Soil Exchange Capacity Research Articles

Effects of pH and ionic strength on the cation exchange capacity of soils with variable charge

The cation exchange capacity of six surface soils from north Queensland and Hawaii has been measured over a range of pH values (4-6) and ionic strength values (0.003-0.05). The results show that for variable charge soils, modest changes in electrolyte ionic strength are as important in their effect on caton exchange capacity as are changes in pH values.

Residual Effects of Dairy Cattle Manure on Plant Growth and Soil Properties1

AbstractLand spreading of dairy manure is effective both in disposing of waste and in utilizing plant nutrients in the manure. This study was conducted to determine the residual effect of manure after three annual applications at rates of 0, 22.5, 45, 90, 180, and 270 metric tons/ha were each incorporated into two soils. Plots were double‐cropped each of those 3 years with pearl millet [Pennisetum americanum (L.) K. Schum ‘Gahi I’] and rye (Secale cereale L. ‘Wren's Abruzzi’). During the residual phase of the experiment, plots were double‐cropped with rye and corn (Zea mays L. ‘Funks 5757’) for a period of 4 years. Residue from high application rates of dairy cattle manure increased yields of corn on both Dothan loamy sand (Plinthic Paleudults) and Lucedale sandy loam (Rhodic Paleudults) for 4 years after the manure was applied. On the Dothan soil high rates of manure adversely affected rye growth. Most years, the residue increased N uptake in both crops on both soils. The high rates of manure increased pH to a depth of over 100 cm on the Dothan soil. Potassium accumulated in the subsoil to the 100‐cm depth. Phosphorus was increased to the 60 to 75‐cm soil depth. Magnesium also moved into the subsoil, but there was little movement of Ca below the surface 30 cm. The effect on pH, K, P, and Mg movement was much smaller on the Lucedale soil than on the coarser‐textured Dothan soil.The high rates of manure increased soil pH and soil contents of K, Mg, and P and increased the cation exchange capacity of soils. These factors contribute toward higher crop yields on manure‐treated plots. Response to dairy manure may be measured for 4 years or more after high rates of manure applications have been stopped.

Effect of soil Amendments on the Chemical Properties of Vertisol and Yield of Finger Millet* (Eleusine coracana Gaertn.)

A field experiment conducted to evaluate the effect of soil amendments on the chemical properties of vertisol revealed that application of organics viz., poultry manure, farm yard manure and inorganics like furance slag and lime sludge improved the organic carbon, available nitrogen and phosphorus status. The total cation exchange capacity of soil was positively correlated with organic carbon content. The exchangeable calcium and magnesium status were improved by time sludge and magnesite treatments, respectively. Application of poultry manure, farm yard manure and lime sludge significantly improved the yield of finger millet (CO 10). Organic amendments were superior to inorganics in improving the chemical properties of soil and yield of finger millet.

A proposed method for the measurement of exchange properties of highly weathered soils

The 'compulsive exchange' method of Bascomb has been modified to allow the determination of cation exchange capacity and anion exchange capacity of soils containing significant quantities of constant potential surfaces. The soil is equilibrated with unbuffered barium chloride solution at an ionic strength approximating that of the soil solution, so that the conditions under which determinations are made are similar to those found in the field. Barium on the exchange complex is then replaced by magnesium when the latter is added as magnesium sulfate, and this is accomplished without altering the solution ionic strength. If desired, exchangeable basic cations can be determined as an additional step in the procedure. Results obtained by the proposed method are compared with other commonly used procedures for determining cation exchange capacity and exchangeable basic cations.

Determination of cation exchange capacity of soils using ammonia and chloride electrodes

Abstract Ammonia and chloride electrodes were used to measure cation exchange capacity (C.E.C.) on a selection of Victorian soils. The C.E.C. values obtained using these electrodes correlated closely with the values obtained using established titrimetric procedures. The electrode method is preferred for subsequent soil studies because it is rapid, simple and less expensive, whereas titrimetric analyses require separate determination of ammonia and chloride ion which involve preparation of numerous reagents and standards.

The measurement of cation exchange capacity of soils

AbstractThe implications of the different methods available for measuring the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of soils are examined in the light of cation exchange mechanisms, and the issues involved in selecting a suitable method are discussed.

放射性核種の土壌と水との間の分配係数値

Distribution coefficients between sample soil and water were determined for 17 soil samples and 9 radionuclides by batch and/or column method. Those experimental data were analyzed on some environmental factors, such as macro ionic component in liquid phase, percolation rate of water through soil column, saturation degree of the soil pore with water, cation exchange capacity of soil and so on, which might have large influence on a variation of kd. Some instructive results were obtained such as: (1) Relative magnitude of kd for 90Sr, 137Cs and 60Co does not depend on the sample soil. kdos is the largest among 3 nuclides and is followed by kdco. kdSr is the smallest. (2) kd for calcium rich soil might be estimated mainly based on Ca+Mg concentration in water phase, and kd for calcium poor soil based on pH in water phase. (3) Positive correlation is observed between kd of 90Sr and cation exchange capacity of soil. (4) kd for unsaturated soil with water are observed to be larger than kd determined for saturated soil with water. (5) 90Y, 110mAg and 59Fe among 9 nuclides used in this work might be stable in non-ionic form in water.

The determination of ammonium and chloride by an auto‐analyser for the measurement of cation exchange capacity of soils

Abstract An auto‐analyser method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of NH4 + and Cl‐ in Ca(NO3)2/KNO3 extracts of NH4Cl treated soils for cation exchange capacity measurements. The method gives satisfactory agreement with manual titration procedures.

Contribution of organic matter and clay to the cation exchange capacity of soils in the savanna zone of Nigeria

Abstract The cation exchange capacities (CEC) of surface and subsurface soils of Afaka, Mokwa, Nimbia and Sanga River forest reserves in the savanna region of Nigeria were determined. The CEC was statistically partioned into organic matter and clay components using linear multiple regression analysis. Standard partial regression coefficients indicate that the cation exchange properties of the surface soils were mostly associated with organic matter. Between 50 and 83 per cent of the variation in the CEC values could be attributed to organic matter content. The exchange capacities of organic matter in the four reserves were calculated to be in the range 282 to 322 me/100g while those of clay were 7 to 18 me/100g. Except in Nimbia forest reserve, the contribution of clay to the CEC of surface soils was nonsignificant. In the subsoils both organic matter and clay made significant contributions to the CEC. Multiple correlation coefficients (R) of organic matter and clay with CEC in the subsoils were? 0.86, 0....

DISPLACEMENT OF AMMONIUM IONS FOR CATION EXCHANGE CAPACITY MEASUREMENTS

SummaryThe best reagent for displacing adsorbed NH, for the measurement of cation exchange capacity of soils is a mixed ZN nitrate solution of potassium and calcium. The equivalent ratio of K to Ca should be in the range from 1 to 3. This mixture is better than simple solutions of Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba nitrates and mixtures of KNO3 with any one or two of these other nitrates.

Exchange Adsorption of Trace Quantities of Cadmium in Soils Treated with Chlorides of Aluminum, Calcium and Sodium

AbstractThe exchange adsorption of Cd has been studied in Cecil sandy loam (clay fraction 45% kaolinite and 25% vermiculite), Winsum clay loam (clay fraction 80% illite), and Yolo silt loam (clay fraction 47% montmorillonite and 22% mica). Experimental variables were the major cations Al3+, Ca2+, and Na+, salt (chloride) levels (from 5 to 50 meq/liter), and the initial concentration of CdCl2 (from 22 to 170 µeq/liter). The exchange of Cd2+ in Al3+‐ and Ca2+‐treated soils was normal in that the adsorption was greater in the presence of Ca2+ than of Al3+, and decreased with increasing concentration of AlCl3 or CaCl2. In the Na+‐treated, alkalized soils, Cd2+ did not precipitate. The exchange was unusual because the adsorption of Cd2+ decreased as NaCl concentrations decreased. The same behavior was shown by 109Cd2+. At NaCl concentrations decreasing below 30 meq/liter, the adsorption of Ca2+ by Na+‐treated soils also decreased, as did the adsorption of Na+. The result was attributed to decreasing soil exchange capacity with decreasing NaCl concentration due to increased adsorption of products derived from alkaline corrosion of the soil matrix.

Toxic Metals in Acid Soil: II. Estimation of Plant‐Available Manganese

AbstractManganese in 40 acid surface soils was measured by eight methods and statistically compared with the concentrations of Mn in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), turnip rape (Brassica campestris L.), and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) grown on the soils in a greenhouse study. Of the eight methods, a 16‐hr extraction with 0.01M CaCl2 gave by far the best estimate of plant‐available Mn, the correlation coefficients being 0.76, 0.73, and 0.86 between Mn extracted from the soil and the concentrations of Mn in barley, rape, and alfalfa, respectively. Another form of soluble Mn, that extracted by 0.1N HOAc, gave the next best estimate of plant‐available Mn. The other five extraction methods, consisting of 0.1N H3PO4 or 0.002N HCl for soluble Mn, 1N KCl or 1N NH4OAc (pH 3) for exchangeable Mn, and 0.2% hydroquinone in 1N NH4OAc (pH 7) for easily reducible Mn, gave fair to poor estimates of available Mn. Total Mn gave a poorer estimate than did any of the methods used for extractable Mn. On arranging the soils in two groups of equal number, having pH ranges of 4.15–5.14 and 5.15–5.63, good measurements of available Mn in both groups were given by only the 0.01M CaCl2 method.Manganese in the three plant species was correlated with soil pH but not with percent base saturation. Besides being related negatively to soil pH, Mn in the plants also was related positively to total soil Mn and negatively to soil exchange capacity as shown by multiple regression analyses.

Capacidade de troca de catíons em solos: estudo comparativo de alguns métodos

É apresentado um estudo comparativo e crítico de alguns métodos de determinação da capacidade de troca de cations em solos. A capacidade de troca de cations foi determinada diretamente, pelo método do acetato de amônio, e indiretamente, somando as bases trocáveis com a acidez extraída dos solos por percolações, respectivamente pelo acetato de cálcio neutro e pelo cloreto de bário tamponado pela trietanolamina a pH 8,2. No método do acetato de cálcio, foram ainda estudadas duas simplificações, utilizando uma técnica de agitação, e outra aplicando um cálculo hiperbólico às duas primeiras percolações. Foram encontradas excelentes correlações entre o método de percolação pelo acetato de cálcio e os demais métodos. Os métodos do acetato de amônio é acetato de cálcio, por agitação deram valores mais baixos. Valores mais elevados foram obtidos com o método do acetato de cálcio, aplicando-se a equação hiperbólica, e para o cloreto de bário tamponado pela trietanolamina.

Contribution of Organic Matter to the Cation Exchange Capacity of Soils

THE cation exchange capacity of soils is due to inorganic constituents such as clay minerals, hydrous oxides, primary and secondary minerals and to organic matter. Estimates of the contribution of organic matter are usually made by determining the cation exchange capacity of soils before and after destruction of organic matter. Using this approach, Gorbunov1 estimated that organic matter accounted for between 30 and 60 per cent of the cation exchange capacity of plough-depth layers of a number of Russian podzol soils.

Determinação da capacidade de troca de cátions, do solo por fotometria de chama

O presente trabalho relata os dados obtidos sobre a determinação da capacidade de troca de cátions do solo, através da determinação do cálcio por fotometria de chama. A amostra de solo (2g) foi prèviamente saturada com íons cálcio, o excesso do reagente foi lavado e o cálcio deslocado do solo, mediante extração com solução normal de acetato de amônio pH 7. A determinação do cálcio, contido no extrato, foi feita mediante o emprêgo do fotômetro de chama Coleman modêlo 21. Os dados obtidos, demonstraram que a técnica adotada, além de sua simplicidade e rapidez, fornece resultados cuja precisão é satisfatória.

A determinação da capacidade de troca de cátions do solo e de argilas por meio da troca isotópica com cálcio radioativo

O presente trabalho descreve a determinação da capacidade de troca de cátions (CTC) do solo e de argilas, através da troca isotópica com cálcio radioativo, 20Ca45. Foi determinada a CTC de oito amostras de solo e de quatro de argilas, tendo sido feitas 5 pesagens de cada amostra de cada um dos materiais, a fim de se avaliar a precisão do método. O cálculo da CTC foi feito mediante a expressão: X = a1/a2 c - c a1 = atividade específica do cálcio da solução de equilíbrio antes de entrar em contato com o solo. a2 = atividade específica do cálcio da solução de equilíbrio após o contato com o solo. c = número de e.mg de cálcio da solução de equilíbrio e calculado para 100g de solo. X = capacidade de troca de cations em e.mg por 100g de solo.

On Cation Exchange Capacity of Soil

On Cation Exchange Capacity of Soil

Dynamic Studies on the Nutrient Uptake by Crop Plant. (Part 25) : The Effect of Cation Exchange Capacity of Soil and Plant Root on the Uptake of Some Cations, Particularly of Magnesium

Dynamic Studies on the Nutrient Uptake by Crop Plant. (Part 25) : The Effect of Cation Exchange Capacity of Soil and Plant Root on the Uptake of Some Cations, Particularly of Magnesium

Observações sôbre métodos de determinação da capacidade de troca de cations do solo

Ao se procurar estudar a capacidade de troca de cations (T) da matéria orgânica do solo, verificou-se que o método mais adequado para êsse estudo era o do acetato de amônio. Para êsse processo procurou-se adaptar a percolação, como é utilizada na Seção de Agrogeologia, verificando-se que o emprêgo da relação 1 (pêso de solo) : 5 (volume de solução de acetato de amónio) é adequada para deslocar as bases e os Hidrogênios substituíveis. Após lavagens do solo com quatro porções de 25 ml de álcool etílico a 95%, o deslocamento do amônio adsorvido é feito com uma solução N em NaCl e 0,005N em HCl, na relação de 1 (pêso de solo) : 5 (volume do extrator). Verificou-se que o manuseio da amostra, quando se empregam os tubos percoladores é pequeno e o inconveniente da lentidão do processo pode ser evitado pelo emprêgo de tubo mais largos. As diferenças entre os resultados obtidos pelo processo do acetato de cálcio + KCl para determinar T-S (donde se obtém T) e os determinados pelo processo do acetato de amônio, são devidas ao maior poder de extração do H+ + Al+++ do primeiro extrator, não existindo relação com a soma das bases, pH e matéria orgânica do solo. Os diferentes processos levam a obter valores crescentes da capacidade de troca de cations na seguinte ordem: processo do acetato e amônio, processo do acetato de cálcio (a partir das titulações), processo do acetato de cálcio (calculando-se pela equação hiperbólica) e processo do acetato de cálcio + KCl.

THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE UPON THE BASE-EXCHANGE CAPACITY OF CLAYS

The purpose of this work was to obtain data that would throw light upon the nature of the changes brought about by heat on the base exchange capacity of soils. The clay fraction of a Crowley silt loam soil was obtained, divided into five equal portions, and each of these portions was saturated with the chlorides of potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium and hydrogen (HCl), respectively. Each of the so saturated portions was subdivided into smaller fractions which were heated at 25°, 50°, 75°, and 100° C. for 0, 5, 12, and 46 days respectively. The amount of the particular replaceable base with which the clay had been saturated and the total exchangeable bases were determined after each thermal treatment. It was found that the amounts of replaceable potassium, calcium, and acid hydrogen decreased with prolonged treatment, whereas that of sodium and magnesium increased. The amount of total exchangeable bases showed an increase in the potassium and acid hydrogen clays, and a decrease in the sodium, calcium, and magnesium clays upon prolonged thermal treatment. The reasons for these markedly different behaviours of clays saturated with different cations are not well understood at present. An interpretation based on ionic radii is proposed.