Excessive Food Intake Research Articles

Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy

Morbid obesity is defined as excess weight or body fat to an extent that may have negative effects on health. It increases the risk of developing heart disease, diabetes, hypertension, and obstructive sleep apnea. Excessive food intake and lack of physical activity are thought to explain most cases of obesity; others are associated with genetic disorders, organic diseases, and psychiatric conditions. Obesity is defined as body mass index (BMI) 30 kg/m2 or higher and is further sub-classified into three groups: BMI 30.0 to 34.9 kg/m2 is class I, 35.0 to 39.9 kg/m2 is class II and greater than or equal to 40 is class III. The goal of obesity treatment is to reach and maintain a healthy weight. The primary treatment consists of diet and physical exercise; however, maintaining weight loss is difficult and requires discipline. Medications such as orlistat, lorcaserin, and liraglutide may be considered as adjuncts to lifestyle modification. One of the most effective treatments for obesity is bariatric surgery. There are several bariatric surgery procedures, including laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, sleeve gastrectomy, and biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch. Sleeve gastrectomy is the most commonly performed bariatric surgery worldwide. It is performed by removing 75% of the stomach, leaving a tube-shaped stomach with limited capacity to accommodate food. Here, we present the case of an obese patient who undergoes laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy.

Association of dietary salt intake with diabetes mellitus in the Japanese general population

Abstract Background/Introduction Excess salt intake, one of the most important modifiable factors in our lifestyle, has been reported to be a risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Several mechanisms underlying the development of cardiovascular disease after excess salt intake are proposed, among which hypertension has been established. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is also a risk factor of cardiovascular disease and, thus, there may be some association between excess salt intake and DM. Purpose The present study was designed to investigate possible relationship between dietary salt intake and DM in the general population. Methods Dietary salt intake was estimated using a spot urine sample in 16018 subjects (male=9642, 52.0±12.3 year-old) who visited our hospital for a yearly physical checkup from July 2008 to March 2019 (baseline). A cross-sectional analysis for the relationship between salt intake and DM was performed at baseline. Then, subjects without DM (n=14715, male=8651, 51.3±12.3 year-old) were followed up until March 2020 (median 2107 days) with the endpoint being the development of DM. DM was defined as fasting plasma glucose (FPG) ≥126mg/dL, HbA1c≥6.5% or the use of antidiabetic medications. Results A cross-sectional analysis revealed that salt intake in subjects was 8.67±1.98 g/day. Salt intake was significantly higher in subjects with (n=1280) than without DM (9.55±2.17 vs. 8.61±1.94 g/day). Multivariate regression analysis adjusted for age, gender, body weight, systolic blood pressure, pulse rate, serum creatinine, uric acid, FPG, LDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, current smoking and frequent alcohol drink showed that salt intake was associated with the presence of DM (r=0.027, p<0.001). In the follow-up study, 861 subjects developed DM (10.1 per 1000 person-year), with the incidence being more frequent in males than in females (11.7 vs. 7.6 per 1,000 person-year). The incidence of DM was increased across the quartiles of salt intake at baseline (7.5, 7.6, 10.5 and 14.8 per 1000 person-year). In analysis where salt intake at baseline was taken as continuous variables, non-adjusted hazard ratio (HR) (95% confidence interval [CI]) of salt intake for the new onset of DM was 1.146 (1.109-1.184). Multivariate Cox-hazard analysis adjusted for possible risk factors showed that salt intake was a significant predictor for the future development of DM (HR: 1.037, 95%CI: 1.001-1.073), while additional adjustment for baseline body weight disappeared the statistical significance (HR: 0.994, 95%CI: 0.958-1.031). Conclusions Salt intake is associated with the development of DM and excess salt intake may predict future development of DM in the general population. Excess food intake which is usually accompanied by excess salt intake in individuals with increased body weight may be responsible for the development of DM. Maintenance of appropriate body weight as well as restriction of dietary salt may lead to the prevention from developing DM.

Quantifying Metabolic Food Waste in Ireland from Excess Food Intake

Abstract Background The Republic of Ireland (ROI) currently reports the second highest prevalence of adult obesity in Europe, with >25% of the adult population classified as obese. Concurrently, a concomitant increase has been reported for the risk of cardiovascular diseases and several cancers. While there has been extensive research on the health impacts of excess food intake, of the resulting food waste, also known as metabolic food waste (MFW) and its associated environmental impact has received little attention. Accordingly, the current study sought to estimate quantities of MFW from excess food intake among the Irish adult population and resulting global warming potential. Body weight and diet information were collected in a survey of 920 people across ROI. The excess fat of overweight (OW) and obese (OB) individuals was calculated and converted to excess calories using the Composition of Foods Integrated Dataset (CoFID 2021). The energy content (calories) of the food items was used to estimate the quantities (kg) of food consumed to gain the excess fat. Having derived the kg of food/MFW, the associated Global Warming Potential (GWP) was calculated. Results Calculated MFW were 50.84 kg/cap/yr and 122.2 kg/cap/yr for the OW and OB populations, respectively. Dairy produce accounted for the highest annual MFW in both groups (12.0 kg/cap (OW), 28.6 kg/cap (OB)), followed by cereals/grains (9.0 kg/cap, 21.5 kg/cap) and potatoes (7.1 kg/cap, 17.0 kg/cap). Calculated annual GWP of food items highlight dairy produce as having the highest GWP v (66.8 CO2 eq/kg for OW and 160.5 CO2 eq/kg for OB), followed by red meat (36.2 CO2 eq/kg for OW and 87.1 CO2 eq/kg for OB) and white meat (24.1 CO2 eq/kg for OW and 57.8 CO2 eq/kg for OB). Conclusions The Irish adult diet is characterized by high consumption of cereals/grains and dairy produce, with the annual volume of MFW generated by obese individuals more than twice the annual volume of food (52kg/cap) disposed of by individuals at home Key messages • Managing the consumption of dairy and meat products could accomplish two important goals: the promotion of environmental sustainability and the enhancement of public health. • In addition, managing obesity from the dietary stand point will encourage sustainable consumption and food security.

Optogenetics Sheds Light on Brown and Beige Adipocytes

Excessive food intake leads to lipid accumulation in white adipose tissue, triggering inflammation, cellular stress, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome. In contrast, the dynamic energy expenditure and heat generation of brown and beige adipose tissue, driven by specialized mitochondria, render it an appealing candidate for therapeutic strategies aimed at addressing metabolic disorders. This review examines the therapeutic potential of brown and beige adipocytes for obesity and metabolic disorders, focusing on recent studies that employ optogenetics for thermogenesis control in these cells. The findings delve into the mechanisms underlying UCP1-dependent and UCP1-independent thermogenesis and how optogenetic approaches can be used to precisely modulate energy expenditure and induce thermogenesis. The convergence of adipocyte biology and optogenetics presents an exciting frontier in combating metabolic disorders and advancing our understanding of cellular regulation and energy balance.

Microbiota-gut-brain axis drives overeating disorders

Overeating disorders (ODs), usually stemming from dieting history and stress, remain a pervasive issue in contemporary society, with the pathological mechanisms largely unresolved. Here, we show that alterations in intestinal microbiota are responsible for the excessive intake of palatable foods in OD mice and patients with bulimia nervosa (BN). Stress combined with a history of dieting causes significant changes in the microbiota and the intestinal metabolism, which disinhibit the vagus nerve terminals in the gut and thereby lead to a subsequent hyperactivation of the gut-brain axis passing through the vagus, the solitary tract nucleus, and the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus. The transplantation of a probiotic Faecalibacterium prausnitzii or dietary supplement of key metabolites restores the activity of the gut-to-brain pathway and thereby alleviates the OD symptoms. Thus, our study delineates how the microbiota-gut-brain axis mediates energy balance, unveils the underlying pathogenesis of the OD, and provides potential therapeutic strategies.

Patulin Ameliorates Hypertrophied Lipid Accumulation and Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Response by Modulating Mitochondrial Respiration.

Patulin (PAT) is a natural mycotoxin found in decaying pome fruits. Although some toxicological studies have been conducted on PAT, recent research has highlighted its anticancer and antifungal effects. However, studies have yet to examine the effects and molecular mechanisms of PAT in other metabolic diseases. Obesity is a chronic disease caused by excessive food intake and abnormal lifestyle, leading to low-grade inflammation. Therefore, this study aimed to elucidate the effect of PAT on obesity at the cellular level. PAT treatment reduced lipid accumulation, suppressed glucose and LDL uptake, inhibited lipid deposition and triglyceride synthesis, upregulated fatty acid oxidation-related genes (Pgc1α), and downregulated adipogenic/lipogenic genes (Pparγ and C/ebpα) in hypertrophied 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Additionally, PAT treatment enhanced mitochondrial respiration and mass in differentiated adipocytes and alleviated inflammatory response in activated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Moreover, PAT treatment downregulated pro-inflammatory genes (il-6, Tnf-α, Cox-2, and inos), suppressed lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced increase in inflammatory mediators (IL-6, TNF-α, and NO), and restored mitochondrial oxidative function in LPS-stimulated macrophages by improving oxygen consumption and mitochondrial integrity and suppressing ROS generation. Overall, these findings suggest a potential for PAT in the prevention of lipid accumulation and inflammation-related disorders.

Suboptimal dietary quality is associated with mental symptoms among adults aged 40 years and over in China: A population-based cross-sectional study

BackgroundThe previous studies an association between dietary patterns and psychiatric symptoms. However, few studies have examined the association of quality of dietary patterns and anxiety, depressive symptoms in the Chinese population. MethodsBetween 2017 and 2019, a population-based, cross-sectional survey was carried out in China. Uniformed questionnaires collected the demographic characteristics and food data. The dietary quality of the adults was evaluated using the revised Diet Balance Index 2016 (DBI-16). We measured anxiety and depression symptoms using the the Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)-7 and Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)-9. ResultsA total of 73,737 participants were recruited during the survey period. 17.6 % and 13.7 % of residents suffer from anxiety and depression symptoms, respectively. The DBI-16 indicates that participants with anxiety or depression symptoms had higher scores of low bound score (LBS, refers to inadequate food intake) and dietary quality distance (DQD, refers to unbalanced food intake) than those without anxiety or depression. The logistic regression models showed that high levels of LBS and DQD problems were more strongly associated with anxiety (LBS:OR = 1.20, DQD:OR = 1.30) and depressive symptoms (LBS:OR = 1.21, DQD:OR = 1.44). On the contrary, higher bound score (HBS, refers to excessive food intake) was significantly negatively correlated with symptoms of anxiety and depression. Moreover, each increase in the food group was associated with 4 % lower odds of anxiety and 6 % lower odds of depression symptoms. LimitationsCross-sectional design and self-reporting of psychological symptoms and dietary information limit the generalizability of the results. ConclusionThe dietary quality of adults aged 40 years and over in China is suboptimal, with excessive and inadequate food intake simultaneously. Dietary imbalance, and low dietary diversity may be related to anxiety and depressive symptoms.

Altered function of arcuate leptin receptor expressing neuropeptide Y neurons depending on energy balance

ObjectiveOne of leptin's main targets in the hypothalamus are neuropeptide Y (NPY) neurons, with selective deletion of leptin receptors (Lepr) specifically in Npy neurons resulting in major alterations of energy partitioning between fat and bone mass. However, the specific action of these Npy+/Lepr+ neurons compared to Npy-negative Lepr (Npy−/Lepr+) neurons in regard to energy homeostasis regulation is unknown. MethodsSpecific AAV viral vectors were generated using DREADD and INTRSECT technology and used in male LeprCre/+ and LeprCre/+;NpyFlp/+ mice to assess the effect of activating either all Lepr neurons or specifically Npy+/Lepr+ or Npy−/Lepr+ neurons only on feeding, energy homeostasis control, and body composition. ResultsSelective stimulation of Npy+/Lepr+ neurons led to an immediate decrease in respiratory quotient followed by a delayed increase in food intake in standard chow fed, but interestingly not in high fat diet (HFD) fed mice. In addition, stimulation of Npy+/Lepr+ neurons led to a robust increase in brown adipose tissue thermogenesis and improved glucose tolerance. These effects were not observed in standard chow fed mice when Npy−/Lepr+ expressing neurons were specifically activated, suggesting the effects of leptin on these parameters are driven by NPY. However, under HFD condition when leptin levels are elevated, the stimulation of the Npy−/Lepr+ neurons increased food intake, physical activity and energy expenditure. Interestingly, chronic stimulation of Npy-positive Lepr neurons was able to increase bone mass independently of bodyweight, whilst chronic stimulation of the Npy−/Lepr+ neurons resulted in increased bodyweight and fat mass with proportionate increases in bone mass. ConclusionsTogether, these data indicate that leptin signalling through Npy-positive Lepr-expressing neurons controls energy partitioning via stimulation of thermogenesis, energy expenditure, and the use of fat as a fuel source. However, under prolonged HFD, leptin resistance may occur and actions of leptin signalling through Npy-negative Lepr hypothalamic neurons may exacerbate excess food intake.

Analysis of cholesterol and triglyceride levels in obese patients

Obesity is excessive fat accumulation in the body. Continuous obesity and excessive food intake can cause metabolic system disorders in the form of hypercholesterolemia. Analysis of cholesterol and triglyceride levels in obese patients needs to be carried out to assist them in making healthier lifestyle changes. This study aims to analyze cholesterol and triglyceride levels in obese patients. The research method used is experimental with a laboratory approach. The samples to be analyzed were 20 obese people obtained by purposive sampling technique in the Tulungagung area. The research instruments used were height and weight check sheets and cholesterol and triglyceride test results sheets. Research data analysis technique by examining cholesterol and triglyceride levels using a MicroLab C-300 spectrophotometer and will be analyzed descriptively quantitatively. The results showed that 15 patients had normal cholesterol levels (75%) with criteria <200 mg/dl and 5 patients had high cholesterol levels (25%) with criteria >200 mg/dl, while there were 17 patients with normal triglyceride levels (85 %) with criteria <150 mg/dl and 3 patients had high triglyceride levels (15%) with criteria >150 mg/dl. The conclusion of this study is that people who are obese do not necessarily have high cholesterol and triglyceride levels. However, when a person weighs > 80 kg, it is recommended to start paying attention to a healthier lifestyle.

Influence of electronic media on food choices of schoolchildren and adolescents in Luanda, Angola

Background: Malnutrition in Angola has reached a prevalence of 17.3 %. On the other hand, the prevalence of childhood obesity is 2.4 %. There has been a food transition in Sub-Saharan Africa, and 28% of consumers obtain their products under the influence of advertising, which influences the infant and youth public. Aims: This research aims to verify the influence of electronic media on the food choices of schoolchildren and adolescents in Luanda province, Angola. Subjects and Methods: A cross-sectional and descriptive study was conducted, involving 268 students aged 8 to 17 years, in Luanda province, Angola. Results: There was a predominance of overweight (15.25 %) and obesity (7.2 %) among children, with a predominance of underweight among adolescents (9.37 %). There was a statistically significant association between BMI, the desire to consume foods previously seen on television (TV) (p = 0.03), and the habit of ingesting nutritionally inadequate foods in front of the TV (p = 0.01). Conclusions: Overweight and underweight coexist among the surveyed students. The constant consumption of food in front of media devices may drive the excessive intake of foods considered nutritionally inadequate, affecting the nutritional status of children and adolescents. Keywords: Influence of electronic media; nutritional status of children, malnutrition; underweight; overweight.

Habenula Volume and Functional Connectivity Changes Following Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy for Obesity Treatment

BackgroundNeuroimaging studies have revealed alterations in habenular (Hb) structure and functional connectivity (FC) in psychiatric conditions. The Hb plays a particularly critical role in regulating negative emotions, which trigger excessive food intake and obesity. However, obesity and weight loss intervention (i.e., laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy [LSG])–associated changes in Hb structure and FC have not been studied. MethodsWe used voxel-based morphometry analysis to measure changes in gray matter volume (GMV) in the Hb in 56 patients with obesity at pre-LSG and 12 months post-LSG and in 78 normal-weight (NW) control participants. Then, we conducted Hb seed-based resting-state FC (RSFC) to examine obesity-related and LSG-induced alterations in RSFC. Finally, we used mediation analysis to characterize the interrelationships among Hb GMV, RSFC, and behaviors. ResultsCompared with NW participants, Hb GMV was smaller in patients at pre-LSG and increased at 12 months post-LSG to levels equivalent to that of NW; in addition, increases in Hb GMV were correlated with reduced body mass index (BMI). Compared with NW participants, pre-LSG patients showed greater RSFCs of the Hb–insula, Hb–precentral gyrus, and Hb–rolandic operculum and weaker RSFCs of the Hb–thalamus, Hb–hypothalamus, and Hb–caudate; LSG normalized these RSFCs. Decreased RSFC of the Hb-insula was correlated with reduced BMI, Yale Food Addiction Scale rating, and emotional eating; reduced hunger levels were correlated with increased RSFCs of the Hb–thalamus and Hb–hypothalamus; and reduced BMI and Yale Food Addiction Scale ratings were correlated with increased RSFCs of the Hb–thalamus and Hb–hypothalamus, respectively. The bidirectional relationships between Hb GMV and RSFC of the Hb–insula contributed to reduced BMI. ConclusionsThese findings indicate that LSG increased Hb GMV and that its related improvement in RSFC of the Hb–insula may mediate long-term benefits of LSG for eating behaviors and weight loss.

Relationship Between Eating Behaviors and Physical Activity with Blood Glucose Levels in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients in Gayaman Public Health Center Mojokerto

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus can be caused by an unhealthy lifestyle including poor eating behavior and mild physical activity which can affect glucose metabolism so that blood glucose levels are high. This study aims to determine the relationship between eating behavior and physical activity with blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.
 Method: The study design used correlation analysis with a cross-sectional approach. The population in this study was all type 2 diabetes mellitus patients at the Gayaman Public Health Center Mojokerto. The sampling technique of this study was consecutive sampling. The research instrument used an eating behavior questionnaire adopted from the Aethelstone and physical activity level (PAL) questionnaire and was analyzed using the Spearman Rho test.
 Results: The results showed that 44.6% of respondents had poor eating behaviors, 48.2% had mild physical activity, and 80.4% had high blood glucose levels. The results of the Spearman Rho test showed that there was a significant relationship between eating behavior with blood glucose levels (p value=0,001;α<0,05) and physical activity with blood glucose levels (p value=0,002;α<0,05) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus at the Gayaman Public Health Center Mojokerto.
 Conclusion: Poor eating behaviors tend to cause high blood glucose levels because of excessive intake of food and drinks that contain carbohydrates which are metabolized to be glucose, if the patient is not doing physical activity then the glucose levels become high. The importance of controlling blood glucose levels in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients by improving eating behavior includes an eating schedule, reducing food and drinks that contain a lot of glucose, and increasing physical activity

The Impact of Ultra-Processed Foods on Diet Quality and Health Outcomes

In recent decades, there has been a notable shift in dietary patterns, with an increased consumption of ultra-processed foods. These foods, characterized by their high levels of added sugars, unhealthy fats, and chemical additives, have become a prevalent part of modern diets. However, mounting evidence suggests that the excessive intake of ultra-processed foods can have profound implications for diet quality and long-term health outcomes. Ultra-processed foods are often low in essential nutrients while being energy-dense, leading to overconsumption and imbalanced diets. The high levels of added sugars, sodium, and unhealthy fats contribute to the rising rates of obesity, cardiovascular diseases, and metabolic disorders. Studies have shown a strong association between the consumption of ultra-processed foods and an increased risk of developing chronic conditions such as type 2 diabetes and certain types of cancers.
 Moreover, the processing techniques used in the production of these foods can result in the loss of natural nutrients and the formation of potentially harmful substances. The reliance on refined grains, artificial additives, and preservatives in ultra-processed foods further compromises their nutritional value. These factors, combined with the addictive nature of some ultra-processed foods, make it challenging for individuals to maintain a healthy and balanced diet.
 The impact of ultra-processed foods extends beyond individual health to societal and environmental dimensions. The high demand for these products has led to unsustainable agricultural practices, increased food waste, and a strain on natural resources. Addressing the pervasive influence of ultra-processed foods requires a multifaceted approach that includes public awareness campaigns, improved food labeling, and policies aimed at promoting the availability and affordability of healthier options.
 As the consumption of ultra-processed foods continues to rise, it is imperative to recognize the detrimental impact they have on diet quality and long-term health outcomes. Efforts should focus on promoting whole, minimally processed foods and educating individuals about the importance of a nutrient-rich diet. By addressing the root causes of excessive ultra-processed food consumption, we can empower individuals to make informed dietary choices, improve diet quality, and mitigate the burden of chronic diseases. Additionally, policy interventions that support sustainable and healthier food systems are crucial in creating environments that promote the availability and accessibility of wholesome food choices.

A systematic review of the adolescent-directed marketing strategies of transnational fast food companies in low- and middle-income countries.

Fast food consumption is associated with excessive intake of energy-dense foods; a major determinant of childhood obesity. The lack of data on the marketing strategies used to promote fast food to adolescents in low and middle-income countries (LMICs) acts as a barrier to global efforts to reduce the marketing of unhealthy foods to young people around the world. This systematic review aimed to identify the adolescent-directed marketing strategies of transnational fast food corporations in LMICs. A systematic search of eight scientific databases (PubMed, CINAHL, Medline, Embase, ProQuest, PsycInfo, Scopus and Google Scholar) was conducted. Following PRISMA guidelines, primary research articles written in English were included if they were published between 1 January 2010 and 30 December 2022, and reported any adolescent-directed marketing activity undertaken by a transnational fast food company operating in a LMIC. Articles were excluded if they were not peer reviewed. The quality of the included articles was assessed using a condensed version of the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research tool. Twelve articles met the eligibility criteria and were included in this review. A narrative synthesis of these articles revealed that the most documented strategies used to promote fast food to adolescents in LMICs were the use of incentives or premium offers, product appeals, promotional characters and brand familiarity. These strategies were mostly observed on social media, suggesting that there are serious concerns about adolescent exposure to fast food via social media in developing settings, especially as contextual differences in the nature of such marketing were identified. The promotion of fast food to adolescents in LMICs is contextual in nature, with the nature of marketing strategies employed by transnational fast food corporations varying greatly across cultural and socio-economic contexts. These findings are crucial for the development of guidelines and regulations restricting the marketing of fast food to adolescents in lower income settings, contributing to global efforts to reduce adolescent exposure to unhealthy food promotion.

Workplace-based primary prevention intervention reduces incidence of hypertension: a post hoc analysis of cluster randomized controlled study

BackgroundA workplace-based primary prevention intervention be an effective approach to reducing the incidence of hypertension (HTN). However, few studies to date have addressed the effect among the Chinese working population. We assessed the effect of a workplace-based multicomponent prevention interventions program for cardiovascular disease on reducing the occurrence of HTN through encouraging employees to adopt a healthy lifestyle.MethodsIn this post hoc analysis of cluster randomized controlled study, 60 workplaces across 20 urban regions in China were randomized to either the intervention group (n = 40) or control group (n = 20). All employees in each workplace were asked to complete a baseline survey after randomization for obtaining sociodemographic information, health status, lifestyle, etc. Employees in the intervention group were given a 2-year workplace-based primary prevention intervention program for improving their cardiovascular health, including (1) cardiovascular health education, (2) a reasonable diet, (3) tobacco cessation, (4) physical environment promotion, (5) physical activity, (6) stress management, and (7) health screening. The primary outcome was the incidence of HTN, and the secondary outcomes were improvements of blood pressure (BP) levels and lifestyle factors from baseline to 24 months. A mix effect model was used to assess the intervention effect at the end of the intervention in the two groups.ResultsOverall, 24,396 participants (18,170 in the intervention group and 6,226 in the control group) were included (mean [standard deviation] age, 39.3 [9.1] years; 14,727 men [60.4%]). After 24 months of the intervention, the incidence of HTN was 8.0% in the intervention groups and 9.6% in the control groups [relative risk (RR) = 0.66, 95% CI, 0.58 ~ 0.76, P < 0.001]. The intervention effect was significant on systolic BP (SBP) level (β = − 0.7 mm Hg, 95% CI, − 1.06 ~ − 0.35; P < 0.001) and on diastolic BP (DBP) level (β = − 1.0 mm Hg, 95% CI, − 1.31 ~ − 0.76; P < 0.001). Moreover, greater improvements were reported in the rates of regular exercise [odd ratio (OR) = 1.39, 95% CI, 1.28 ~ 1.50; P < 0.001], excessive intake of fatty food (OR = 0.54, 95% CI, 0.50 ~ 0.59; P < 0.001), and restrictive use of salt (OR = 1.22, 95% CI, 1.09 ~ 1.36; P = 0.001) in intervention groups. People with a deteriorating lifestyle had higher rates of developing HTN than those with the same or improved lifestyle. Subgroup analysis showed that the intervention effect of BP on employees with educational attainment of high school above (SBP: β = − 1.38/ − 0.76 mm Hg, P < 0.05; DBP: β = − 2.26/ − 0.75 mm Hg, P < 0.001), manual labor workers and administrative worker (SBP: β = − 1.04/ − 1.66 mm Hg, P < 0.05; DBP: β = − 1.85/ − 0.40 mm Hg, P < 0.05), and employees from a workplace with an affiliated hospital (SBP: β = − 2.63 mm Hg, P < 0.001; DBP: β = − 1.93 mm Hg, P < 0.001) were significantly in the intervention group.ConclusionsThis post hoc analysis found that workplace-based primary prevention interventions program for cardiovascular disease were effective in promoting healthy lifestyle and reducing the incidence of HTN among employees.Trial registrationChinese Clinical Trial Registry No. ChiCTR-ECS-14004641.

Fat and Carbohydrates as Causative Factors of Obesity of Youths at Bulukumba City, South Sulawesi

Globally, obesity has entered the epidemic proportion, with at least 2.8 million people dying every year due to obesity, for Indonesia itself the incidence of obesity has also increased significantly in every region with Jakarta's first ranking of 11.4%. The purpose of this study was to determine with certainty that fat and carbohydrates are factors that influence the incidence of obesity in the youth of Bulukumba community. adolescents. Method: Case control study with a total of 155 subjects, cases are people with obesity (IMT/U &gt; +2SD) and controls are people with non-obesity. Independent variables are carbohydrates and fats that they consume. While the dependent variable is the incidence of obesity. Data analysis using Chi-Square test and logistic regression. Results: Factors that are significantly associated (p&lt;0.05) and become causal factors the risk of obesity cases in the community is that fat (OR = 2.34; CI: 1.19-4.57) and carbohydrates (OR = 2.64; CI: 1.34) which were significantly influenced. Conclusion: the youth who have excessive intake of macro foods with high carbohydrate and fat content are more at risk of obesity.

Interdialytic weight gain levels and blood pressure changes during fluid withdrawal in hemodialysis patients

Introduction: interdialytic weight gains (IDWG) are a secondary impact of excessive fluid and/or food intake. In addition, IDWG is common in hemodialysis patients due to renal excretion dysfunction, which impacts fluid buildup. Interdialytic Weight Gain (IDWG) is a secondary impact of excessive fluid and/or food intake and is common in hemodialysis patients due to renal excretion dysfunction. If the patient has severe IDWG, it will have an impact that fluid withdrawal will be increased. This increases the risk of complications during fluid withdrawal on hemodialysis. Objective: to identify the relationship of IDWG levels with changes in blood pressure during fluid withdrawal in hemodialysis patients. Materials and Methods: this was a descriptive-analytic study in which 90 patients undergoing HD were recruited using consecutive sampling. Respondents are free to get involved and withdraw from research and respondents who are involved in research are given rewards from researchers. Result: the study found a relationship between IDWG and blood pressure changes during fluid withdrawal during the 1st hour (P value &lt; α; α = 0.05). Discussion: blood pressure changes during hemodialysis primarily increased blood pressure influenced by some factors. The factors are IDWG levels, UF volume, stimulation of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, antihypertensive therapy, and history of cardiovascular disease. The limitation of this study is that blood pressure measurements on some respondents were not carried out on time, because respondents sometimes fell asleep. Conclusion: based on this study, IDWG is related to changes in blood pressure at the 1st hour of fluid withdrawal.

Association between the FTO polymorphic variants and obesity in the Belarusian population

Overweight and obesity refer to the abnormal and excessive deposition of adipose tissue in the human body causing significant harm to health. Unfortunately, there has always been a persisting upward trend in the number of overweight people. The development of obesity may be caused by a combination of excessive food intake, low physical activity, and a hereditary predisposition to it. Studies of the genotypes of obese individuals allowed identifying a number of polymorphic variants of genes that contribute to a genetic predisposition to an excessive weight gain. One of the most significant predictors of obesity is the FTO gene (a fat mass and obesity-associated gene). Genotyping of 655 representatives of the Republic of Belarus was carried out for 13 polymorphic variants of the FTO gene. Genomic DNA extraction was carried out from the peripheral venous blood samples. Real-time PCR was performed for the evaluation of polymorphic variants of the FTO gene. A significant association of the genotype with the body mass index was observed in eight polymorphic variants of the FTO gene: In the carriers of minor homozygotes of polymorphic variants rs11075990, rs1121980, rs1421085, rs17817449, rs3751812, rs9939609, rs9940128, and rs9941349, the body mass index (BMI) was much higher compared with the carriers of corresponding major homozygotes P = 0.0022 – 0.021. An analysis of the linkage disequilibrium of 13 polymorphic variants of the FTO gene was carried out. It was found that eight polymorphic variants of the FTO gene for which a statistically significant association with BMI was shown constitute one block of linkage disequilibrium (r2 = 0.82 – 1.0, P &lt; 0.001) and form two most common haplotypes: A/G/T/T/G/T/G/C (51.9%) and G/A/C/G/T/A/A/T (42.8%). Therefore, to determine the risk for obesity development, it is sufficient to conduct genetic testing for one of these polymorphic variants. This greatly facilitates the process of determining a genetic predisposition to excess weight.

Polyunsaturated fatty acids-rich dietary lipid prevents high fat diet-induced obesity in mice

Diet is the primary factor affecting host nutrition and metabolism, with excess food intake, especially high-calorie diets, such as high-fat and high-sugar diets, causing an increased risk of obesity and related disorders. Obesity alters the gut microbial composition and reduces microbial diversity and causes changes in specific bacterial taxa. Dietary lipids can alter the gut microbial composition in obese mice. However, the regulation of gut microbiota and host energy homeostasis by different polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in dietary lipids remains unknown. Here, we demonstrated that different PUFAs in dietary lipids improved host metabolism in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity in mice. The intake of the different PUFA-enriched dietary lipids improved metabolism in HFD-induced obesity by regulating glucose tolerance and inhibiting colonic inflammation. Moreover, the gut microbial compositions were different among HFD and modified PUFA-enriched HFD-fed mice. Thus, we have identified a new mechanism underlying the function of different PUFAs in dietary lipids in regulating host energy homeostasis in obese conditions. Our findings shed light on the prevention and treatment of metabolic disorders by targeting the gut microbiota.

Association of diet quality during pregnancy with maternal glucose metabolism in Chinese women.

Overall diet quality during pregnancy has played an important role on maternal glucose metabolism. However, evidence based on the adherence to the dietary guideline is limited, especially for Asian populations. We aimed to examine the association between adherence to the Chinese dietary guideline measured by the Diet Balance Index for Pregnancy (DBI-P) and maternal glucose metabolism, including gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) status, fasting and 2-h plasma glucose. Data were obtained from the baseline survey of the Yuexiu birth cohort. We recruited 942 pregnant women at 20-28 weeks of gestation in 2017-2018. Dietary intakes during the past month were collected using a validated semi-quantitative FFQ. The scores of DBI-P were calculated to assess dietary quality. Lower absolute values of the scores indicate higher adherence to the Chinese dietary guidelines. All participants underwent a 75 g of oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Multiple linear regression and logistic regression were conducted. The Benjamini-Hochberg method was used to adjust multiple comparisons across DBI-P food components. The value of high bound score indicator, reflecting excessive total food intake, was positively associated with OGTT-2h glucose levels (β = 0·037, P = 0·029). After adjustment for multiple comparisons, the score of animal food intake was positively associated with OGTT-2 h glucose levels (β = 0·045, P = 0·045) and risk of GDM (OR = 1·105, P = 0·030). In conclusion, excessive total food intake was associated with higher postprandial glucose in pregnant women. Lower compliance with the dietary guideline for animal food was associated with both higher postprandial glucose and increased risk of GDM during pregnancy.