Excessive Income Research Articles

The effect of the Paradox of thrift on modern Russia and the ways of countering it with social fiscal instruments

The article explains the essence of the paradox of thrift and the reasons why it currently manifests itself in Russia and in a number of other countries, with an emphasis on the excessive income differentiation and insufficiency of social guarantees to the population, together with the policy of financial authorities aiming at the value increase of the sovereign funds while unemployment is still high. The Classical relationship between savings, investment, and GDP growth is contrasted with the Keynesian one – consumption – GDP growth – investment – while proving the much greater applicability of the latter to the assessment of current situation in Russia. The evolution of the share of savings in the Russian national product over the past three decades is presented, indicating the factors that determine it. Based on that, the author substantiates the need for dynamic optimization of the relationship between consumption and savings to accelerate the growth of Russian economy. To neutralize the paradox of thrift, the author suggests the ways of increasing the effectiveness of state social policy through a transition from the categorical principle of its formation to the principle of targeting and prioritization.

Consumption of Material Goods and Services: Regional Characteristics and Trends

Consumption of material goods and services is a sphere of economic relations that is aimed at satisfying the material, spiritual and intellectual needs of people. Consumption is the most important stage of the reproduction process. characterizes the level and quality of life of the population, reflects the effectiveness of the state’s socio-economic policy. In recent years, against the backdrop of changing socio-economic conditions, the study of patterns, features and trends in the consumption of material goods and services is a fairly relevant and sought-after area of research. This article analyzes the level and dynamics of consumption of goods and services by residents of the Vologda region, examines the features of the structure of consumer expenditures of households in the region, and identifies income and territorial differentiation in the consumer market. The information and empirical basis of the study are the results of monitoring of the Vologda Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, carried out in the Vologda region. The results of the study showed that, against the backdrop of an increase in the quantity (volume) of purchases of goods and services, a low level of material consumption opportunities for residents of the region remains, which is due to a fall in real incomes, rising inflation, and negative structural changes in family budget expenditures. Risk categories include representatives of the 20% least affluent group, as well as residents of rural areas, whose consumption level is noticeably lower than the regional average. Improving the situation in the area of consumption of material goods and services by residents of the region will depend on the degree of effectiveness of the measures taken by the federal and regional authorities to bring the economy onto a sustainable development trajectory, increase the income of the population, and overcome excessive income differentiation and property stratification of the population.

Оценка неравенства доходов населения в Республике Башкортостан

Currently, the problem of excessive income inequality of the population as one of the forms of social inequality remains unresolved. At the same time, modern scientific research notes the negative social and economic consequences of inequality for the life of society, its development and sustainability. The article evaluates the degree of inequality of monetary incomes of the population in the Republic of Bashkortostan, including against the background of interregional income inequality in the context of the level of socioeconomic development of the regions of Russia. To identify the relationship between the level of inequality and the socio-economic development of the regions, statistical tools were used — analytical grouping. The results of the study showed that in the Republic of Bashkortostan taking into account the level of its socioeconomic development the degree of income inequality of the population is quite high, which requires the development of urgent regional policy measures aimed at equalizing the incomes of the population.

A terra rural e seu potencial de desenvolvimento imobiliário

The research focuses on the problem of rural land valuation, revealing the excessive income that the urbanization of rural land entails compared to the development of productive activity. The study refers to a context of an intermediate city with characteristics of aridity and seismicity, recognized as an “oasis city”. This is the case in the Metropolitan Area of San Juan, Argentina, where the phenomenon acquires representative qualities due to its intensity and characteristics. The study intends to identify the real estate valuation processes that affect the availability of agro-productive land. This is a descriptive and relational research design, based on a case study, including fieldwork, semi-structured interviews, and a survey of land supply prices. The research produces scientific evidence about the significant increase in the prices of agricultural land that emerges from its real estate development potential. In this way, the study carried out produces scientific evidence about the differential valuation of expanding areas and the selective behavior of investments. These processes explain the changes generated in land use and urban expansion on agro-productive land.

Research on the Family Income Gap in China

This paper will start with an investigation of the current consumption situation (consumption structure) and the consumption concept of college students at Chongqing University, and investigate the family income, the monthly living expenses of students (whether there is a work study program) and the current loan situation of college students. Based on this problem, this study plans to use the questionnaire and literature survey methods to investigate the income gap of the families behind the college students through the consumption survey. Through the investigation and sorting of consumption, we can see the family income reflected thereby, and compare the gap between the rich and the poor reflected from different angles. This paper further considers the current consumption situation of college students and what consequences the income gap has brought or will bring, as well as the reasons affecting the income gap. At this stage, particular attention should be paid to the issue of urban-rural income disparity and inequality. In the context of Chinas dual economy, household income inequality mainly comes from inequality between urban and rural areas. Effectively improving the income level of rural residents and narrowing the urban-rural gap are the main targets for achieving common prosperity. To achieve common prosperity, first, improve the income distribution system and the macro income distribution structure. Second, increase the income of low-income groups and accelerate the formation of an olive-shaped structure. Third, improve the social security system to alleviate the challenge of excessive income disparities among groups. Fourth, promote the equalization of basic public services in urban and rural areas, and address income inequality. Fifth, increase public investment in human capital and enhance social mobility.

Digital Literacy, Farmers’ Income Increase and Rural Internal Income Gap

The digital economy has promoted the income growth of rural residents in China, but it has also widened the income gap within rural areas. The excessive income gap will lead to the uneven distribution of social resources and the decline of efficiency, thus threatening the sustainable development of the rural economy. This study utilizes the ‘Circumstances-Efforts’ analytical framework, the skill-biased technology change theory, and data from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) in 2018 to examine the impact of digital literacy on income growth among rural residents and the resulting income gap within rural areas. The findings indicate that digital literacy positively contributes to the income growth of rural residents. Moreover, the mechanism analysis reveals that improved access to digital devices and more effective information play a significant role in enhancing the income of rural residents. Furthermore, the analysis of income structures demonstrates that digital literacy has a greater impact on increasing wage income and agricultural income for both high-income and low-income rural residents. However, it is important to note that digital literacy also contributes to the widening income gap within rural areas, particularly impacting high-income rural residents.

Determinants Of The Instability Of The Russian Economic Growth

Based on a detailed comparative analysis of the concepts of "economic growth" and "economic development", the article provides arguments in favor of the thesis that from the post-default period to the present day, the Russian economy demonstrates not only steadily fading average annual GDP expansion rates, but also the so-called "impoverishing growth", "growth without development". The leading characteristic of the low-quality growth is recognized as the long-term evolution of the domestic economy in the vein of the historically futile natural resource export model, which, through the mechanisms of the "Dutch disease" and regular fluctuations in global energy prices, moves in an excessively cyclical form, inevitably making the socio-economic development of the country unstable. Significant determinants of its unstable growth, carefully concealed by the methods of misleading macroeconomic statistics presented in the article, are also uncovered being the dominance of extensive factors over the intensive ones associated with increasing macroeconomic efficiency and achieving accumulation rates close to the optimum values, the socially conflicting nature of GDP growth, accompanied by the excessive income inequality, both in terms of income and property, even in the relatively favorable conditions compared to global practice, and the resource-intensive and wasteful nature of the dynamics of the national economy.

Does income inequality reshape the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis? A nonlinear panel data analysis

The COVID-19 pandemic has further increased income inequality. This work is aimed to explore the impact of income inequality on the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis. To this end, income inequality is set as the threshold variable, economic growth is set as the explanatory variable, while carbon emission is set as the explained variable, and the threshold panel model is developed using the data of 56 countries. The empirical results show that income inequality has changed the relationship between economic growth and carbon emissions from an inverted U-shaped to an N-shaped, which means that income inequality redefines the environmental Kuznets curve and increases the complexity of the decoupling of economic growth and carbon emissions. Specifically, economic growth significantly increases carbon emissions during periods of low income inequality, however, as income inequality increases, economic growth in turn suppresses carbon emissions. In the period of high income inequality, economic growth inhibits the increase of carbon emissions. However, with the increase of income inequality, the impact of economic growth on carbon emission changes from inhibiting to promoting. Panel regressions for robustness tests show that this phenomenon is more pronounced in high-income countries. We therefore contend that the excessive income inequality is bad for the win-win goal of economic growth without carbon emission growth, and the income distribution policy should be included in the carbon neutral strategy.

Seasonal Phytoplancton Variation and Cyanotoxins in a South American Reservoir

Excessive income of nutrients in water bodies is a process known as eutrophication and derives from the proliferation of organisms such as Cyanobacteria and several other microalgae, which are potentially hazardous to human health if they occur in a reservoir for drinking water. In this work, the case of a reservoir in the Argentine Republic, in South America, was studied. This reservoir provides drinking water to Cordoba, a city of about 1.5 million inhabitants. Together with the seasonal variation of phytoplankton diversity, also some Physico-chemical parameters were measured. The results show danger for human health, as far as eutrophication and levels of cyanotoxins are quite high.

МАКРОЕКОНОМІЧНЕ ПІДґРУНТЯ РОСІЙСЬКОЇ АГРЕСИВНОСТІ

The article examines the problem of the roots of Russian aggression in the international arena. It was found that there is a certain correspondence between the dynamics of Russia’s GDP and the beginning of aggressive actions of the Russian Federation against neighboring countries. It was found that the beginning of aggression by the Russian Federation coincides with the beginning of the declining phase after a period of GDP growth. To reduce the risk of Russian aggression, it is proposed to develop tools to remove excessive revenues earned from the sale of raw materials. This should neutralize the upheavals of macroeconomic dynamics, which serve as a trigger for the beginning of Russian aggression. The article examines Russian aggression in the system of interdependence and interaction between the individual, society and the state. The authors conclude that each of these groups of actors is responsible for the escalation of Russian aggression. The state commits violence and aggression, which reduces the living standards of individuals. Individuals, faced with a decline in welfare, begin to show more aggression in the fight against their peers. Aggressive Russian individuals form patterns of aggressive behavior and form an aggressive Russian society. Aggressive Russian society demonstrates support for the aggressive actions of the Russian state. This support is growing significantly with the beginning of Russia’s attack on neighboring states. Research leads to the conclusion that the problem of aggressiveness of Russians has deep roots associated with the immaturity of their worldview, its attachment to the way of life characteristic of the appropriating economy. Accordingly, a radical solution to the problem of Russian aggression is impossible until the Russian people achieve institutional development. In the meantime, the world community must make efforts to keep the welfare of the Russian population at a consistently guaranteed, albeit low, level. To do this, the peak growth of Russia’s GDP must be “cut” in advance with the help of instruments to extract in favor of other countries excessive income of Russian entities from natural rents with rising world energy prices.

Does Digital Inclusive Finance Narrow the Urban-Rural Income Gap through Primary Distribution and Redistribution?

Excessive income gap (IG) between urban and rural areas harms the quality of economic development, and imbalanced primary distribution (PD) as well as redistribution (RD) are considered to be the main factors contributing to the urban–rural IG. Does digital Inclusive Finance (DIF) affect the urban–rural IG through PD and RD? This paper empirically studies the impact of digital inclusive finance on Chinese urban–rural IG from the perspectives of PD and RD respectively, through updated and comprehensive provincial data, using the method of mediating effect. The results show that DIF narrowed China’s urban–rural IG with regional differences. Meanwhile, DIF also narrowed the urban-rural IGs in PD and RD, both with regional heterogeneity. Moreover, narrowing the urban–rural IG of PD exerted a mediating effect on the general urban–rural IG, while narrowing the urban–rural IG of RD did not. The results are helpful for DIF to better narrow urban–rural IG. Therefore, countermeasures are put forward for DIF to apply from the perspectives of PD and RD.

INCREASING POPULATION INCOME AS A FACTOR FOR PRESERVATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF SMALL VILLAGES

The purpose of the study is to substantiate the relevance of introducing special measures of support for the population of small villages on the basis of a generalization of domestic and foreign practices of social benefits during the coronavirus pandemic. The poor situation of small villages, on the one hand, and the relatively low financial cost of payments, limited by territory and social categories, on the other hand, led to the proposal to preserve and develop small villages with the achievement of economic and socio-demographic well-being. In order to curb the process of depopulation in rural areas it is proposed to develop a strategy for the preservation and development of small villages, including a special state policy of income for the population of small villages on the basis of a guaranteed rural minimum income. The conceptual basis of this policy can be the idea of a universal basic income with variations of conditional, selective, both monetary and natural basic income. The implementation of this approach is proposed as an experiment in small villages of the regions of the Siberian Federal District. According to calculations, 50 million rubles a year will be required to pay 437 thousand residents in 5.8 thousand rural settlements of the regions of the Siberian Federal District, or 0.65 % of GRP. As a result, it is expected to reduce excessive income inequality, improve the demographic situation and increase employment. The research is based on the method of dialectical knowledge of processes and phenomena. When studying the issues of the state and trends of changes in the situation of small rural settlements, monographic, abstract-logical and economic-statistical methods were used.

Childhood socioeconomic status, adulthood obesity and health: The role of parental permanent and transitory income

Children from low SES backgrounds experience long-term economic deprivation in addition to excessive income volatility during childhood. Little is known about whether parental income influences adulthood weight and health through either prolonged or transitory hardship. Using the intergenerational feature of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), we link parents’ income records from a 47-year panel (1968–2015 waves) to health outcomes of 3976 adult children (1999–2015 waves) in the United States. We calculate parental permanent income to measure prolonged disadvantages, as well as transitory income peaks and valleys at various early-life stages to measure transitory advantages and disadvantages, respectively. Our findings show that parental permanent income is negatively associated with obesity and adverse health outcomes in multiple adulthood stages. We also detect negative associations between transitory income peaks in adolescence and adverse weight and health outcomes. Our findings provide strong empirical support for the influence of prolonged material hardship on adverse weight and health outcomes and no support for the influence of transitory material hardship. Our findings also show that policies that improve parental permanent income and provide higher transitory income are essential to generate healthier adults.

Empirical analysis of the impact of financial development on the income gap between urban and rural residents in the context of large data using fuzzy Kmeans clustering algorithm

With the rise of the tertiary industry, the financial industry has achieved unprecedented development, which is mainly reflected in the rapid growth of economic aggregate, the increasingly balanced financial structure system and the increasingly diversified financial products. However, with the rapid development of financial industry, the income of urban and rural residents is increasingly unbalanced. The increasing income gap between urban and rural areas has caused a large number of adverse phenomena in the process of economic development, seriously affecting the income distribution of the people and even causing social instability. Therefore, in today’s big data era, it is necessary to systematically study and analyze the impact of financial industry development on the national income gap between urban and rural areas. At the same time, it is of great significance to improve the problem of excessive income gap between urban and rural areas. This paper mainly analyses the relationship between the three effects of the development of financial industry and the income gap between urban and rural residents. In the empirical aspect, the paper creatively uses the fuzzy Kmeans clustering algorithm to regression analysis the panel data of a certain area from 2010 to 2018. At the same time, in the empirical data analysis, this paper creatively replaces the European norm measure of the Kmeans clustering algorithm with the AE measure, and puts forward a proposal. The index of financial development level is based on the proportion of loans from financial institutions. Through theoretical and empirical analysis, this paper draws the following conclusions: the financial scale in the financial industry will have a huge impact on the income gap between urban and rural areas. Finally, based on the above problems and current situation, this paper puts forward relevant improvement suggestions.

Феномен «корупція надмірності» й умовно надмірний легальний дохід як чинник посилення корупційних ризиків

Феномен «корупція надмірності» й умовно надмірний легальний дохід як чинник посилення корупційних ризиків

Избыточный НДФЛ как показатель дифференциации регионов и несовершенства налогового и бюджетного законодательства России

Статья затрагивает вопросы уплаты налога на Ð´Ð¾Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ñ‹ Ñ„Ð¸Ð·Ð¸Ñ‡ÐµÑÐºÐ¸Ñ Ð»Ð¸Ñ† в России, его межбюджетное распределение и способы совершенствования налогового и бюджетного законодательства. Авторы предлагают возможные варианты реформирования налоговой системы в части, связанной с зачислением НДФЛ, удержанного с Ð´Ð¾Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð¾Ð² физического лица в бюджет субъекта и муниципального образования по месту жительства плательщика налога.

Being up Front about Income Inequality

This paper proposes universal provision of information about the income inequality involved in the creation of a good as a means of moderating income inequality. Existing evidence suggests that a section of the population would be willing to pay more for goods whose production involves less excessive income inequality. We show, on a simple model, that supplying inequality information to such a population under competitive markets will in general lead to a reduction in global income inequality. The effect will be stronger the more inequality averse the population. Moreover, the outcome will be socially efficient. Possibilities for (de-centralized) implementation are also discussed.

O papel da política fiscal na diminuição da desigualdade na América Latina no século XXI

A América Latina vivenciou nas últimas décadas uma grande tendência de queda na desigualdade de renda, a partir de um consistente crescimento econômico e da adoção de políticas de distribuição de renda. Entretanto, ao analisarmos a distribuição de renda pelo topo da concentração, essa tendência de queda não se mantém e varia nos países da região. Dessa maneira, à luz da literatura recente sobre combate à desigualdade, buscamos entender o papel da política fiscal tributária na desigualdade latino-americana nas primeiras décadas do século XXI. Entendemos que, mesmo não sendo o único fator determinante na diminuição da desigualdade, a política tributária progressiva tem um papel importante no combate à concentração excessiva de renda. Entretanto, ela não figura nas políticas adotadas pelos governos progressistas.

RISKS AND THREATS OF THE ALTAI REGION ECONOMY AND SOCIAL SPHERE ADAPTATION TO CHANGES IN THE EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT

The article is devoted to the study of the regional socio-economic systems' reactions to changes in national macroeconomic parameters. The features of the agro-industrial regions' economy and social sphere adaptation are revealed. The main problems of the development of agro-industrial regions, characterized by peripheral position, are disclosed. The characteristic of restrictions, risks and threats to their development is given. On the example of the Altai Territory, an attempt to comprehensively consider key challenges to the development of the region.
 In the field of economics, the following are identified as threats:
 — de-industrialization of the region economy;
 — limited reproductive capabilities;
 — a significantly deeper fall in labor productivity compared with Russia;
 — lack of conditions for ensuring modernization and qualitative changes in the region economy.
 The three most acute problems in the sphere of population incomes are outlined: low income level; insufficient growth rates; poverty and excessive income inequality.
 The most important demographic risks of the sustainable development of the Altai Territory are revealed: population reduction, aging, and imbalances in resettlement.

Physical Macroeconomics: Part IX – GDP Distribution and Economic Stability

The relationship between the distribution of GDP and sustainable economic development is considered. The main objective of the global economy harmonization is to ensure a balanced distribution of the world GDP. The growing economic inequality, financial and social crises as well as environmental destruction are the consequences of the GDP distribution imbalance. An important contribution to the solution of this problem would be an introduction of the dynamic added value taxation (DAVT), instead of a static VAT which is a destabilizing factor in the economy which could eventually become a universal tax. The distribution of free energy in biological systems is balanced due to stabilizing negative feedback – nutritional and metabolic feedback. The distribution of the global economy working potential (world GDP) is unbalanced, and this imbalance is the main cause of crises and social instability. Unbalanced GDP distribution leads to excessive income and tax inequality, which slows economic growth. The current static tax system is a destabilizing factor because it does not provide a balanced distribution of GDP. The solution to the problem is to replace the static VAT with a dynamic added value tax (DAVT). The DAVT theory is presented.