Iron Exchange Research Articles

Analysis of catalytic sites in FeY zeolite prepared by sono-assisted exchange of iron (II) ions

In the refining industry, Y-type faujasite (FAU) plays an irreplaceable role, being widely used to convert crude oil into more valuable products such as gasoline. However, the demand for fuels and chemicals stimulates the search for alternatives, showing the applications of FAU beyond producing value-added chemicals from petroleum-based derivatives. These alternative applications are further enhanced from active sites that emerge in zeolites when iron is incorporated by a sonochemical treatment. Given that ultrasonic irradiation promotes mass transfer, uniform coverage of active sites is expected to produce more efficient catalysts. Likewise, Fe-zeolites catalyze a wide range of reactions in mild conditions, linked to the research of bio-refinery, biomimicry and environmental remediation. This work explores the potential of a Fe-Y zeolite prepared by a sono-assisted ion exchange method in different applications: biomass conversion (lactose hydrolysis), enzyme mimetic materials (partial oxidation of benzene to phenol) and transformation of renewable energy (photodegradation of nitrobenzene and rhodamine B). The modification of FAU was performed at different sonication times 5, 15, 30 and 120 min and characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms, magnetic and non-magnetic thermogravimetric analysis (MTGA and TGA), zeta potential (ζ), Fourier-transformed Infrared (ATR-FTIR), and ultraviolet–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV–Vis DRS). Finding that the modification of zeolite Y with Fe species enhances its activity for the tested applications, owing their catalytic activity primarily to α-Fe (II) sites. Presenting the sono-assisted ion exchange method as an alternative for introducing Fe species and enhancing the catalytic activity of zeolites.

Impact of SGLT2 inhibitors on erythropoiesis and iron exchange in patients with diabetes mellitus and chronic heart failure

Impact of SGLT2 inhibitors on erythropoiesis and iron exchange in patients with diabetes mellitus and chronic heart failure

A performance comparison of photo-fenton decolorization of methylene blue by using bentonite/iron composites prepared by liquid phase and solid phase ion exchange method

Nowadays, there is a wide range of pollutants present, which requires the treatment of wastewater. The photo-Fenton method has been recognized as valuable in this area. In this study, iron/bentonite composites were created using both liquid phase and solid phase iron exchange techniques, and they were utilized as a photocatalyst for the degradation of methylene blue through photo-Fenton process. Various factors affecting the photocatalytic decolorization were investigated, including the initial concentration of the dye, weight of the catalyst, pH of the solution, and concentration of hydrogen peroxide. The decolorization efficiency of the iron/bentonite composites prepared using the solid phase and liquid phase ion exchange approaches was found to be 99% and 95%, respectively. Based on the data, it can be concluded that the performance of both catalysts was almost equally influenced by the initial dye concentration, catalyst weight, solution pH, and hydrogen peroxide concentration. Moreover, the solid phase ion exchange method demonstrated greater reusability compared to the liquid phase ion exchange method. Consequently, it can be stated that the solid phase ion exchange approach is a suitable and straightforward alternative to the conventional liquid phase ion exchange method for producing a photo-Fenton catalyst.

Unraveling the Mechanism of Self-Repair of NiFe-Based Electrocatalysts by Dynamic Exchange of Iron during the Oxygen Evolution Reaction

Unraveling the Mechanism of Self-Repair of NiFe-Based Electrocatalysts by Dynamic Exchange of Iron during the Oxygen Evolution Reaction

Anemia of pregnancy and helicobacteriosis: features of the clinical and laboratory course

A clinical case of the course of pregnancy by trimesters of gestation, childbirth, postpartum (early, late) in a woman with anemia and helicobacteriosis is described. The materials of the medical documentation were analyzed, the peculiarities of the course of pregnancy, childbirth, the postpartum period, laboratory indicators, echography, fibrogastroduodenoscopy were determined.A 32-year-old pregnant woman was hospitalized at 33–34 weeks’ gestation, IV pregnancy. According to the clinical and laboratory examination, B12-folate-iron-deficiency anemia was diagnosed against the background of Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection (titers of total IgG, IgA, IgM antibodies to Hp antigens (coefficient of positivity) were 7.65). The patient received anti-anemic, nutrient therapy before and after childbirth. Childbirth was termed and physiological. The child was born with a body weight of 3000 g and an Apgar score of 8 points.The woman was examined again 2 months after labor. Anemia of II degree was diagnosed, the Hp coefficient of positivity was increased up to 14.57. It was prescribed anti-anemic therapy aimed at eradicating Hp in accordance with the Maastricht V Consensus (2015) and stabilizing metabolic processes. Two months after treatment, the Hp coefficient of positivity decreased by 2.3 times and the levels of hemoglobin, ferritin, vitamin B12, and folic acid increased to reference values.Conclusions. It is advisable to determine the total titers of IgG, IgA, IgM antibodies to Hp antigens (coefficient of positivity) as the etiological factors of anemia in pregnant women, especially with diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, hepatobiliary system and resistance to anti-anemic therapy. Helicobacteriosis affects the exchange of iron and vitamins of group B, while anemia occurs with more severe manifestations and is resistant to anti-anemic drugs.Full treatment of pregnant women with helicobacteriosis is difficult due to the possible risk of negative effects of etiotropic drugs on the fetus. Therefore, it is important to plan a pregnancy, since timely detection of infectious factors before pregnancy and full-fledged therapy help to reduce the frequency of gestational complications.

Interaction behaviors of sulfamethoxazole and microplastics in marine condition: Focusing on the synergistic effects of salinity and temperature

Microplastics and antibiotics are two common pollutants in the ocean. However, due to changes of salinity and temperature in the ocean, their interaction are significantly different from that of fresh water, and the mechanism remains unclear. Here, the interactions of sulfamethoxazole (SMZ) and microplastics were studied at different temperatures and salinities. The saturation adsorption capacity of SMZ in polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), styrene (PS), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and synthetic resins (ABS) were highest at the temperature of 20 °C, with 0.118 ± 0.002 mg·g−1, 0.106 ± 0.004 mg·g−1, 0.083 ± 0.002 mg·g−1, 0.062 ± 0.007 mg·g−1 and 0.056 ± 0.003 mg·g−1, respectively. The effect of temperature reduction is more significant than temperature rise. The intraparticle diffusion model is appropriate to PP, when film diffusion model suited for PS. The salinity has a more significant effect than temperature on different microplastics, due to the electrostatic adsorption and iron exchange. With the increase in salinity from 0.05% to 3.5%, the adsorption capacity of microplastics on SMZ fell by 53.3 ± 5%, and there was no discernible difference of various microplastics. The hydrogen bond and π-π conjugation of microplastics play an important role in the adsorption of SMZ. These findings further deepen the understanding of the interaction between microplastics and antibiotics in the marine environment.

Crystal Structure and XPS Study of Titanium-Substituted M-Type Hexaferrite BaFe12−xTixO19

The M-type barium hexaferrite substituted with titanium, BaFe12−xTixO19, was synthesized from sodium carbonate flux and the obtained single crystals with a maximum degree of substitution of up to about x = 0.9 were characterized. XPS measurements were carried out for the identification of side products and in particular in order to assign the valence states of the transition-metal constituents. Due to the aliovalent exchange of iron(III) with titanium(IV), an additional charge balance needs to occur. No titanium(III) was detected, while the amount of iron(II) increased in the same order of magnitude as the amount of titanium(IV); thus, the major charge balancing is attributed to the reduction of iron(III) to iron(II). According to the XPS data, the amount of titanium(IV) typically is slightly higher than that of iron(II). This is in line with a tendency to a minor formation of vacancies on the transition-metal sites becoming more important at higher substitution levels according to PXRD and WDS measurements, completing the picture of the charge-balance mechanism. XRD taken on single crystals indicates the distribution of titanium and vacancies over three of the five transition-metal sites.

Equilibrium and kinetic studies on adsorption of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solutions using solid-state iron exchange bentonite

Equilibrium and kinetic studies on adsorption of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solutions using solid-state iron exchange bentonite

Iron Transport across Brain Barriers: Model and Numerical Parameter Estimation

Iron is an essential element for brain metabolism. However, its imbalance and accumulation are implicated in the processes featuring neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The brain barrier’s system maintains the sensitive homeostasis of iron in the brain. However, the impairment of the mechanisms of iron passage across the brain barrier is not clearly established. A mathematical model is proposed to macroscopically describe the iron exchange between blood and cerebral compartments. Numerical simulations are performed to reproduce biological values of iron levels in physiological and pathological conditions. Moreover, given different scenarios (neurological control and AD patients), a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is applied to estimate the parameters. This reverse work could be important to allow the understanding of the patient’s scenario. The presented mathematical model can therefore guide new experiments, highlighting further dysregulated mechanisms involved in neurodegeneration as well as the novel disease-modifying therapies counteracting the progression of neurodegenerative diseases.

Parameters of Iron Metabolism in Patients with Iron Deficiency Anemia and Erosive Lesions of the Gastroduodenal Zone

The most common disease in the world is erosive-ulcerative lesions of the gastroduodenal zone (EULGZ). These are chronic polyetiological, recurrent diseases with disruption of the neuro-endocrine and humoral mechanisms that regulate the secretory-trophic process in the gastroduodenal zone with the development of ulcers. In this disease, ulcers have different localization and clinical course, significantly reduce the quality of life, affect work capacity and personal life. Lack of timely diagnosis and treatment can have adverse consequences. The objective: to analyse the characteristics of clinical and metabolic disorders in iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and its combination with EULGZ in order to develop the methods for assessing the disease severity, optimizing diagnostics and treatment tactics. Materials and methods. The observation group included 26 patients (15 men and 11 women) with iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) on background of EULGZ with localization of ulcerative defects of the mucous membrane in the stomach or duodenal bulb. The diagnosis of IDA was verified on the basis of changes in the basic characteristics of clinical manifestations (signs of anemic hypoxia and sideropenic syndrome), specific changes in peripheral blood and indicators of iron metabolism. Patients with IDA and EULGZ, were examined by endoscopic methods, underwent ultrasound and, if necessary, radiological examination. The control group included 35 primary donors (16 women and 19 men), who underwent two laboratory tests for hepatitis B and C, as well as HIV infection/AIDS. All examined donors underwent a comprehensive examination of peripheral blood and determined biochemical indicators. The indicators of iron metabolism were determined in all participants: iron content in the blood serum (IS), total iron-binding capacity of the blood serum (TIBS). The index of unsaturated iron-binding capacity of blood serum was calculated as the difference between TIBS and IS. The coefficient of transferrin saturation with iron was determined as the ratio of the content of IS to TIBS. The content of transferrin was determined according to the TIBS indicator, ferritin – by the radiometric method. Results. Peripheral blood indicators in primary donors and morphometric changes in peripheral blood in patients with IDA were analyzed. The results of investigations of the indicators of iron exchange in blood serum are presented: iron concentration, total iron-binding capacity of serum and the degree of saturation of serum with iron. It was found that male donors have significantly higher levels of iron and ferritin in blood serum compared to female donors. The dynamic of changes in peripheral blood parameters in patients with IDA caused by long-term blood loss due to EULGZ during the treatment process is shown. Treatment of the EULGZ led to the significant changes of such indicators as the number of erythrocytes, hemoglobin concentration, erythrocyte indices towards normalization. The normalization of the reticulocyte count was observed on the 90th day of treatment. The detected changes in the number of platelets in patients with IDA due to EULGZ were observed in the absence of active bleeding from the digestive tract. Conclusions. As a result of the progression of IDA due to the erosive-ulcerative lesions of the gastroduodenal zone, the imbalance of iron metabolism deepens, serious disorders of iron metabolism develop, especially in the content of plasma ferritin. Patients with IDA caused by long-term blood loss as a result of EULGZ, should be prescribed a drug for oral use containing ferrous sulfate with a mucosa-protective effect at a dose of 2 mg/kg per day, followed by a decreased dose after normalization of the serum ferritin level.

Ferritin concentrations in low-birth babies in South-west Nigeria

Background: In the absence of acute phase reaction, ferritin concentration has been used as a standard measurement of iron stores. Low birth weight babies are at risk of developing iron lack because ferritin concentration at birth is influenced by duration of gestation, maternal iron status and conditions altering maternal–foetal iron exchange.
 Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the ferritin concentrations of low birth weight babies in comparison with that of normal birth weight babies.
 Materials and methods: Fortyfour normal birth weight (NBW) babies and 40 low birth weight (LBW) babies were recruited for the study. About 1.0ml of venous blood was drawn aseptically from each subject into a micro EDTA tube, centrifuged at 5000rpm for 5 minutes, the plasma separated into cryotubes and stored at-20oC until ready for quantitative determination of ferritin concentrations using direct immunoenzymatic colorimetric method. Data obtained was analysed statistically using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS, version 23, Chicago, IL, USA). 
 Results: Gestational age correlated positively with ferritin concentrations in LBW neonates (p<0.05) while APGAR score correlated positively with ferritin concentrations in normal birth weight babies (r=0.398; p<0.05). Though not statistically significant (p=0.214), median values for ferritin concentrations were 188.5μg/dl and 373μg/dl for LBW and NBW neonates respectively.
 Conclusion: Gestational age correlated positively with ferritin concentrations in LBW neonates.

Relativistic topological and spectral characteristics of zeolite SAS structures

Zeolite SAS is a novel microporous zeotype material known as magnesioaluminophosphate with small pores and large cavities. The framework morphology of SAS is an excellent choice for isomorphic substitution to incorporate various types of metal ions into its pores, offering it distinct acidic and redox characteristics. Zeolite SAS type materials are receiving significant attention due to diverse applications in catalysis, iron exchange, environmental remediation and gas separation. A recent study shows that the SAS type materials remove, reduce or retard the adsorption of toxins, especially in water. In order to explore the structural characteristics of zeolite SAS and enhance its possible applications in QSPR and QSAR investigations, we employ graph theoretical techniques to derive the exact analytical formula of Wiener, Szeged, Mostar and degree type topological indices, which contain various information on molecules that can be useful in describing the physicochemical and biological properties of the materials. Furthermore we obtain the vertex partitions and spectral characteristics which in turn can aid in the interpretation of ESR and NMR spectral features as well as in relative comparisons of structures and their stabilities.

An Iron Refractory Phenotype in Obese Adipose Tissue Macrophages Leads to Adipocyte Iron Overload.

Adipocyte iron overload is a maladaptation associated with obesity and insulin resistance. The objective of the current study was to determine whether and how adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) regulate adipocyte iron concentrations and whether this is impacted by obesity. Using bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) polarized to M0, M1, M2, or metabolically activated (MMe) phenotypes, we showed that MMe BMDMs and ATMs from obese mice have reduced expression of several iron-related proteins. Furthermore, the bioenergetic response to iron in obese ATMs was hampered. ATMs from iron-injected lean mice increased their glycolytic and respiratory capacities, thus maintaining metabolic flexibility, while ATMs from obese mice did not. Using an isotope-based system, we found that iron exchange between BMDMs and adipocytes was regulated by macrophage phenotype. At the end of the co-culture, MMe macrophages transferred and received more iron from adipocytes than M0, M1, and M2 macrophages. This culminated in a decrease in total iron in MMe macrophages and an increase in total iron in adipocytes compared with M2 macrophages. Taken together, in the MMe condition, the redistribution of iron is biased toward macrophage iron deficiency and simultaneous adipocyte iron overload. These data suggest that obesity changes the communication of iron between adipocytes and macrophages and that rectifying this iron communication channel may be a novel therapeutic target to alleviate insulin resistance.

Detection of porphyrins in vertebrate fossils from the Messel and implications for organic preservation in the fossil record

Organic molecules preserved in fossils provide a wealth of new information about ancient life. The discovery of almost unaltered complex organic molecules in well-preserved fossils raise the question of how common such occurrences are in the fossil record, how to differentiate between endogenous and exogenous sources for the organic matter and what promotes such preservation. The aim of this study was the in-situ analysis of a well-preserved vertebrate fossil from 48 Ma Eocene sediments in the Messel pit, Germany for preservation of complex biomolecules. The fossil was characterized using a variety of techniques including time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX), x-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy. A suite of organic molecules was detected, including porphyrins, which given the context of the detected signal are most probably diagenetically altered heme originating from the fossil though a microbial contribution cannot be completely ruled out. Diagenetic changes to the porphyrin structure were observed that included the exchange of the central iron by nickel. Further analyses on the geochemistry of the fossil and surrounding sediments showed presence of pyrite and aluminosilicates, most likely clay. In addition, a carbonate and calcium phosphate dominated crust has formed around the fossil. This suggests that several different processes are involved in the preservation of the fossil and the organic molecules associated with it. Similar processes seem to have also been involved in preservation of heme in fossils from other localities.

Role of the processes of angiogenesis, proteolysis, iron transport and changes of morpho- functional status of immunocompetent cells in the pathogenesis of infiltrative endometriosis

The paper reports of the activation of the callikrein - kinine system, increased levels of vascular-endothelial growth factor, disturbances in the system of transport and exchange of iron and specific changes of morpho-functional status of immune- competent cells in peritoneal fluid in cases of infiltrative endometriosis, possibly responsible for aggressive course of this severe form of the disease and resistance to treatment.

Features of pathogeny of anaemia of pregnant with violations in a pubertal period

The objective: study of role of whey ferritin in pathogeny of anaemic syndrome for expectant mothers with violations in a pubertal period. Materials and methods. For the decision of the put purpose in research were included 335 pregnant. All patients parted on two categories: a basic group is 275 women which suffered an anaemic syndrome in I, II and the III trimesters of pregnancy. They were up-diffused on a І group – 185 women, sufferings iron-scarce anaemia in I, II and the III trimesters pregnancies at which the sharp are not fixed or chronic infectious-inflammatory diseases, both to and in the period of the real pregnancy. Anaemia for such women we de bene esse designated as actual iron-scarce anaemia and group II – 90 women with anaemia in the III trimester of pregnancy which developed on a background sharp or chronic infectious-inflammatory pathology. Anaemic syndrome for such patients we de bene esse designated as anaemia of inflammatory diseases. A control group was made by 60 women with the physiology flow of pregnancy and normal indexes of conntrration haemoglobin, numbers of red corpuscles in peripheral blood and exchange of iron, at which chronic infectious and autoimmune diseases are not fixed in anamnesis. Results. Concentration of haemoglobin in the I trimester for patients with actual iron deficient anaemia which developed in the III trimester, there was authentically higher, than for the patients of control group: 119,8±1,9 g/l against 118,8±2,7 g/l accordingly. Opposite, the concentration of whey ferritin in a control group in all trimesters appeared for certain higher, than for pregnant with anaemia in the different terms of gestation. It confirms that at prognostication of risk of development of anaemia more correct is oriented not on the initial level of haemoglobin, but on the concentration of whey ferritin. The coefficient of linear correlation of the investigated indexes makes in the I trimester of pregnancy +0,63, in the II trimester +0,79, and in trimester +0,77. Essence of logarithmic dependence consists in that at the higher values of whey ferritin haemoglobin goes down not so substantially, as it is marked at the low levels of whey ferritin. Conclusion. The results of the conducted researches testify to the substantial role of whey ferritin in pathogeny of anaemic syndrome for expectant mothers in all trimesters of gestation. The set features of pathogeny of anaemic syndrome must be taken into account at development of complex of diagnostic and treatment-and-prophylactic measures.

Metal Exchange of ZIF-8 and ZIF-67 Nanoparticles with Fe(II) for Enhanced Photocatalytic Performance.

Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs), such as ZIF-8 and ZIF-67, were found to be efficient catalysts. However, ZIFs are not used much in photocatalysis due to their low photocatalytic activity for most reactions. The photocatalytic activity can be improved by modifying the framework by exchanging the Zn(II) ions (ZIF-8) and Co(II) ions (ZIF-67) with a more photocatalytically active metal(II) ion to form an efficient bimetallic ZIF photocatalyst. Redox-active iron (Fe)-based materials are known to be highly potent photocatalysts. Thus, incorporating iron into ZIFs could significantly enhance their photocatalytic performance. In this study, we modified nanosized ZIF-8(Zn) and ZIF-67(Co) via metal (Fe2+) exchange to produce bimetallic frameworks that are photocatalytically more active than their parent ZIFs. Nanosized ZIF-8 and ZIF-67 were synthesized isothermally in either water or methanol under ambient conditions. From these, Fe-containing bimetallic ZIF-8 and ZIF-67 nanoparticles were synthesized via the metal exchange, and their performance on the photocatalytic degradation of dye was evaluated. The morphology and crystal structures of the pristine ZIF-8 and ZIF-67 nanoparticles were retained to a large extent during the iron exchange. Their Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface areas decreased by less than 15% for nZIF-8 and less than 12% for nZIF-67. The binding energy values on X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed the preservation of the oxidation state of Fe(II) during the exchange process. A remarkably higher catalytic activity was observed for the photocatalytic degradation of dye by the Fe-exchanged nZIF-8 and nZIF-67 compared to their parent ZIFs. This proved that the incorporation of Fe(II) centers into the ZIF framework enhanced the photocatalytic activity of the framework dramatically. In addition, these catalysts can be regenerated and reused without an appreciable loss in activity.

Adsorptive removal of fluoride from water by chemically modified coal fly ash: Synthesis, characterization, kinetics, and mechanisms

Raw fly ash (RFA) was modified using NaOH and FeCl3 (NaOH/Fe-MFA) to enhance the adsorptive properties for removal of fluoride from water. SEM-EDX, XRD and FTIR, point for zero charge (PZC), specific surface area, and particle size were considered to contrast adsorbent properties of RFA and NaOH/Fe-MFA. The impact of operating variables such that initial solution pH, contact time, adsorbent dosage over fluoride adsorption were evaluated using synthetic water samples. Isotherm and kinetics studies were performed for NaOH/Fe-MFA. Adsorption experiments showed a higher adsorption capacity for NaOH/Fe-MFA over RFA. After 2 h reaction, maximum fluoride removal of 92% was observed with 2 g L−1 of NaOH/Fe-MFA at pH 2. At pH 7, under similar conditions, 34% of removal was observed. Fluoride adsorption from NaOH/Fe-MFA was followed Langmuir isotherm, and monolayer fluoride adsorption on homogeneous NaOH/Fe-MFA was confirmed with a considerably high capacity of 18.6 mg g−1. Chemisorption adsorption was revealed from well-fitted kinetics data with pseudo-second-order model. Dominant mechanism for fluoride adsorption from NaOH/Fe-MFA was identified as iron exchange with surface OH−, which bonds to Fe3+ ions.

A composite amendment benefits rice (Oryza sativa L.) safety and production in cadmium-contaminated soils by unique characteristics after oxidation modification

In-situ immobilization is an effective strategy for Cd remediation and food safety, while some modifications are necessary to improve immobilization efficiency. In this study, a composite amendment (RFW) derived from rice straw biochar (RSB), fly ash (FA), and white marble (WM) was modified by oxidization (RFW-O) and pyrolysis (RFW-P). The RFW-O showed stronger Cd2+ sorption ability than RFW and RFW-P due to larger BET surface area and more oxygen containing-functional groups. Complexation and iron exchange were the two main processes of Cd2+ sorption on RFW-O. As a result, the application of RFW-O significantly reduced Cd availability in soils by 10.11–26.24% along with increased soil pH. It was found to be optimal to apply the RFW-O at a dosage of 2.5 wt% for 15 days before transplantation. After RFW-O application, Cd concentrations in brown rice decreased by 40.49% and 41.59% for pot and field experiment, respectively, and were less than 0.2 mg kg−1. The catalase, dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase activities in soils increased significantly. Moreover, RFW-O showed no significant effect on rice yield and quality. The RFW-O is thereby considered to be an ideal amendment for in-situ immobilization of Cd-contaminated soils for rice safety and production in practice.

Медикаментозне обмеження доступності іонів заліза для патогенних бактерій (частина 2)

Існуючі ефективні методи лікування, розроблені для здійснення контролю над рівнем забезпечення бактерії залізом, засновані на застосуванні препаратів, які зв’язують іони заліза, пригнічують механізми синтезу сидерофорів; заміщають тривалентне залізо тривалентним галієм, доставляючи в бактерію антимікробні засоби або галій. Однак сучасний стан питання не вичерпав потенціал існуючих методів терапії і ще не використовуються всі можливі механізми контролю над бактеріальним обміном заліза. Зокрема, практично не вивчені штамоспецифічні механізми пригнічення процесу поглинання навантажених залізом сидерофорів і способи виділення іонів заліза з бактерій. Також дослідження функціонування системи ліпокаліну дозволять використовувати даний еволюційний шлях захисту від інфекційних агентів у медичній практиці. Медикаментозний контроль над забезпеченням патогенних бактерій залізом з огляду на високий ступінь залежності життєдіяльності мікроорганізмів і рівня бактеріальної вірулентності від доступності пулу заліза відкриває широку перспективу для майбутніх наукових досліджень, які, безсумнівно, приведуть до розробки нових терапевтичних підходів у лікуванні інфекційних захворювань.