Excessive Temperature Research Articles

Surface oxygen vacancy regulation and active metal doping for Cu-Al based spinel catalysts synthesis toward high-efficiency reverse water-gas shift reaction

The reverse water-gas shift (RWGS) reaction is of great significance to convert CO2 to valuable feedstocks. Reasonable design and preparation of catalysts is necessary to achieve high CO2 conversion and CO selectivity. In this study, a series of Cu-Al based spinel catalysts were synthesized by coprecipitation-calcination method or A-site doped with active metal (Co, Zn, Mg, and Fe) for the RWGS reaction. The results indicated that the surface oxygen vacancies and crystal structure of CuAl2O4 can be regulated by calcination temperature. Remarkably, the CuAl-800 catalyst exhibits the highest CO2 conversion rate (62.7 %) with 100 % CO selectivity at 500 °C. Excessive calcination temperatures (> 800 °C) resulted in a well-defined spinel structure, but decreased surface oxygen vacancies and CO2 conversion rate. At calcination temperatures < 800 °C, surface oxygen vacancies increased, but the formation of CuO impurities which irreversibly converted to Cu2O during reduction, decreased catalytic activity. Compared with Zn, Mg and Fe, Co doping can significantly improved the reactivity of CuAl2O4 catalyst in RWGS reaction at 500 °C, increasing the CO2 conversion rate by 8 % while maintaining 100 % CO selectivity. The main reason is that Co doping not only effectively improves the integrity and stability of spinel structure of CuAl2O4, but also enhances its ability to dissociate and activate H species through interfacial sites of CuO-OV-CuXCo1-XAl2O4, thus further enhancing its catalytic conversion ability of CO2 to CO. These results enrich the understanding of surface chemistry of CuAl2O4 spinel and lay an important theory foundation for design of spinel-based catalysts for RWGS reaction.

Improving the shelter design process via a shelter assessment matrix

Millions are living in shelters around the world, often for decades. Architects are rarely trained in shelter design and as a result speculative designs are frequently impractical or insensitive to occupants. In addition, aid agency staff can lack engineering or architectural knowledge, so need support during shelter procurement. Evidence gathered by the authors in seven countries over three years revealed poor conditions within many shelters, including condensation, excessive temperatures, lack of privacy and poor air quality, all of which contribute to increased morbidity and mortality. To address this, the paper proposes a design assessment platform, the Shelter Assessment Matrix (SAM), covering 34 issues. SAM also includes guidance documents that allow users to upskill themselves on a range of topics. The tool was tested in three ways: (i) 11 agency staff were asked to assess the same shelter. The mean score was 45.7/100, standard deviation (SD) 2.96. The narrow SD indicated that SAM provided consistent scoring. (ii) 187 previously deployed shelters were evaluated and scored between 27 and 78. This suggests that SAM generates a range of scores, and that shelters could be improved. This evaluation also provides the first contextualised performance analysis of shelters around the world, and a repository for others to judge their designs against. (iii) Use of the platform resulted in considerable measured uplifts in building science and cultural knowledge. SAM has been made freely available online and has been used by agencies to materially improve the design of shelters for thousands of individuals in four countries.

One-step preparation of highly efficient adsorbents: Adsorption study of DMP on porous carbon macrobody based on sodium alginate

Porous carbon is a carbon material with a high surface area and abundant pore structure, holding extensive potential applications in the adsorption field. However, current porous carbon materials are complicated to prepare, and most are in powder form, making them difficult to separate from water after adsorption and prone to secondary pollution. This study uses sodium alginate (SA) as a precursor and K2CO3 one-step method to prepare sodium alginate-based macromaterials that can skillfully solve the above problems and explore its adsorption kinetics and thermodynamic characteristics for dimethyl phthalate (DMP). This study's meticulous control of experimental details enabled the fabrication of macroscopic materials. The appropriate temperature and activator blending ratio are critical to material agglomeration. (At 800 °C in a small ceramic boat, macroscopic material C800–2 was prepared with an activator ratio of K2CO3: sodium alginate at 2:1 and under low acid concentration acid washing (0.2 mol/L HCl)). Excessive pyrolysis temperature can lead to severe chemical bond loss, potentially preventing material agglomeration. Excessive doping of the activator may result in carbon framework collapse. While maintaining the macroscopic structure, C800–2 enhanced a 3.8-fold increase in total pore volume and a 4.6-fold increase in surface area. Moreover, at 313 K, its saturated adsorption of DMP reached an impressive 614.98 mg/g. C800–2 material exhibits excellent interference resistance and regeneration capability. The study achieves one-step fabrication of macroscopic materials while retaining superior adsorption performance, providing fundamental data for material engineering applications.

Flow Distribution in Molten Salt Receiver Panels at High Flux Gradients

This paper presents a simulation study on critical mass flow distributions in receiver panels of commercial-scale molten salt towers (MST). Despite sophisticated aimpoint optimizations, the flux density distribution on an MST receiver in actual operation contains significant vertical and horizontal gradients. This study investigated how the latter affects the mass flow distribution among the parallel absorber tubes in each panel. A parametric study applied a discretized dynamic thermohydraulic model of a commercial scale receiver design, highlighting at which mass flow rates, flux density gradients and mean flux densities the flow distribution can become critical. Excessive temperature developments were observed, suggesting maintaining appropriate minimal mass flow rates to avoid damaging tube walls and the molten salt chemistry.

Effects of Foliar Protector Application and Shading Treatments on the Physiology and Development of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.).

High solar radiation, combined with high temperature, causes losses in plant production. The application of foliar protector in plants is associated with improvements in photosynthesis, reduction in leaf temperature and, consequently, improved productivity. Two experiments were conducted. The first aimed to assess the efficacy of foliar protector versus artificial shading in mitigating the negative impacts of excessive radiation and temperature on the physiology, growth, and yield of common bean plants. The second experiment focused on comparing the timing in cycle plants (phenological phases) of foliar protector application in two different bean cultivars (BRS Fc 104 and BRS MG Realce) under field conditions. Artificial shading provided better results for photosynthesis, transpiration, growth and production compared to the application of foliar protector. In the field conditions experiment, the application timing of the foliar protector at different phenological phases did not increase productivity in the cultivars. The application of foliar protector under the conditions studied was not effective in mitigating the negative impacts of high solar radiation and temperature on common bean cultivation. However, it is opportune to evaluate the application of foliar protector in bean plants grown under conditions with water deficit, high solar radiation and high temperature.

Research on the Design of a MIMO Management System for Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on Radiation–Conductivity–Convection Coupled Thermal Analysis

In this study, the heat transfer model of a radiation–conduction–convection coupled lithium-ion battery pack is established through theoretical analysis. The temperature distribution and flow field distribution inside the battery pack are obtained by simulation using ANSYS Fluent software 2022 R1, and the reasonableness of the simulation model is verified with an experiment. This study also analyzes in detail the improvement effect of adding heat dissipation ribs, applying heat dissipation coatings, and adjusting the fan speed on the heat dissipation performance of the system. Under the same heat sink rib height conditions, the relationship between its thickness and total heat dissipation and thermal efficiency is studied in depth, and the temperature distribution of the cell under different rib thicknesses is obtained. At the same time, the emissivity of the heat sink coating under different coating thicknesses was measured by infrared thermography, and the relevant design values were determined through simulation experiments. Finally, based on the experimental test results of fan performance, a corresponding control strategy is proposed to construct an efficient and high-performance multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) battery thermal management system. The experimental results show that optimizing the structure of the forced air cooling system through the above measures can ensure that the Li-ion battery operates within the efficient operating temperature range, thus extending its cycle life, improving its stability, and reducing the risk of thermal runaway. Meanwhile, the problem of excessive temperature difference between different modules is improved, and the output capacity of the energy storage system is increased.

Revealing the deterioration mechanism in gelling properties of pork myofibrillar protein gel induced by high-temperature treatments: Perspective on the protein aggregation and conformation

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the mechanism of gel deterioration of myofibrillar proteins (MP) gels induced by high-temperature treatments based on the protein aggregation and conformation. The results showed that the gel strength and water holding capacity of MP obviously increased and then decreased as the temperature increased, reaching the maximum value at 80 °C (P < 0.05). The microstructure analysis revealed that appropriate temperature (80 °C) contributed to the formation of a more homogeneous, denser, and smoother three-dimensional mesh structure when compared other treatment temperatures, whereas excessive temperature (95 °C) resulted in the formation of heterogeneous and large protein aggregates of MP, decreasing the continuity of gel networks. This was verified by the rheological properties of MP gels. The particle size (D4,3 and D3,2) of MP obviously increased with larger clusters at excessive temperature, and the surface hydrophobicity of MP decreased (P < 0.05), which has been linked to the formation of soluble or insoluble protein aggregates. Tertiary structure and secondary structure results revealed that the proteins had a tendency to be more stretched under higher temperature treatments, which resulted in a decrease in covalent interactions and non-covalent interactions, fostering the over-aggregation of MP. Therefore, our present study indicated that the degradation of MP gels treated at high temperatures was explained by protein aggregation and conformational changes in MP.

Prediction of surface roughness using different features in vortex cooled turning process of Ti6Al4V alloy

Despite their superior mechanical properties, titanium alloys cause excessive temperatures in turning operations due to their low thermal conductivity. This situation reduces workpiece quality and shortens tool life. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the type of coolant that will provide the desired product quality at the optimum cost. Surface roughness (Ra) is one of the most important indicators of product quality. The goal of this work is to accurately predict the Ra in various cooling conditions prior to turning the Ti6Al4V alloy. Models built using various machine learning algorithms were used to compare the cutting parameters and features taken from sensor signals. While the lowest Ra values were obtained in dry cutting, the highest Ra values were obtained with vortex CO2. The highest performance success was achieved with the XGBoost algorithm. The model created by enhancing the cutting parameters performed better in predictions than the models created using statistical information taken from the sensor signals. The suggested approach eliminates the need for extra sensors and allows for the low computational cost and high success rate estimation of Ra.

Nonlinear free vibration analysis of multi-directional functionally graded porous sandwich plates

Multi-directional functionally graded materials (MFGMs) have attracted significant research attention due to their advantages over one-directional FGMs. In MFGM structures, material properties can be tailored to grade in the required direction, overcoming practical problems like excessive temperature gradients or extreme deflections. This paper aims to investigate the nonlinear free vibration of MFG porous sandwich plates to improve their application in sandwich structures. The two outer layers of the plates are composed of three-directional functionally graded material (3D-FGM), with a bi-directional functionally graded material (2D-FGM) core layer. Additionally, the porosity distribution within the material matrix is assumed to be either even or uneven across the plate thickness. A higher-order finite element model based on Shi's plate theory and the von Kármán assumption is developed. The nonlinear free vibration frequencies are determined through the maximum vibrational amplitude using an iterative algorithm with a displacement control strategy. The accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed model are demonstrated through a comparison with published data. The results show that the vibration response is significantly influenced by various parameters. Specifically, increasing the material gradient indexes in the thickness direction enhances the frequency ratio, while increasing the gradient indexes in the length and width directions reduces it. Higher porosity coefficients in the core layer decrease the frequency ratio, whereas higher pore coefficients in the outer layers increase it. The additional knowledge gained from this study can help with future analysis and design procedures related to the nonlinear responses of these complex structures.

Impact of NaCl perturbation on physicochemical and structural properties of preheat–treated egg white protein modulating foaming property

This study aimed to investigate the mechanism of NaCl perturbed preheat–treated egg white proteins' (EWPs) physicochemical and structural properties to modulate the foaming property (FP). The results revealed that NaCl regulated the salinolysis (5 mM) – salt precipitation (50 mM) – gradual or complete coverage with hydrated Na+ of the hydration layer (100–300 mM) – enhanced Cl− hydration repulsion (500 mM) of EWP, showing a gradual decrease in aggregates particle size, and reversibility of structural freedom, including moleculer flexibility and surface hydrophobicity. Whereas preheating temperature affected the secondary structure rearrangement and tertiary conformation exposure, and excessive temperature reduced foaming capacity while enhanced foam stability, with a tight correlation between NaCl–mediated EWPs’ FP and the extent of Na+ covering the hydration layer. The findings provide a theoretical basis for processing factors to modulate the protein hydration layer to influence the functional properties.

Synergistic enhancement of nitrogenous compounds in bio-oils: Hydrogen peroxide pretreatment and nitrogen-rich pyrolysis

A novel pretreatment method, combining H2O2 and nitrogen-rich pyrolysis for biomass was proposed to address the issue of low nitrogen compounds or levoglucosan content in pyrolysis bio-oil. Bio-oil enriched with high content of levoglucosan and nitrogenous compounds was obtained. In this study, the effects of pretreatment conditions (H2O2 solution concentration, pretreatment time, solution pH) and nitrogen-rich ratio on the pyrolysis characteristics of corn stover were investigated. The difficulty of converting different components into nitrogenous compounds was evaluated for the first time. The results reveal that H2O2 pretreatment effectively removed most lignin and ash, leading to a substantial enrichment of cellulose. Notably, carbohydrate content in bio-oil increased by more than 970 %. However, excessive pyrolysis temperature and pH of H2O2 solution can aggravate the decomposition of carbohydrates. The co-pyrolysis of the pretreated corn stover with urea increased the bio-oil yield (up to 56.32 wt%) and the content of nitrogenous compounds (43.16 wt%). The order of ease in converting certain components into nitrogenous compounds is Ketones > Aldehyde > Furans > Phenols > Esters > Alcohols. This study not only clarified the correlation coupling mechanisms between raw material pretreatment conditions and nitrogen-rich ratio with pyrolysis product characteristics. It can also provide guidance for biorefining. Based on the excellent lignin removal effect of the method proposed in this study, it has broad application prospects in the field of biorefinery of lignocellulosic biomass.

Design of Tool Wear Monitoring System in Bone Material Drilling Process

Biological bone materials, complex and anisotropic, require precise machining in surgeries. Bone drilling, a key technique, is susceptible to increased friction from tool wear, leading to excessive forces and high temperatures that can damage bone and surrounding tissues, affecting recovery. This study develops a monitoring platform to assess tool wear during bone drilling, employing an experimental setup that gathers triaxial force and vibration data. A recognition model using a bidirectional long short-term memory network (BI-LSTM) with a multi-head attention mechanism identified wear levels. This model, termed ABI-LSTM, was optimized and benchmarked against SVR, RNN, and CNN models. The results from implementing the ABI-LSTM-based monitoring system demonstrated its efficacy in detecting tool wear, thereby potentially reducing surgical risks such as osteonecrosis and drill breakage, and enhancing surgical outcomes.

Temperature analysis and prediction for road-rail steel truss cable-stayed bridges based on the structural health monitoring

A growing number of road-rail steel truss bridges have been built worldwide in recent years. Due to the complex cross-sectional structure and increasing span length, these main girders are prone to developing uneven temperature fields and significant local thermal effects, which can lead to excessive temperature stresses and structural damage. An accurate assessment of the temperature distribution in road-rail steel truss girders is critical as it aids in the thermal response analysis of the bridge and the structural safety evaluation. The paper analyses the temperature distribution of the road-rail steel truss girder base on the light conditions and the structure of the main girder. A modified method for calculating the effective temperature (ET) and temperature difference (TD) is also proposed. Comparing with the conventional regional weighted averaging method, the modified method improves the accuracy of ET calculation by 20 %. A prediction method based on the long short-term memory (LSTM) network is proposed, which estimates ET and TD for road-rail steel truss girders based on the environment around the bridge. The deep learning-based method improves accuracy by 40 % compared with the conventional linear regression method for ET prediction. Meanwhile, the proposed method alleviates the current lack of prediction methods for TD of road-rail steel truss girders. A detailed analysis of the temperature of a road-rail steel truss bridge is also presented based on the structural health monitoring (SHM) system. A negative vertical temperature difference was observed in the fringe truss. The maximum transverse temperature difference (TTD) was much greater than the maximum vertical temperature difference (VTD). The above features deserve extra attention from bridge designers.

Moisture distribution change and quality characteristics of ultrasound enhanced heat pump drying on carrot

Abstract The study aims at investigating the impact of ultrasound enhancement on the water change and quality characteristics of dried carrots by heat pump drying (HPD). The results showed that ultrasound had obvious strengthening effect on the drying and dehydration process of HPD, but there was an attenuation effect of ultrasound in the propagation process of materials, and the magnetic resonance imaging results could visually demonstrate the change and migration of moisture inside carrot slices. Higher drying temperature and ultrasonic power could cause more micropores and higher content of polyphenols, flavonoids and niacin of carrot slices. Conversely, the elevated drying temperature reduced rehydration ratio. β-carotene content showed a trend of increasing first and then decreasing due to excessive temperature and ultrasonic power. Based on AHP-CRTITC method, the highest comprehensive score was attained at drying temperature of 60 °C and ultrasonic power of 80 W. Therefore, the reinforcement effect of ultrasound on HPD process could significantly enhance dehydration rate and improve product quality.

Lifetime Prediction of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor in Selective Compliance Assembly Robot Arm Considering Insulation Thermal Aging.

The direct-drive selective compliance assembly robot arm (SCARA) is widely used in high-end manufacturing fields, as it omits the mechanical transmission structures and has the advantages of high positioning accuracy and fast movement speed. However, due to the intensifying dynamic coupling problem of structures in the direct-drive SCARA, the permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) located at the joints will take on nonstationary loads, which causes excessive internal temperature and reduces the lifetime of PMSMs. To address these issues, the lifetime prediction of PMSMs is studied. The kinematic and dynamic models of the SCARA are established to calculate the torque curve required by the PMSM in specific typical motion tasks. Additionally, considering thermal stress as the main factor affecting lifetime, accelerated degradation tests are conducted on insulation material. Then, the reliability function of the PMSM is formulated based on the accelerated degradation model. Based on the parameters and working conditions of the PMSM, the temperature field distribution is obtained through simulation. The maximum temperature is used as the reference temperature to conduct reliability evaluation and lifetime prediction of the PMSM. The research results show that for a typical point-to-point task, the PMSM can run for 102,623 h while achieving the reliability requirement of 0.99.

Enhanced oxidation resistance of HfB2‐SiC‐ZrSi2 coating at 1700°C through low‐loss film‐forming treatment

AbstractTo enhance the oxidation resistance of HfB2‐SiC‐ZrSi2 coating, low‐loss film‐forming treatment (LFT) was employed to generate high‐quality oxygen barrier glass layers, and the modification effect of varying formation temperature on the oxidation resistance was investigated at 1700°C. The results demonstrated that, with LFT at 1500°C, the relatively modest oxidation activity and complete dispersion of metal oxide nanocrystals generated a compact and continuous composite glass layer, which caused a decreased oxidation activity at 1700°C. The excessive formation temperature might result in oxidized and porous coatings, while lower temperatures could lead to poor fluidity of the glass layer, rendering it challenging to achieve compact composite glass layers. The coating sample with LFT at 1500°C exhibited a carbon loss rate of 0.33 × 10−6 g·cm−2·s−1 and an oxygen permeability level of 0.28%, respectively, when oxidized at 1700°C. These results provide fundamental insights into the oxidation resistance mechanisms within the modified HfB2‐SiC‐ZrSi2 coating system.

Near-Infrared Light-Triggered NO Nanogenerator for Gas-Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy and Low-Temperature Photothermal Therapy to Eliminate Biofilms.

Owing to its noninvasive nature, broad-spectrum effectiveness, minimal bacterial resistance, and high efficiency, phototherapy has significant potential for antibiotic-free antibacterial interventions and combating antibacterial biofilms. However, finding effective strategies to mitigate the detrimental effects of excessive temperature and elevated concentrations of reactive oxygen species (ROS) remains a pressing issue that requires immediate attention. In this study, we designed a pH-responsive cationic polymer sodium nitroside dihydrate/branched polyethylenimine-indocyanine green@polyethylene glycol (SNP/PEI-ICG@PEG) nanoplatform using the electrostatic adsorption method and Schiff's base reaction. Relevant testing techniques were applied to characterize and analyze SNP/PEI-ICG@PEG, proving the successful synthesis of the nanomaterials. In vivo and in vitro experiments were performed to evaluate the antimicrobial properties of SNP/PEI-ICG@PEG. The morphology and particle size of SNP/PEI-ICG@PEG were observed via TEM. The zeta potential and UV-visible (UV-vis) results indicated the synthesis of the nanomaterials. The negligible cytotoxicity of up to 1 mg/mL of SNP/PEI-ICG@PEG in the presence or absence of light demonstrated its biosafety. Systematic in vivo and in vitro antimicrobial assays confirmed that SNP/PEI-ICG@PEG had good water solubility and biosafety and could be activated by near-infrared (NIR) light and synergistically treated using four therapeutic modes, photodynamic therapy (PDT), gaseous therapy (GT), mild photothermal therapy (PTT, 46 °C), and cation. Ultimately, the development of Gram-positive (G+) Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Gram-negative (G-) Escherichia coli (E. coli) were both completely killed in the free state, and the biofilm that had formed was eliminated. SNP/PEI-ICG@PEG demonstrated remarkable efficacy in achieving controlled multimodal synergistic antibacterial activity and biofilm infection treatment. The nanoplatform thus holds promise for future clinical applications.

Broadband Transmit/Receive Switch for 3T and 7T Magnetic Resonance Imaging

This article presents a transmit/receive switch that utilizes a broadband microstripline hybrid coupler. The proposed switch is suitable for application in both 3T and 7T magnetic resonance imaging. It operates within three frequency ranges, covering well-known X-atomic nuclei, such as &lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;H, &lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;C, &lt;sup&gt;19&lt;/sup&gt;F, &lt;sup&gt;23&lt;/sup&gt;Na, and &lt;sup&gt;31&lt;/sup&gt;P, at both 3T and 7T magnetic field strengths. For the 7T application, the switch simultaneously covers the corresponding X-atomic nuclei frequencies within two bands. However, for the 3T application, tuning is required to cover the corresponding X-atomic nuclei frequencies, particularly those below 60 MHz. The microstripline trace widths of the proposed switch were designed to prevent excessive temperature increases when exposed to 1 kW power of radio frequency pulses. The characteristics of the switch were obtained using the Momentum tool—an electromagnetic simulator supported by ADS software. The proposed switch was fabricated, with its measurement verification results demonstrating favorable return loss (&gt;10 dB), high isolation (&gt;40 dB), and low insertion loss (&lt;0.8 dB) at all operating frequencies.

Effect of growth temperature on properties of β-Ga2O3 films grown on AlN by low-pressure chemical vapor deposition

In this work, thin films of β-Ga2O3 were prepared on AlN substrates using low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD). The effects of growth temperature on the crystal structure, surface morphology, chemical composition, and photoluminescence properties of the synthesized β-Ga2O3 thin films were then systematically investigated. The results indicated that various films grown at different temperatures in the range of 550–850 °C had a preferred growth orientation in the planar direction (−201). The surface roughness was seen to reduce gradually as the growth temperature was raised. However, excessive temperature (850 °C) led to a reduction in the densification of the prepared films. The surface chemistry of the films was analyzed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and the O/Ga ratio of the optimal film was calculated to be 1.49, which is quite close to the optimal stoichiometric ratio of 1.5. Multiple luminescence bands were obtained in the photoluminescence spectra of the films taken at room temperature, where the blue emission formed the dominant bands. The results of the study suggest that the growth temperature has a significant impact on the film properties and that appropriately increasing the growth temperature leads to substantial improvement in the overall quality of the β-Ga2O3 thin films.

High-Safety Lithium-Ion Battery Separator with Adjustable Temperature Function Inspired by the Sugar Gourd Structure.

As the power core of an electric vehicle, the performance of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is directly related to the vehicle quality and driving range. However, the charge-discharge performance and cycling performance are affected by the temperature. Excessive temperature can cause internal short circuits and even lead to safety issues, such as thermal runaway. The separator plays a crucial role in protecting the battery from regular operation, preventing direct touch between the cathode and the anode while allowing the transport of lithium ions. In this study, we have designed a thermoregulating separator in the shape of calabash, which uses melamine-encapsulated paraffin phase change material (PCM) with a wide enthalpy (0-168.52 J g-1) to dissipate the heat generated inside the battery promptly. Under extra-long-use conditions, the heat emitted by the battery is absorbed by the PCM without causing a significant temperature rise that triggers thermal runaway. The PCM separator can effectively suppress the temperature increase caused by battery penetration. Due to the unique structure of the PCM, the battery is short-circuited; it can significantly delay the internal temperature rise of the battery and quickly dissipate the heat, which is consistent with the characteristics of natural calabash in nutrient absorption and water diffusion, improving the melting and heat storage efficiency of the PCM. The design of the phase change separator provides an effective reference for overheat protection and improved safety in lithium-ion batteries.