Excessive Protein Intake Research Articles

Nutritional management of chronic renal failure.

Patients with renal failure often have wasting syndrome, owing both to poor dietary intake and to the rigors and consequences of the uremic syndrome. Dietary therapy aims to improve nutritional status and also to minimize uremic toxicity and the metabolic imbalances associated with failing kidney function. Excessive protein intake can increase uremic toxicity, but opinion is divided as to when protein intake should be restricted. Restriction rarely is necessary until the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is below 25 ml/min. When the GFR is between 4 and 10 ml/min, a diet containing 35 (for women and very small men) to 40 gm of high-quality protein will maintain good nutrition and relative freedom from symptoms. With a GFR below 4 to 5 ml/min, maintenance dialysis should be instituted or a supplemental diet containing essential amino acids may be used. Most patients should receive calories in the amount of at least 35 kcal/kg of body weight per day. Supplements of folic acid, pyridoxine hydrochloride, ascorbic acid, and the water-soluble vitamins should be given. Sodium and water restriction may be necessary.

AGRO-ENERGY ASSESSMENT OF THE SOWN AGRO-PHYTOCOENOSIS PRODUCTIVITY IN TVER REGION CONDITIONS

The article is devoted to the urgent problem of studying perennial fodder plants that are promising for introduction on the reclaimed lands of the Non-chernozem zone of the Russian Federation. The studies were performed at VNIIMZ - a branch of the FRC V.V. Dokuchaev Soil Science Institute (Tver region). Studies have found that the introduction of new legumes, on the basis of which the animal feeding system is based, provides the maximum amount of nutrients per unit area, the use of innovative technologies for cultivating fodder crops, improving the quality of feed, and optimizing the concentration of energy and protein in them. An analysis of data on perennial herbs studied by the phases of vegetation showed that as the plants develop, both the dry matter and crude fiber content increase from the stem phase to the beginning of flowering by 5.37% and 7.69%, respectively, and the concentration energy decreases from 10.75 to 8.95 MJ per 1 kg of dry matter, or 16.74%. The best period for harvesting herbs for legumes is budding — the beginning of flowering, cereals — going into the tube — the beginning of heading. Early harvesting leads to a large shortfall in the yield of dry mass. An analysis of the digestibility of nutrients of the green mass of crops mowed during the budding-start of flowering phase showed that the organic substance is well digested (up to 70%) and assimilated. It has been established that excessive intake of protein and diaminocarboxylic amino acids in its feed, as well as anti-nutritional substances (antitrypsin) contained in leguminous plants, does not reduce appetite and does not cause poisoning of animals. Animals consumed an average of 2.6 kg of dry matter per 100 kg of live weight. In the daily diet, 1 feed unit was accounted for: with meadow clover 136 g, with eastern goatskin - 176 g, with legume-cereal mixture - 121 g of digestible protein. In clover, meadow fiber accounted for 22.77%, and fat - 2.95%, in eastern goatskin - 22.18% and 3.85%, in legume-cereal mixture - 26.46% and 2.58%, respectively.

'SAFETY VALVE' EFFECT OF EXCESS DIETARY AMINO ACIDS AND PROTEIN ON FOOD INTAKE IN HYPERPHAGIC RATS.

IMBALANCES in amino-acids and excessively high-protein content of the diet (66 per cent or more) depress food intake and retard growth in rats. It has been suggested that resulting metabolic disturbances affected the mechanism of regulation of food intake. The fact that in some instances administration of insulin counteracts the growth-retarding effect of leucine excess was taken as supporting this view1. Going one step further, it has been suggested that blood amino-acid patterns played a crucial part in the mechanism of satiety and the regulation of food intake2,3. The experiments presented here were designed to show whether excess or imbalanced amino-acid and protein intake do, in fact, act on the mechanism regulating food intake or whether they limit food intake by acting through other structures. Inasmuch as it has been shown that the ventromedial hypothalamic area regulates food intake, that is, adjusts food intake to energy output4, apparently by inhibiting constantly activated lateral ‘feeding centres’5 and exercising some measure of control over gastric contractions6, the animals used were ten female albino rats (Charles River strain) the ‘satiety’ centres of which had been destroyed by electrocoagulation of the ventromedial area.

“Cholesterogenic" dietary factors and milk and milk fat yields in dairy cows

The following results have been obtained from a statistical investigation carried out on experimental results from 27 feeding trials in which the effect of cholesterogenic dietary factors, observed in an earlier investigation (5), on the relative levels of milk and milk fat yields are compared. An execessive intake of energy either has no statistically clear effect on the level of yield, or the effect is negative. In this respect the results obtained are uniform with experimental results obtained in Norway and Denmark using other methods (1, 6). In the negative cases the effect appears more clearly in the level of milk and milk fat yields than in the plasma cholesterol content. An excessive intake of protein shows a negative effect only in well-conditioned obese cows. An increase of the proportion of digestible crude fibre in the food ration appears in most cases to have an increasing effect on the milk yield. This effect, however, seems to be slighter than the effect on the blood plasma cholesterol content. The level of milk and milk fat yields has proved to be statistically in positive partial correlation to the digestible crude fat intake in g/kg live weight ,and in negative partial correlation to the relative fat intake compared with the nutritional requirements of the animal. This indicates that the favourable level of fat intake varies according to the level of milk yield, being larger in stages of higher yields than in stages of small yields.