Excessive Physical Effort Research Articles

Insight in perception of pain in sports – selected aspects

Purpose: Research in recent decades has shed light on the neurophysiological mechanisms of pain, which not only has an information and warning function, but is also considered an important diagnostic factor. The results of various studies indicate that physical activity, especially at moderate intensity, modulates the intensity of perceived pain and generally leads to its reduction.The aim of this study was to characterize in depth the effects of physical activity on pain perception, in particular to deepen the knowledge of the direct and indirect effects of recurrent repetitive injuries on pain perception and modulation of the activity of the endogenous antinociceptive system.Methods: This article reviews the current state of knowledge on the effects of physical activity and injury on pain perception and the role of the endogenous analgesic system in pain modulation.Results: Both excessive physical effort and a lack of physical activity are factors that increase the risk of pain. Physical activity, especially training in athletes, exerts loads on the locomotor system structures and by means of the nociceptive system signalises potential hazards through pain. At the same time, these very same loads trigger the processes activating the endogenous analgesia systems. In the case of intense and prolonged physical activity, these systems are subject to adaptation as well as exhaustion. Conclusions: For athletes and amateur athletes, knowledge about pain has a practical dimension, enabling conscious, knowledge-based monitoring of applied loads and control of the body's condition. Gaining knowledge about pain in sports can be of great practical importance in the in the training process, during the competition but above all the prevention of injuries. The intensity and quality of pain, although these are subjective feelings, can be defined and analyzed in clinical practice and in research conducted on physically active people, using established procedures and appropriate tests.

Protocolo diagnóstico de las mialgias

Myalgia, or muscle pain, is a common complaint among the adult population. Diffuse myalgias are more frequent than localized myalgias. Excessive physical effort, trauma, medications, and viral infections are among the most common causes. Myalgias are most often benign, but in a certain percentage of cases, they are the symptom of muscle disease (myopathy) or muscle inflammation (myositis). Myaglias caused by a primary muscle disorder are generally triggered with exercise and are accompanied by other signs/symptoms. In patients with carbohydrate metabolism disorders, muscle symptoms are triggered by brief isometric exercise or less intense, sustained dynamic exercise and can cause cramps and recurrent myoglobinuria. In lipid metabolism disorders, the symptoms tend to be induced by infections, fever, prolonged or intense exercise, and prolonged fasting. These patients do not develop true muscle cramps or contractures and do not experience the phenomenon known as “second wind.”

IoT Powered Smart Hydroponic System for Autonomous Irrigation and Crop Monitoring

Agriculture has proven to be an integral part of human history and evolution. Traditionally, farming has been a tiresome task. It demands excessive physical effort and knowledge of geographical factors. Apart from this, the yield from the conventional method is prone to dangers such as insect attacks, rotting, and exposure to unfavorable environmental conditions. Hydroponic and IoT can prove to be an effective solution to the above shortcomings. In this article, a smart, self-monitoring, and regulatory system have been proposed. It is devised to monitor and regulate the plant growth parameters to the levels optimum for plant growth. This paper proposes a smart IoT based automatic monitoring and regulating system for spinach hydroponics. Various sensors such as EC-3190 and DHT11 are separately used to monitor parameters such as water levels, temperature, humidity, and light intensity. Wi-Fi technology has been used as a communication channel that connects the user with the hydroponic system remotely.

Exploring the need for and application of human factors and ergonomics in ambulance design: Overcoming the barriers with technical standards

Ergonomic risk factors, such as excessive physical effort, awkward postures or repetitive movements, were the leading causes of injuries amongst EMS workers in the United States, of which 90% were attributed to lifting, carrying, or transferring a patient and/or equipment. Although the essential tasks of patient handling, transport, and care cannot be eliminated, the design of ambulances and associated equipment is modifiable. Our aims were to identify the extent of Human Factors and Ergonomic (HFE) considerations in existing ambulance design standards/regulations, and describe how HFE and the standards/regulations were applied in the EMS system. Through an extensive environmental scan of jurisdictionally relevant standards/regulations and key informant interviews, our findings demonstrated that existing standards/regulations had limited considerations for HFE. As a result, HFE principles continue to be considered reactively through retrofit rather than proactively in upstream design. We recommend that performance-based HFE requirements be integrated directly into ambulance design standards.

Učešće medicinske sestre specijaliste iz oblasti javnog zdravlja u prevenciji profesionalnih bolesti i povreda na radu

Safety issues and occupational injuries and professional diseases or disorders - are enormous problems, not only in our country, but also in the world; and as the global problems of occupational injuries and professional diseases and disorders in the health providers system are increasing, with them increases the problems of decreasing quality of professional tasks due to occupational disease or injury occurred at work as well the negative impact of occupational disease occurrences in the life of every individual. The work of nurses is very complex and comprehensive within the health system and as such is faced with various risks and related consequences for health. According to statistics Ministry of Labor in the United States each year more than 35,000 nurses and nurse experience locomotor injuries for which must open the sick leave. This implies the need that the highly educated nurses must have an adequate level of knowledge about all risk factors, prevention measures and safety and care about their own health. According to the research of the American Nurses Association (ANA), nurses use 30% more sick leave than other health care workers, according to the incidence of exposure to unwanted risk, stress, harmful substances and excessive physical effort. The mismatch between the requirements related to the job and the environment, or the inability to satisfy those demands lead to professional stress. Professional stress is a phenomenon which often exposed health care workers. burn out syndrome is the result of persistent or recurrent emotional burdens incurred due to the intense concern for others and help others.

A Surprising Evolution of Myocardial Infarction in Young Adults

Abstract Introduction. Ischemic heart disease is the leading cause of death with increasing prevalence. Acute myocardial infarction is a consequence of prolonged acute myocardial ischemia, which appears secondary to an imbalance between oxygen consumption and intake at this level. Case report. We present the case of a male patient, aged 53 years old, admitted in the Cardiovascular Recovery Clinic for moderate dyspnea, intermittent dizziness and muscle pain predominantly in the lower limbs. Regarding his medical history, he suffered an antero-lateral myocardial infarction due to excessive physical effort, which was trombolysed. Following the remission of the acute episode, the evolution over the next 6-12 months was towards heart failure clinically manifested by dyspnea. Considering the presence of heart failure associated with severely diminished ejection fraction, the medication is adjusted and Sacubitril/Valsartan is introduced at a dose of 49/51 mg twice a day, under which our patient presents with both clinical and echocardiography improvement. Cardio-pulmonary stress testing is the most accurate as it provides the best information regarding functional capabilities, beyond the ejection fraction of the left ventricle. Following the treatment with RNAi (angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor), the parameters evaluated during the stress test were improved, which is clinically transposed by improving the quality of life and implicitly the long-term prognosis. Conclusion. The particularity of this case consists in the occurrence of myocardial infarction at a young age (36 years) in a patient without a heredocolateral history or associated risk factors at that time. The association of ARNI (Sacubitril / Valsartan) in the therapeutic scheme has determined a clinical improvement, as well as paraclinical especially regarding the echocardiographic parameters (the ejection fraction increased from 25% to 40% at the end of the evaluation).

Six Hours of Manual Ventilation With a Bag-Valve-Mask Device Is Feasible and Clinically Consistent.

Manual ventilation of intubated patients is a common intervention. It requires skill as well as physical effort and is typically restricted to brief periods. Prolonged manual ventilation may be unavoidable in some scenarios, for example, extreme mass casualty incidents. The present study tested whether nurses are capable of appropriately manually ventilating patients for 6 hours. Volunteers performed ventilation on an electronic simulator for 6 hours while their own cardiorespiratory variables and the quality of the delivered ventilation were measured and recorded. The volunteers scored their perceived level of effort on a standard Borg Scale. Research laboratory at the Emergency Department, Tel Aviv Medical Center. Ten nursing staff members of the Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, 25-43 years old. Volunteers ventilated manually a lung simulator for 6 hours. The subjects' physiologic states, including blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, and oxygen saturation, showed no significant changes over time. The quality of delivered ventilation was somewhat variable, but it was stable on the average: average tidal volume ranged between 524.8 and 607.0 mL (p = 0.33). There was a slight but significant increase (7.3-10.9 L/min [p = 0.048]) in minute volume throughout the test period, reaching values consistent with mild hyperventilation. The subjects scored their perceived working effort as very light to fairly light, with a nonsignificant gradual increase in the Borg score as the study progressed. Manual ventilation of intubated patients can be performed continuously for 6 hours without excessive physical effort on the part of the operator. The quality of delivered ventilation was clinically adequate for all of them. There was a mild but significant trend toward hyperventilation, albeit within safe clinical levels, which was due to an increasing ventilatory rate rather than an increase in tidal volume.

Testicular Torsion in the Scrotum of a Young Canine

Background: Testicular torsion is a rare condition in canines, affecting any animal, regardless of age and racial predisposition. The possible cause, when talking about young dogs, is often unreliable, and can be associated with traumatic processes or excessive physical activity. Dogs with spermatic cord twist usually show signs of acute and sudden pain in one of the testicles that can be propagated to the abdomen; besides edema, heat and scrotal flush. The absence of blood flow toward the affected testicle can be observed, however, the definitive diagnosis can only be confirmed through a surgical procedure or necropsy. This situation is considered a medical emergency that requires surgical intervention for resolutionand has treatment of choice bilateral orchiectomy. The objective of this study was to report the case of a testicular torsion inside the scrotal pouch of a young dog.Case: A 6-month-old male Poodle dog, weighing 6.40 kg, was attended at the Metropolitan Veterinary Polyclinic, located in the municipality of Caucaia, Ceará, Brazil. During anamnesis it was reported by the owner of the animal an suddenly increase in volume of the scrotal pouch and right testicle. The physical examination observed normal mucous membranes,lymphadenopathy, capillary refill time of 2 s, temperature of 39.2°C, heart rate of 72 beats per minute and 68 breaths per minute. Hematologic test was requested, creatinine, dosage of ALT and ultrasound as complementary exams. The result of hemogram presented thrombocytopenia (150,000/mm3) and the presence of giant platelets. Besides, a biochemical series presented no alterations. On the Doppler ultrasound, the right testicle proved to show loss of normal structure, enlarged scrotum, hyperechoic epididymal region with adjacent liquid and absence of local vascularization. Pre-scrotal orchiectomy was performed and an enlarged right testicle was observed with blackened coloration and torsion of spermatic cord, that, possibly resulted in ischemia and testicular necrosis. On that occasion, the testicle was displaced to the incision line and maintained until the previous incision in the tunica albuginea, spermatic fascia and tunica vaginalis, parietal and visceral, in this order. After the identification of the torsioned spermatic cord, a ligature was made in order to remove testicle. The process was accomplished in both testicles. The contralateral gonad was found without alterations. The patient returnedafter fifteen days of surgical procedure for evaluation and presented evident improvement of overall clinical overview and surgery recuperation.Discussion: In spite of the testicular torsion be more associated to cases of senile and criptorquid animals, the present overview occurred in a testicle located in the interior of the scrotal sac in an extremely young animal. This can be related to a rupture of scrotal ligament, due to trauma or excessive physical effort, which fits overall overview of the patient in evidence. This results as presented in this report, in venous heart attack with testicle and epidimo becoming enlarged, congestioned with necrosis points. The rapid establishment of therapeutical surgery of orquiectomy can avoid the patients’ instability and evolution of the overall clinical overview. The rarity in literature of the reports of testicle torsion at the clinic of small animals demonstrated the importance, need for further investigation and previous knowledge regarding the origin of the abnormality. The ultrasound and surgical treatment of orquiectomy demonstrated an alternative capable and efficient to produce a favorable prognostic of this report.Keywords: testicular dilatation, vascular rupture, ischemia, necrosis, orchiectomy.

Aetiology of thrombosed external haemorrhoids: a questionnaire study.

BackgroundIt is important to better understand the aetiology of thrombosed external haemorrhoids (TEH) because recurrence rates are high, prophylaxis is unknown, and optimal therapy is highly debated.FindingsWe conducted a questionnaire study of individuals with and without TEH. Aetiology was studied by comparison of answers to a questionnaire given to individuals with and without TEH concerning demography, history, and published aetiologic hypotheses. Participants were evaluated consecutively at our institution from March 2004 through August 2005.One hundred forty-eight individuals were enrolled, including 72 patients with TEH and 76 individuals without TEH but with alternative diagnoses, such as a screening colonoscopy or colonic polyps. Out of 38 possible aetiologic factors evaluated, 20 showed no significant bivariate correlation to TEH and were no longer traced, and 16 factors showed a significant bivariate relationship to TEH. By multivariate analysis, six independent variables were found to predict TEH correctly in 79.1% of cases: age of 46 years or younger, use of excessive physical effort, and use of dry toilet paper combined with wet cleaning methods after defaecation were associated with a significantly higher risk of developing TEH; use of bathtub, use of the shower, and genital cleaning before sleep at least once a week were associated with a significantly lower risk of developing TEH.ConclusionSix hypotheses on the causes of TEH have a high probability of being correct and should be considered in future studies on aetiology, prophylaxis, and therapy of TEH.

Sudden cardiac death in athletes

The entity of sudden cardiac death in young athletes has been known since the year 490 B.C. when young Greek soldier Phidipides had run the distance from Marathon to Athens and suddenly fell down dead. In the last twenty years, sudden death of famous athletes have attracted huge attention of medical and social community; afterwards both American and European Cardiology Societies started to publish periodically guidelines for preparticipation screening. These guidelines have focused on both identifying athletes with potential cardiovascular risk for sudden death and eligibility conditions for athletes participating in competitive sports. Structural and functional abnormalities causing sudden cardiac death in young athletes have been identified by autopsy-based studies. Unrecognized congenital cardiovascular abnormalities associated with excessive physical effort create background for electrophysiological instability and occurrence of malignant ventricular tachyarrhythmia and consequent death. The most frequent causes of sudden cardiac death in young athletes include hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, anomalies of the coronary arteries and idiopathic left ventricular hypertrophy. Current ACC/AHA & ESC guidelines should be widely used in order to reduce potential sudden cardiac death in young athletes.

Etiology of thrombosed external hemorrhoids: results from a prospective cohort study

Objectivive To find out causes of thrombosed external hemorrhoids (TEH). Subjects and Methods Prospective cohort study of individuals with and without TEH with comparison of answers to a questionnaire. Results One hundred forty-eight individuals were enrolled, 72 patients with TEH and 76 individuals without TEH but with alternative diagnoses, such as a screening colonoscopy or colonic polyps. Six independent variables were found to predict TEH correctly in 79.1% of cases: age of 46 years or younger, use of excessive physical effort, and use of dry toilet paper combined with wet cleaning methods after defecation were associated with a significantly higher risk of developing TEH; use of bathtub, use of the shower, and genital cleaning before sleep at least once a week were associated with a significantly lower risk of developing TEH. Conclusions Six hypotheses on the causes of TEH should be considered in future studies on etiology and prophylaxis of TEH.

Nerve Stimulator‐Guided Repetitive Paravertebral Block for Thoracic Myofascial Pain Syndrome

Myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) may persist for many years and is often refractory to traditional therapeutic approaches including pharmacotherapy, focal tenderness infiltration by local anesthetic and corticosteroids, physical therapy and behavioral modification. This report describes three cases of MPS following coronary artery bypass graft, inadequate positioning during abdominal hysterectomy, and excessive physical effort refractory to conventional therapeutic approaches. Three patients were successfully treated with repeated nerve stimulator-guided paravertebral block using a mixture of bupivacaine and clonidine. Physical examinations including a complete neurological assessments were unremarkable. Relevant diagnostic imaging (X-ray, magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography) and laboratory evaluations also failed to demonstrate any significant structural disorders or systemic diseases that might have been responsible for their pain. Nerve stimulator-guided paravertebral block was performed at the dermatomes corresponding to the thoracic myofascial pain region. Each point was injected with 4 mL of the local anesthetic solution. If the pain returned, a second paravertebral block was performed. The three patients were pain-free over a follow-up period up to 2 years. Our report suggests that nerve stimulator-guided paravertebral blockade could be a useful treatment for MPS refractory to traditional therapeutic approaches.

Loss of Consciousness During Parachute Jumps

Parachute jumping belongs to extreme sports. Parachute jumps may result in hypobaria, hypoxia, hypothermia, overload, physical effort and stress. The case report presented in the paper concerns loss of consciousness during a parachute jump. A 37 year old, experienced jumper performed the CRW-2 task from 4000 m together with his instructor, immediately opening the parachute. At an altitude of 1000m, after finishing his acrobatic evolution, he lost of consciousness for 2,5 minutes. He landed in a tree, next recovered consciousness and safely went down. The results of medical examination were normal. The authors analyze a physiological mechanism underlying loss of consciousness, diagnosing slide hypoxia, physical effort and stress that caused hyperventilation and constriction of cerebral arteries. Interruption of physical effort caused the decreased venous return and cardiac output, critical decrease in cerebral blood flow and loss of consciousness. The jumper was diagnosed as fit for parachute jumping with limitation to 3000m and without excessive physical effort.

Hypoglycemia: a major problem in the management of diabetes in the elderly.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence and causes of hypoglycemia requiring hospitalization of diabetic patients treated with insulin or oral antidiabetic agents. From 1975 to 1989, 20,978 patients were treated in the Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolic Diseases of the Warsaw Medical School; review of their records disclosed that severe hypoglycemia was the cause of admission in 236 cases (1.12%). Two hundred patients (74 older than 60 years) were treated with insulin and 36 (28 older than 60 years) with oral agents. The most frequent cause of hypoglycemia was dietetic error (123 cases), followed by excessive physical effort (55 cases), error in the dose of hypoglycemic drug (22 cases), and alcohol abuse (13 cases). Hypoglycemia was the cause of death in 13 patients (8 aged over 60 years). In another 24 patients (17 aged over 60 years), exacerbation of ischemic heart disease was observed. Serious injuries with bone fracture were experienced by 11 patients (7 aged over 60 years). We conclude that hypoglycemia is still a serious risk for the life and health of diabetic patients treated with insulin or oral agents, especially those in advanced age. For this latter group of patients, more liberal criteria of metabolic control seem to be justified.

Fatores ocupacionais associados à dor muscoloesquelética em professores

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