaction with an expert expository format (§EF) and a mixed methods methodology.

Reciprocal exchange orientation to organization, challenge stressor and construal level: Three-way interaction effects on voice behavior.

This study extends our understanding of voice behavior by considering a more complete set of reciprocity antecedents. We add employees-organization reciprocal exchange orientation (EO REO) into the antecedent of voice behavior and clarify the boundary condition by examining the joint moderating role of challenge stressors and construal level. The presence of challenge stressors represents a positive work environment, thus employees with a strong EO REO are likely to reciprocate with voice. However, such stressors also lead employees to focus on how to deal with the current challenges, which only aligns with employees who have a low construal level mindset and prefer to think about the details of the job at hand. Hence, we hypothesized that the positive relationship between EO REO and voice behavior in the face of challenge stressors was more likely to exist for employees whose construal level is low rather than high. We collected data from 237 employee-supervisor matched dyads in study 1 and 225 employee-supervisor matched dyads in study 2. These two studies offered support for the three-way interaction hypothesis. Our studies further voice by extending the antecedent and delineating the boundary condition of challenge stressors and construal level.

Knowledge sharing on online platforms within organisations: An interactionist perspective on generalised exchange

AbstractOrganisations are increasingly introducing online platforms to facilitate knowledge sharing among employees across organisational boundaries. Nonetheless, individuals do not always share knowledge on such platforms. This study aims to identify the factors that can motivate individuals to share knowledge on an online platform drawing on social exchange theory and the idea of generalised exchange, a form of social exchange identified on online knowledge‐sharing platforms in previous studies. Specifically, we propose that individuals are more likely to share knowledge on online platforms when they have requests from an employee with whom they have worked in the same office in the past but do not currently work in the same office location (i.e. past‐collocation history), have high levels of generalised exchange orientation, and need to use a wide variety of knowledge to complete their jobs (i.e. knowledge variety). Using a longitudinal dataset spanning 6 months among 100 users on an in‐house online platform of a professional service firm, we find support for the three‐way interaction hypothesis in a three‐level analysis. We discuss implications on knowledge sharing on in‐house online platforms.

State relationship orientation and helping behaviors: the influence of hunger and trait relationship orientations.

Exchange orientation (EO) and communal orientation (CO) are two fundamental relationship orientations (ROs). We argue that state RO (i.e., the relative activation of the two ROs at a specific moment) varies across situations and should be differentiated from trait ROs. In two studies, we examined how state RO affected subsequent helping behaviors and how it was influenced by a situational factor (i.e., hunger). We also examined whether trait ROs moderated the above links. An eye-tracking paradigm (Study 1) and a scenario-based paradigm (Study 2) were adopted to assess state RO. The two studies consistently found that relatively more activation of state EO over state CO reduced helping tendency toward strangers (Study 1) and acquaintances (Study 2). High trait CO amplified the effect in Study 1. Moreover, hunger heightened the relative activation of state EO over state CO in both studies, but the effect was only significant for participants with high trait EO in Study 1. The results highlight the importance to study the momentary variation of ROs and open new research directions.Supplementary informationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12144-022-03666-y.

The impact of sport organization employees’ justice perceptions on organizational citizenship and dysfunctional behavior: the affect-based model

ABSTRACT This study investigated the impact of sport organization employees’ justice perceptions on organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) and organizational dysfunctional behavior (ODB). Drawing from social exchange and frustration–aggression hypothesis, we presented an affect-based model of employees’ behavioral responses to justice perceptions. We sampled paid staff from NCAA Division I universities’ athletic departments (N = 602) and found that procedural, interpersonal and informational justice relate positively (negatively) to positive (negative) affect, which in turn leads to organizational citizenship (dysfunctional) behavior. Further, exchange orientation moderated the positive relationship between negative affect and ODB, such that the positive impact of employees’ negative affect – caused by organizational injustice – on ODB became stronger as exchange orientation increased. Our findings advance the understanding of organizational justice in sport by illuminating the role of affect and exchange orientation in the relationship between organizational justice and OCB/ODB. Our research also offers sports organizations practical insights into how to effectively manage their employees for eliciting OCB and diminishing ODB.

An exchange orientation results in an instrumental approach in intimate relationships.

Although the possession of instrumentality (i.e., partner B being useful to partner A's goal pursuit) can facilitate relationship satisfaction, taking an instrumental approach (i.e., A focusing on B's usefulness and seeing B as a tool to facilitate personal goal attainment) is (often) considered as a callous and depersonalized approach to forming relationships. The current research examined whether adopting an exchange orientation amplifies the tendency for people to take an instrumental approach via the motive to maximize self-gain. Four studies (N=1446) utilizing samples across different countries, including the United Kingdom, the United States and China, supported this hypothesis. Specifically, during relationship initiation, an exchange (vs. non-exchange) orientation made participants place higher importance on instrumentality rather than traits facilitating intimacy and bonding (Study 1). For established relationships, participants who chronically adopted an exchange orientation (Study 2) and who were temporarily induced to do so (vs. control; Study 3) were more likely to view their significant other as a tool. The final quasi-experiment (Study 4) showed that requiring or being required to offer a bride price - an embodiment of exchange orientation - predicted instrumentality in marriage and subsequently impaired relationship satisfaction. Implications are discussed.

License to Retaliate: Good Deeds as a Moral License for Misdeeds in Reaction to Abusive Supervision

ABSTRACT Abusive supervision research demonstrates that subordinates often engage in deviance following abuse despite the negative consequences of doing so. Drawing on moral licensing theory, we propose that the relationship between abusive supervision and deviance is moderated by the extent to which subordinates perform positive voluntary work behaviors. We further suggest that moral disengagement moderates this moral licensing effect and that this relationship will hold when controlling for social exchange principles. In Study 1, we found that the relationship between abusive supervision and organizational deviance was strengthened by high organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) and was not significant at low levels of OCB. In Study 2, we found that the moral licensing effect was strengthened in individuals with a propensity to morally disengage, even when controlling for negative reciprocity beliefs and social exchange orientation. Implications for moral licensing and abusive supervision research are discussed.

The relationship between gender role and marital instability: The role of moderating sexual orientation in men

Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the moderating role of orientation in men's sexual relationship with marital instability. Methods: The method of the present study is correlational. The statistical population of the study was men living in Tehran who had lived together for at least one year. Thus, 150 people were selected by available sampling method from different parts of Tehran by referring to public places and distributing a questionnaire in cyberspace. Measurement tools in this study included Booth et al.'s Marital Instability Questionnaires (1983), Bam's Gender Roles (1974) and Hoggs and Snell's (1990) Sexual Orientation Questionnaires. Results: The results showed that sexual orientation has a moderating role in the relationship between gender roles and marital instability. High levels of participatory sexual orientation reduce marital instability. The high exchange rate of sexual intercourse increases the instability of marriage in men. Also, in the direction of expectation in sexual intercourse, its increase leads to an increase in marital instability in men (P=0.01). Conclusion: In men with high expectations of exchange, exchange, and expectation in sex, increased gender roles reduce instability; But in men with low participatory and exchange orientations, increased gender roles do not change the degree of marital instability.

Leader Sex and Employee Power Distance Orientation as Boundary Conditions of the Relationship between Leader Humility and Leader-Member Exchange

ABSTRACT This study draws upon social information processing theory to investigate two boundary conditions of the effect of leader humility on follower perceptions of leader-member exchange, namely, leader sex and employee power-distance orientations. Using 496 supervisor-employee dyads from China, we find a positive relationship between leader humility and follower perceptions of leader-member exchange, and confirm the moderating effects of leader sex and employee power-distance orientations. Specifically, the positive relationship between leader humility and follower perceptions of leader-member exchange is enhanced for male leaders but diminished for female leaders, and is also stronger for employees who have lower power-distance orientations. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

Words beyond the Partial Deed: Prosocial Framing of a Partial-Trust Act Promotes Reciprocation between Strangers

Displaying partial trust in exchanges between strangers is a common practice, but it does not effectively promote reciprocation. This is an intriguing phenomenon that warrants investigations regarding social mechanisms that can promote reciprocation without changing the level of trust. We seek to examine, given a partial-trust act, whether framing the motive underlying the act as prosocial (mutually beneficial) can promote reciprocation in an exchange between strangers. Across three experiments in the United States, we found that trustor prosocial (vs. no-motive) framing can promote trustee reciprocation through trustee felt obligation and that this effect is particularly strong among trustees with a strong rather than weak exchange orientation. Concurrently, this prosocial framing effect can operate serially through trustee perceived invitation for exchange and felt obligation. Our findings help address the conundrum of promoting reciprocation without introducing deleterious uncertainty about social motives given a partial-trust act that is prevalent in exchanges at zero acquaintance.

Who Shares Knowledge on Online Platforms and When?

Organizations are increasingly introducing online platforms to facilitate knowledge sharing within the organization. Nevertheless, not all employees actively participate in knowledge sharing on online platforms. This study aims to identify who (i.e., employees with specific individual characteristics) are more likely to engage in knowledge sharing on the platform and when (i.e., boundary conditions) they are likely to do so. To guide our investigation, we draw on social exchange theory and the idea of generalized exchange, which research has found plays a pivotal role in facilitating interactions on online platforms. Specifically, we propose that employees with higher levels of generalized exchange orientation are more likely to engage in online knowledge-sharing behavior, but only when they need to use a wide variety of knowledge to complete their jobs (i.e., knowledge variety) and when they interact with a partner who previously worked in the same office (i.e., past collocation history). Using a longitudinal dataset spanning six months among 100 users on an in-house online platform of a professional service firm, we find support for the three-way interaction hypothesis. We discuss implications on knowledge sharing on in-house online platforms.

Communal strength, exchange orientation, equity, and relational maintenance

The purpose of this study was to explore communal strength (i.e., partner-specific communal orientation) and partner-specific exchange orientation, as well as equity, as predictors of relational maintenance. A sample of 309 heterosexual couples completed self-reports. Given the dyadic interdependence, the actor–partner independence model was used. Dyadic analyses were undertaken using structural equation modeling conducted in AMOS. Results indicated that underbenefitedness was a predictor of maintenance behaviors, but overbenefitedness was not. Communal strength was also associated with engagement in maintenance behaviors. Importantly, communal strength moderated the association between underbenefitedness and maintenance such that underbenefitedness did not result in decreases in self-reported maintenance behaviors for those with greater communal strength to the same extent as it did for those with lower communal strength. Exchange orientation also moderated the association between underbenefitedness and maintenance behaviors such that a decline in maintenance behaviors was not as pronounced for those with lower exchange orientations as those with higher exchange orientations. Findings suggest the important role relational orientations may play in enacting our relationships.

Generalized exchange orientation: Conceptualization and scale development.

We conceptualize generalized exchange orientation, and develop and validate a scale assessing individual orientations toward generalized exchange as well as reciprocal and negotiated exchange for offering a full set of measurements for social exchange orientation. Through 4 phases and using data from 1,408 participants, we established factorial, nomological, discriminant, and incremental validity of the social exchange orientation Scale and examined measurement invariance of the scale between samples from the United States and Japan. First, our findings indicate the newly developed scale for generalized exchange orientation (GEO) is distinct from measures of other forms of social exchange orientation and prosocial orientation. Second, the GEO Scale shows incremental validity as it predicts citizenship behaviors toward individuals above and beyond the key dispositional antecedents known in the literature. Implications and future research on generalized exchange are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Role of Continuity, Specificity and Frequency of Firm–Supplier Exchanges in Customer Fulfilment: Evidence from Latin America

While past studies showcased the importance of supply side capability in customer orientation, not much has been said on matching the specific aspects of customer side fulfilment with supplier side exchange. The present study broadly aims at establishing the linkage between various aspects of customer orientations and nature of supply chain exchanges. It serves to address the dilemma which the firm faces while choosing the nature of its exchange relationship with supplier and how does this relationship can impact various aspects of customer orientations. We test our hypotheses on 2000 firms from four countries in Latin America. We take advantage of the 2017 World Bank Enterprise Survey. In addition to descriptive statistics, multiple hierarchical regressions were used to test the study hypotheses and use robust variance estimator to deal with sources of heteroskedasticity in the data. The findings revealed that in order to achieve market flexibility in the form of tailor-made customer fulfilment, firms not only require specificity in exchange with suppliers, but also they should not engage in deep and frequent exchange relationship with its suppliers. Therefore, the supply side capability of flexibly searching and screening suppliers and forming ad hoc contracts as per requirements is necessary to achieve market side flexibility in the form of tailor-made customer fulfilments. It is necessary for firms to resort to matching their customer orientations with their supply side strategy. Only close matching of supplier side relational strategies with customer orientation by aligning firm’s supply side flexibility with market flexibility works well for the firms. The present study makes theoretical and practical contributions to the strategic market/customer flexibility, supply chain exchange and customer orientation literature and relational capital perspectives.

Effect of Ferromagnetic Exchange and Magnetic Field Orientation on the Magnetocaloric Effect of Uniaxial Van Vleck Paramagnet

The magnetocaloric effect (MCE), namely, the magnetic entropy change upon the isothermal magnetization of a uniaxial Van Vleck paramagnet with a spin of S = 1 and single-ion easy-plane magnetic anisotropy has been studied in this work. It has been shown that, upon magnetization along the easy plane, the value of normal MCE (decrease in the entropy upon magnetization) can be anomalously high, when the ratio of anisotropy and ferromagnetic exchange parameters of a paramagnet is close to a threshold value corresponding to the transition to the ferromagnetic state. It has been found that, upon magnetization along the hard magnetization direction, i.e., perpendicular to the easy plane, the MCE at low temperatures demonstrates anomalous behavior, namely, the magnetic entropy increases upon magnetization.

Exploring how exchange orientation affects conflict and intimacy in the daily life of romantic couples

We test the hypothesis that partners’ tendency to “keep score” in a relationship—as reflected in their exchange orientation—will moderate the effect of daily conflicts on their relationship evaluations. Cohabitating romantic partners ( N = 82 couples) participated in a 28-day daily diary study. Partners higher in exchange orientation showed lower intimacy with their partner on days with conflict compared to days without conflict; the effect was attenuated for partners lower in exchange orientation. This result held even while adjusting for daily negative affect. We conclude that close monitoring of costs and benefits in a relationship, a characteristic of partners with high exchange orientation, may lead partners to overreact to simple daily conflicts, to the detriment of relationship evaluations.

ВЛИЯНИЕ ИНЪЕКЦИЙ СУРФАГОНА НА БИОХИМИЧЕСКИЙ СОСТАВ КРОВИ И СТРУКТУРНЫЕ ПРЕОБРАЗОВАНИЯ ЯИЧНИКОВ САМОК ГИБРИДА РУССКИЙ ОСЕТР × ЛЕНСКИЙ ОСЕТР (ACIPENSER GUELDENSTAEDTII BRANDT, 1833 × ACIPENSER BAERII BRANDT, 1869) В УСЛОВИЯХ ЗАМКНУТОГО ЦИКЛА ВЫРАЩИВАНИЯ

The article focuses on the special trend in technology of fish reproduction - use of a recirculated aquaculture system that allows creating optimum hydrological and hydrochemical parameters for a certain fish species regardless of the environmental conditions. Nevertheless, in the course of developing the new modifying factors of the environment (simulated conditions) the common orientation of a metabolism or separate biochemical reactions, in particular, generative exchange can be broken. It has been stated that dynamics of biochemical indexes of blood and urine characterizes intensity and orientation of generative exchange and allows to estimate possibility of structural transformations of fish ovaries. The analysis of the influence of a synthetic analog of hormone luliberin - surfagon on hybrid females of Russian × Lena sturgeon ( Acipenser guldenstadtii Brandt, 1833 × Аcipenser baerii Brandt , 1869) characterized by low fatness has revealed the stimulation of metabolic processes. During the research a low level of protein (16.0-28.0 g/l) under the influence of surfagon has increased by 35.0-38.0%. At the same time, throughout all experiment a high level of beta lipoproteins was observed in fishes of both pilot and control groups. Under the preparation impact the level of beta lipoproteins increased by 58.0% and 61.0% after injecting 0.2 mkg/kg and 2.0 mkg/kg of surfagon, respectively. The similar tendency was observed in the course of study of the hormones predecessor - cholesterol. Under the influence of surfagon in various doses there has been registered its increase from 1.3 g/l to 2.2-2.3 g/l. Thus, the surfagon injected groups of fish demonstrated a particular type of the biochemical status and reacted to hormonal stimulation under the low level of financial and energy resources. At the same time, histologic research hasn’t revealed cardinal changes in gonad morphology.