Sodium Ion Exchange Research Articles

Evidence That Choline Can Exchange for Hydrogen Across Proximal Tubules of Dogs

AbstractExperiments were, carried out to test the hypothesis that choline can exchange for sodium ion across the proximal tubule and replace hydrogen for sodium ion exchange. Close arterial injection of choline chloride containing solutions indicates that choline enters luminal fluid by an extraglomerular path. Appearance of choline is accompanied by a decrease in UNa+. In like experiments, hydrogen ion was also found to acidify urine by an extraglomerular path. Urinary acidification in these experiments was not accompanied by any meaningful change in sodium excretion. In model experiments, it was found that choline can compete effectively with hydrogen ions for exchange against sodium across a cation exchange membrane. Choline counteracts the natriuresis induced by Diamox. The results of these experiments are discussed and are considered to be consistent with the hypothesis tested.

Uncoupling the sodium pump.

IT is now widely accepted that the extrusion of sodium from living cells is associated with the splitting of ATP at the inside surface of the cell membrane1–7. The mechanism responsible is inhibited by cardiac glycosides and it is affected in a complicated way by potassium ions. With membrane preparations from most cells, glycoside-sensitive ATPase activity can be demonstrated only when both sodium and potassium are present5, and in red cells and nerve there is evidence that the sodium ions must be inside and the potassium ions outside6,7. This fits in with the known coupling between sodium efflux and potassium influx in these tissues, and suggests that under normal conditions the transport mechanism catalyses an exchange of sodium ions for potassium ions across the membrane using energy from the hydrolysis of ATP at the internal surface.

Observation of the “geoelectric effect” in electrochemical concentration cells using ion-exchange membranes

1. The potential of the cell, Ag, AgCl, 0.001 M NaCl, cationic ion-exchange membrane, 0.1 M NaCl, Ag, AgCl, exhibits a decrease of 30 mv when the plance of the membrane is changed from vertical to horizontal with the 0.001 M NaCl solution on top. Upon returning the membrane plane to the vertical position, the cell potential recovers to a value at least as large as that expected for the undisturbed cell after passage of a time period of similar magnitude. 2. The potential of the cell, Ag, AgCl, 0.001 M NaCl, anionic ion-exchange membrane, 0.1 M NaCl, Ag, AgCl, exhibits an increase of 20 mv when the plane of the membrane is changed from vertical to horizontal with the 0.001 M NaCl solution on top. This change in potential also appears to be reversible upon returning the membrane plane to the vertical position. 3. These membrane concentration cells show similar behavior when the acceleration force is applied by means of a centrifuge. The maximum GEE resulted when the tangential component of centrifugal acceleration cancelled the tangential component of gravitational acceleration; that is, when the net tangential component of acceleration on the membrane was zero. 4. In an effort to ascertain if the GEE is due to simple osmotic-density gradient phenomena, the GEE was determined for cells containing the usual cationic ionexchange membrane and sodium chloride-water-ethanol solutions which produced known osmotic flow rates. The GEE was observed under conditions of zero osmotic transfer of liquid. 5. The GEE results from the formation of a stagnant region or layer of more concentrated more dense solution resting upon the upper surface of a horizontal membrane. 6. The GEE is not observed when the cell solutions are stirred mechanically; the cell potential is completely indifferent to orientation in the gravitational field.

Impedance characteristics of cortical and subcortical structures: Evaluation of regional specificity in hypercapnea and hypothermia

Measurements of electrical impedance have been made in focal volumes of approximately 1.0 mm 3 of allocortical and subcortical tissue in the cat, with microvolt signals at 1000 cycle/sec. The technique allows simultaneous recording of the relative magnitude of resistive and reactive components. Measurements were made with chronically implanted electrodes, and also in acute preparations, either immobilized with gallamine triethiodide or with an upper cervical spinal transection. Qualitative differences were noted in amygdaloid impedance changes during behavioral responses characterized by similar cortical EEG records, as in paradoxical sleep and behavioral arousal. Brief alerting stimuli reduced resistance and increased capacitance in the amygdala, hippocampus and midbrain reticular formation. These responses lasted 60–120 sec, and differed in relative size of resistive and reactive shifts in the various structures. Inhalation of 7% carbon dioxide in air produced only resistive shifts in the amygdala, but caused substantial shifts in both resistance and reactance in the hippocampus and midbrain reticular formation, amounting to 2–4% of baseline values. However, equally large impedance responses to physiological stimuli occurred with just detectable increases in endogenous carbon dioxide production. The effects of hypothermia in the range 28-21 C on cerebral impedance, carbon dioxide excretion and blood pressure were studied in shivering and immobilized preparations. In shivering animals, resistance and reactance showed only minor perturbations in hippocampus and midbrain reticular formation until the core temperature fell to approximately 25 C. Both resistance and reactance rose sharply in the range 25-21 C, and lagged in return to baseline during temperature recovery. In immobilized animals, impedance shifts followed the general contour of falling temperature, and closely paralleled the carbon dioxide excretion, both in the phase of falling temperature, and in the recovery phase when carbon dioxide excretion continued to drop below control levels. The characteristic excursions of resistive and capacitive impedance induced by hypothermia had no primary relationship to systemic blood pressure, which remained unaltered during their development, and which could also vary substantially without modifying the course or direction of impedance shifts. Temporary cardiac arrest in hypothermia was associated with impedance shifts an order of magnitude larger than those in physiological manipulations. The evidence suggests that impedance responses reflect changes in intrinsic characteristics of cerebral tissue, rather than relating in a direct fashion to cerebral blood flow or blood pressure. In a system with intraneuronal, intraneuroglial and extracellular compartments, carbon dioxide may exert a regulatory function on the selective exchange of sodium and chloride ions between neuronal elements and vascular capillaries, perhaps within the neuroglial compartment. The relative contributions of extracellular and neuroglial compartments to the observed conductance, and their possible relationship to substantial differences between impedance phenomena in physiological responses and in terminal asphyxia, are discussed.

Oxidation sites on silica-alumina

An investigation of the nature of the oxidation sites on silica-alumina and their role in various reactions has been carried out. Positive ion radical formation with adsorbed anthracene and perylene was examined along with the effects of silica-alumina on propylene polymerization, alkylation of aromatic hydrocarbons, and the decomposition of a carbonyl compound, pivalaldehyde. The effects of sodium ion exchange and ammonia adsorption on the activity of silica-alumina for these reactions were also examined. The results indicate that Bronsted acid sites are responsible for propylene polymerization and alkylation of aromatic hydrocarbons, while oxidation sites are responsible for aromatic ion radical formation. A spectrum of both Bronsted and oxidation sites is proposed to account for the activity of silica-alumina.

Sodium and Chloride Balance in the Prawn, Palaemonetes Varians

ABSTRACT The exchanges of sodium and bromide (for chloride) ions between the brackish-water prawn Palaemonetes varians and its environment are described. In an isosmotic medium the exchange of sodium and chloride ions takes place by passive diffusion. In full-strength sea water sodium ions are actively removed extrarenally, the potential difference produced by the active extrusion of sodium ions maintaining the chloride ions in passive equilibrium. There is some evidence of an increased flux of ions in hyperosmotic sea water associated with water-swallowing to obtain water for water balance. In 2 % sea water chloride ions are actively absorbed, the potential produced by this active uptake helping to maintain sodium balance ; but some active sodium uptake also occurs. In salinities below 2% uptake of ions declines and the animals can no longer maintain equilibrium.

The preparation of crystalline zirconium phosphate and some observations on its ion exchange behaviour

The stoicheiometry and dehydration behaviour of gelatinous zirconium phosphate preparations were determined. Refluxing the gelatinous products in phosphoric acid resulted in the formation of a truly crystalline product. The crystals have approximately the same composition as the gels but exhibit somewhat different dehydration behaviour. Both forms of zirconium phosphate are represented by the formula Zr(HPO 4) 2 · H 2O. Sodium ion exchange capacity measurements show that the crystalline zirconium phosphate contains two replaceable hydrogen ions per zirconium phosphate molecule. The exchange capacity of the gels approach but never equal this value. The crystals do not exchange with cesium ion whereas the gels have a high cesium exchange capacity. A tentative explanation for this behaviour is presented based on structural considerations.

The Mechanism of Absorption of Lignosulfonates On Clay Suspensions

Abstract The effect of treatment with ferrochrome lignosulfonate on both sodium and calcium bentonites has been examined. In the early stages of treatment it appears that some base exchange of iron and chromium for sodium may occur with the sodium bentonite. Such exchange appears specific for exchange of sodium ions when the calcium ion concentration represents 40 – 55 per cent of the total exchangeable cations, and when additions of lignosulfonate are less than 1 lb per bbl. Adsorption appears entirely physical above 1 lb per bbl treatment level for all concentrations of calcium studied.Gel strength and plastic viscosity of both calcium and sodium bentonite systems were reduced with treatments of ferrochrome lignosulfonate up to 2 lb per bbl, the greatest reduction occurring within a range of calcium concentration of 40 - 55 per cent of the total exchange capacity of the clay. Introduction The problem of control of viscosity and gel strength of drilling fluids by the action of thinners or dispersants has been studied by many investigators. In addition, much work has been done on formation of gel structure in clay suspensions. However, gel formation and structure still are incompletely understood, and the use of the various dispersing chemicals is based, to a large extent, on data almost entirely empirical in name. In recent years the lignosulfonates have become increasingly important in the treatment and control of drilling fluids. More specifically, ferrochrome lignosulfonate has found rather wide acceptance, particularly in calcium systems.Lignosulfonates are refined lignin products made from spent sulfite liquor from which the fermentable sugars have been removed. The exact structure of lignin is not known; however, it is believed to be a phenolic propane type polymer which may exist as a branched chain or cross linked structure. The molecular weights of lignosulfonates probably range from 300 to 100,000 or more.A better understanding of the mechanism of adsorption of dispersants is essential before improvement and development of characteristics of drilling fluids and drilling fluid control is possible. This investigation was undertaken to determine the action of ferrochrome lignosulfonate on sodium calcium montmorillonites. LABORATORY INVESTIGATION A Stormer viscosimeter and Fann V-G meter were used to measure viscosity and gel strength. A Zeiss spectrophotometer was used for analysis of Fe and Cr and the flame attachment was employed in the analysis of Na, Ca and Mg. A General Electric X-ray diffraction unit utilizing Copper Ka radiation and a Ni-filter was utilized in the X-ray studies. PROCEDURE Two systems were studied. Predominantly sodium clay, obtained from Wyoming, and a predominantly calcium clay from Texas were used. These particular samples were chosen because of the extensive work of characterization completed by Mungan. Ionic base exchange capacity determined by flame photometry and total exchange capacity by the Kjehldahl method were obtained experimentally. A 7-per cent suspension of the sodium clay and a 20-per cent suspension of the calcium clay in distilled water were prepared by mixing with a high-speed mixer. The suspensions were allowed to stand for two weeks for complete hydration. Calcium chloride was added to portions of the sodium and calcium clay suspensions to obtain suspensions varying in Ca++ concentration as shown in Table I.A series of treatments was run with 500-ml portions of the original suspensions using a ferrochrome lignosulfonate. Treatment was carried out in the same way with each of the suspensions of varying Ca concentration. Viscosity and gel strength were measured and a filtrate obtained at each treatment level. Ten ml of filtrate were diluted to 50 ml, and aliquot portions of the 50 ml were taken for the Na, Ca, and Mg analysis by the flame photometer. SPEJ P. 267^

Study of the adsorptive properties and secondary porous structure of adsorbents having a molecular-sieve action

1. A study has been made of the adsorption isotherms of nitrogen at −195° and of water at 20° over wide ranges of equilibrium relative pressures on dehydrated zeolite type X in the sodium and calcium ion exchange forms. 2. An analysis of the experimental data has made it possible to show that they are in good agreement with a number of the basic consequences of the potential theory of adsorption: The adsorption isotherm equation is applicable to adsorbents of the first structural type, the maximum volumes of the adsorptive space are the same as those calculated theoretically from x-ray data for the volumes of the zeolite voids, and finally the assumption of the theory is correct that the density of materials in the adsorbed state is practically no different from the densities of the corresponding volume liquid phases. 3. A discussion is given of the role played by the electrostatic components of the adsorptive interaction. In the case of water they show up in values of the affine coefficients substantially higher than those calculated from dispersion interaction alone.

The Kinetics of Sodium Transfer in the Central Nervous System of the Cockroach, Periplaneta Americana L.

ABSTRACT The exchange of sodium ions in the cockroach central nervous system has been studied by following the escape of 24Na from isolated abdominal nerve cords, single connectives and ganglia. Particular attention was paid to the initial rapid exchanges of sodium. The escape of sodium ions occurred as a two-stage process, an initial rapid phase eventually giving way to a slower exponential phase of sodium loss. The fast phase of efflux was not affected by the presence of 2:4-dinitrophenol, although this poison significantly reduced the second slow phase of sodium extrusion. The initial fast phase is attributed to a rapid diffusion from an extracellular space, demonstrated by 14C-inulin; the second phase is identified as the slower extrusion from the cellular components of the central nervous system.

Exchange of Sodium Ion in Ulva lactuca

Exchange of Sodium Ion in <i>Ulva lactuca</i>

Effects of Counterelectro-osmosis and Sodium Ion Exchange on Permeability of Kaolinite

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTEffects of Counterelectro-osmosis and Sodium Ion Exchange on Permeability of KaoliniteA. S. Michaels and C. S. LinCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. 1955, 47, 6, 1249–1253Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1955Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1955https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50546a055RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views97Altmetric-Citations36LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (632 KB) Get e-Alerts

Isomerization of Alkyl Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Alkyl aromatic hydrocarbons are isomerized using a unique stabilized hydrogen Y zeolite catalyst prepared by a sequence of (1) partial ammonium ion exchange of sodium Y zeolite, (2) steam calcination of the partially exchanged zeolite, preferably at relatively high temperatures, (3) further ammonium ion exchange to reduce the sodium content to a very low level, and (4) a second calcination at relatively low temperatures.

Reactions of vitreous silicates and aluminosilicates with aqueous solutions Communication I. Reactions of vitreous sodium silicates with water and with hydrochloric acid solutions

1. A study has been made of the action of water and hydrochloric acid sol~utions on vitreous, sodium silicates having compositions correspondlng to the invariant points on the phase diagram of the system Na2O-SiO2, to intermediate points, and also to points representing high silica contents. 2. The process of interaction of sodium silicates with water can be broken down into two stages: exchange of sodium ions of the glass for hydrogen ions of the solution, resulting in the formation of a residual layer of silica acid, which together with the silica of the original glass comprises a protective film on the surface; and reaction of the protective layer with the alkaline solution that has been formed, resulting in removal of silicic acid from the surface by dissolution 3. In the case of sodium silicates having a low silica content, a kinetic equilibriumi s established between the primary and secondary reactions, so that dissolution of the glass appears to take place. In the case of sodium silicates of high silica content, the main process is the leaching of Na2O from the glass. 4. When sodium silicates are treated with hydrochloric acid solutions, transfer to the solution of SiO2 lags behind that of Na2O to a greater extent than in the case of water treatments. In the case of glasses having a silica content greater than that of disilicate, no SiO2 could be detected in the solution. 5. The relation between the logarithms of the amounts of components passing into solution and the molecular percentage of silica the glass is represented over the range of compositions examined by smooth curves or (in the case of acid treatment) by straight lines, without appreciable deviations at compositions corresponding to invariant points on the phase diagram of Na2O-SiO2. 6. With rise in temperature the amounts of the components passing into solution increase considerably, and at the same time the boundary of the region of soluble silicates moves in the direction of glasses of higher original silica content.

Electrolytic Properties of Aqueous Solutions of Polyacrylic Acid and Sodium Hydroxide. III. The Rate of Sodium Ion Exchange between Polyacrylate and Free Sodium Ions

The exchange of free sodium ions with sodium ions bound to polyacrylate ion has been investigated by an electrolytic transference method. On the assumption that there is a single exchange process, rate constants have been computed and the theory has been found to provide a moderately good representation of the data. A much better correlation is obtained, however, if it is assumed that there are two exchange processes, one very rapid and the other very slow. Presumably the sodium ions that exchange rapidly belong to the polyacrylate ion atmosphere while those that exchange slowly are located within the coiled polymer ion. The distribution of sodium ions between these two groups has been computed.

Cation exchange properties of alginic acid.

SummaryAlginic acid possesses sodium and potassium ion exchange properties which compare favorably with those of a carboxylic type cationic exchange resin. Under in vitro conditions alginic acid at pH 7.6 adsorbs 4.2 meq Na+ per g. The total cation adsorption from solutions containing K+ and Na+ is also 4.2 meq/g and the ratio of Na:K combined approximates that present in solution. The adsorption of Ca++ by alginic acid is irreversible and independent of pH. The hydrophilic character of the sodium and potassium alginates may contribute to the elimination of fluid and cause laxation.

Sulphonated cross‐linked polystyrene: A monofunctional cation‐exchange resin

AbstractRecent improvements in the performance of ion‐exchange resins are illustrated by an account of the preparation and properties of sulphonated cross‐linked polystyrene. The copolymerization of styrene and divinylbenzene (DVB) in bead form is described. Cross‐linked polystyrene has been sulphonated by heating the copolymer with concentrated sulphuric acid at 100°c. in the presence of silver sulphate. After a time depending on the particle size and DVB content of the copolymer, the exchange‐capacity of the product attains a limiting value which corresponds to the formation of a monosulphonic acid. Sulphonated cross‐linked polystyrene is a hygroscopic gel; its swelling and shrinkage in water and aqueous solutions are markedly dependent on the degree of cross‐linking. The cation‐exchange properties of the resin are consistent with those expected of a monofunctional, strongly acidic material. The influence of the extent of cross‐linking on the relative affinity‐coefficients and rates of exchange of sodium and hydrogen ions are indicated.

The Exchange of Sodium and Chloride Ions Across the Fibre Membrane of the Isolated Frog Sartorius

The Exchange of Sodium and Chloride Ions Across the Fibre Membrane of the Isolated Frog Sartorius

Electrical Impedance Properties of Surviving Gastric Mucosa of the Frog

Summary.The alternating current impedance of the isolated, surviving stomach mucosa from frog was examined over the frequency range 10–13,000 c/s. The results were expressed in terms of impedance locus diagrams according to GILDEMEISTER‐LULLIESCOLE.In general it was found that different states of activity and external conditions had a marked influence on the impedance quantities such as the “parallel resistance” and the “polarization angle”. On the whole, it was found that strong stimulation (in connection with secretion, or electrical current flow) or injury (mechanical or chemical) in particular affected the parallel resistance.Impedance quantities related to the polarization properties of the mucous membrane, i. e. the “polarization angle” and the “characteristic frequency”, were sensitive to the exchange of sodium ions against potassium ions (“potassium effect”).The observations are discussed according to some current hypotheses. It is emphasized that great caution must be exercised when attempting to interpret the impedance quantities in terms of cell and tissue permeability.