Excessive Fear Research Articles

Psychometric Properties of the Persian Version of Social Anxiety Scale for Social Media Users (SAS-SMU).

Objective: Social anxiety refers to an excessive concern or fear about social situations. It seems that social media, which has become one of the most popular and effective tools for communication today, can be one of the contexts of social anxiety. Due to the lack of a Persian instrument to assess social anxiety in the context of social networks, the current study was undertaken to analyze the psychometric criteria of the Iranian version of the Social Anxiety Scale for Social Media Users (SAS-SMU). The SAS-SMU is a 21-item questionnaire designed by Alkis and colleagues (2017) to measure social anxiety emerging from the social media platforms. Method : In this study, a total of 842 participants within the age range of 11 to 82 years old (mean age 33.11 ± 12.134), 59% female) answered the questions in an online survey. The original version of the scale was translated into Persian using the back translation procedure. All participants completed a Demographic Questionnaire, the SAS-SMU, and the Beck Anxiety Inventory. In order to analyze the collected data, internal and external consistency, factor analysis, construct validity, and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were examined. A significance level of less than 0.05 was considered to determine statistical significance. Results: Four subscales were obtained from the exploratory factor analysis (SCA, PCA, IA, and SEA), which were confirmed by the confirmatory factor analysis. Cronbach's alpha for internal consistency was found to be 0.931 for the total scale and 0.920, 0.846, 0.901, 0.828 for SCA, PCA, IA, and SEA, respectively. In addition, the test-retest scores of 30 participants (interval: between 2 to 3 weeks) for all four subscales (SCA = 0.641, PCA = 0.773, IA = 0.688, SEA = 0.727) indicated acceptable stability of the questionnaire over time. Conclusion: This study validates the Persian version of the SAS-SMU for use in studies in the field of psychological problems related to social media and online communications.

How Does Climate Change Worry Influence the Relationship between Climate Change Anxiety and Eco-Paralysis? A Moderation Study

Climate change (CC) has a significant impact on human health, resulting in both physical and mental illnesses. Eco-anxiety—the excessive and pervasive fear about the consequences of CC—is the most studied psychoterratic state. This study presents the validation of Italian versions of Hogg’s Eco-Anxiety Scale (HEAS) and the Eco-Paralysis Scale. It also investigates the effects of worry on eco-anxiety and eco-paralysis. The study was conducted on 150 Italian individuals who responded to the two scales and to other questionnaires to make comparisons with the two above. Internal consistency and factorial structure were assessed through Cronbach’s alpha, Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Exploratory Factor Analysis. A median regression was used to assess the association between the EPS and the HEAS and Climate Change Worry Scale (CCWS) and their interaction. HEAS and EPS showed good psychometric properties: HEAS resulted in good internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.986), and the Eco-Paralysis scale had good test-retest reliability (r = 0.988). In both cases, a one-factor structure was suggested to be retained. The interaction terms between HEAS and CCWS (β = −0.02; 95% CI: −0.03, −0.01; p < 0.001) and between HEAS and education (β = −0.05; 95% CI: −0.08, −0.02; p < 0.001) were significant. Therefore, the feeling of worry seems to act as a moderator between climate change anxiety and eco-paralysis since it may appear to influence individuals and their ability to transform anxiety into action. Education plays a role in reducing the risk of Eco-Paralysis in subjects affected by climate change anxiety. Thus, data suggest that working on reinforcing a more cognitive concern might result in more problem-solving-focused strategies to face climate change anxiety and eco-paralysis.

THE IMPACT OF ANXIOUS AND NON-ANXIOUS PARENTS ON THE MENTAL HEALTH OF CHILDREN

Anxiety disorders are characterized by excessive and persistent anxiety or fear and are associated with a range of behavioral disturbances. Most parents experience anxiety from time to time, parenting anxiety can affect the quality of their life or their child’s life. The regulation of emotions and behavior is crucial to the healthy early development of children, where they interact with the environment to adjust emotions, cope with frustrations and stress. Parents who are depressed and out of tune with their child’s needs and emotions leave the child unsupported, left to manage their own anger, sadness, and fear, and are left to their own immature repertoire of behaviors. To make a comparative analysis of the impact of anxiety on the mental health of children of anxious and non-anxious parents.A cross-sectional transfer analytic study was conducted. 300 students were analyzed, in the territory of Gostivar, as well as their parents. “Psychometric properties of the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders” (SCARED) - child version was used to examine anxiety in children, and it measures it in 4 domains (panic, separation anxiety, generalized anxiety and school phobia).A statistically significant difference was confirmed in the distribution of students without anxiety, with possible anxiety disorder, and with anxiety disorder, between parents with and without anxiety (p<0.0001). Anxious parents more often than parents who did not manifest anxiety have children with a possible anxiety disorder and with a convincing result for anxiety disorderconsequently. Anxious parents significantly more often than parents without anxiety had children with panic disorder.Regardless of children’s specific symptoms, anxiety can have a negative effect on their thoughts, emotions, and physical health.Anxiety runs in families, with recent analysis showing that children of anxious parents are twice as likely to have anxiety problems than children of nonanxious parents. The results of the research showed a significant impact of parents’ anxiety on children’s health.

Accelerated Fear Extinction by Regular Light-Intensity Exercise: A Possible Role of Hippocampal BDNF-TrkB Signaling.

Growing concern exists worldwide about stress-related mental disorders, such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), often linked to hippocampal dysfunctions. Recognizing this connection, regular light-intensity exercise (LIE)-such as yoga, walking, or slow jogging-may offer a solution. Easily accessible even to vulnerable individuals, LIE has been found to enhance hippocampus-based cognitive functions through the stimulation of neurotrophic factors like brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). A prior study that demonstrated BDNF's role in extinguishing original fear memory further leads us to propose that a consistent LIE training might drive fear extinction learning, offering potential therapeutic benefits through BDNF signaling. Eleven-week-old Wistar rats underwent 4 wk of training under conditions of sedentary, LIE, or moderate-intensity exercise (MOE) after contextual or auditory fear conditioning. Subsequently, fear extinction tests were performed. We then administered intraperitoneal (i.p.) ANA-12, a selective antagonist of tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB), or a vehicle to explore the role of BDNF signaling in exercise-induced fear extinction among the LIE rats. Following the regular exercise training, further fear extinction tests were conducted, and hippocampal protein analysis was performed using Western blotting. Both LIE and MOE over 4 wk accelerated hippocampus-associated contextual fear extinction compared with sedentary. In addition, 4 wk of LIE with i.p. administered vehicle increased hippocampal BDNF and TrkB protein levels. In contrast, i.p. ANA-12 administration fully blocked the LIE-enhanced protein levels and its effect on contextual fear extinction. Our findings reveal that LIE regimen promotes fear extinction learning, at least partially tied to hippocampal BDNF-TrkB signaling. This suggests that even regular light exercise could alleviate the excessive fear response in anxiety disorders and PTSD, providing hope for those affected.

Brain mediators of biased social learning of self-perception in social anxiety disorder

Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is characterized by an excessive fear of social evaluation and a persistently negative view of the self. Here we test the hypothesis that negative biases in brain responses and in social learning of self-related information contribute to the negative self-image and low self-esteem characteristic of SAD. Adult participants diagnosed with social anxiety (N = 21) and matched controls (N = 23) rated their performance and received social feedback following a stressful public speaking task. We investigated how positive versus negative social feedback altered self-evaluation and state self-esteem and used functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) to characterize brain responses to positive versus negative feedback. Compared to controls, participants with SAD updated their self-evaluation and state self-esteem significantly more based on negative compared to positive social feedback. Responses in the frontoparietal network correlated with and mirrored these behavioral effects, with greater responses to positive than negative feedback in non-anxious controls but not in participants with SAD. Responses to social feedback in the anterior insula and other areas mediated the effects of negative versus positive feedback on changes in self-evaluation. In non-anxious participants, frontoparietal brain areas may contribute to a positive social learning bias. In SAD, frontoparietal areas are less recruited overall and less attuned to positive feedback, possibly reflecting differences in attention allocation and cognitive regulation. More negatively biased brain responses and social learning could contribute to maintaining a negative self-image in SAD and other internalizing disorders, thereby offering important new targets for interventions.

Gangguan Kecemasan Masa Remaja sebagai Sumber Ide Penciptaan Karya Seni Lukis

The idea raised in this paper is Anxiety Disorder. Anxiety disorders experienced by the author since her youh until now. Anxiety disorders arise from past trauma due to bullying in the family and in society. Anxiety disorders which experienced by the author are related to excessive fear and anxiety accompanied by behavioral disorders. Events that are imprinted on the memory give rise to noisy thoughts and feelings. The problems to discuss in this article with the following. problem formulation are 1) What is an anxiety disorder 2) Why the concept of anxiety disorder is the source of the idea of creating a painting 3) How is the visualization of a painting with the concept of an anxiety disorder as the source of the idea for creating a work of art. The purpose of this Art Creation Thesis is to be the concept of painting creation that visualized by a drawing technique using drawing pen and charcoal on linen paper. Black and white works are applied to convey thoughts, feelings and everyday experiences. The works present using black frames with passepartout along with performance art video. Performance art that includes in this artwork is to be used as a medium to convey honesty through the body. This art work creation practice produces novelty in terms of the concepts, techniques and presentation.Keywords: Anxiety Disorder, Art Painting, Drawing Techniques.

Pediatric Phagophobia: A Systematic Review and a Case Report of Pharmacological Interventions

Background: Phagophobia is characterized by conditioned excessive fear of swallowing or choking that is usually triggered by an incident. It usually leads to avoidance of certain types of food or, in severe forms, a complete refusal to eat solid food and/or liquids. The condition is commonly associated with physical and psychological symptoms impacting the health condition of the individual due to deprivation of essential nutrients. Case Presentation: A 12-year-old boy developed acute onset fear of swallowing (Phagophobia) following a dream he had of someone choking. This was exacerbated by watching an online video of a person choking. This has led to an avoidance of solid food and dependence on soft food and liquids. Fear of swallowing along with food avoidance has led to malnutrition, weight loss, and several physical complaints for which the patient was admitted under pediatric care. A course of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) resulted in limited response and was augmented with fluoxetine. Full remission was achieved within six weeks. Methods: A systematic review of all peer-reviewed English literature was performed for articles related to the pharmacological treatment of pediatric phagophobia (0-18 years) following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Results: A total of 17 case reports were identified describing 17 children with phagophobia (females = 70 %). The mean age was 9.3 and the average was between 2 and 15 years who were diagnosed with choking phobia/ phagophobia or different but equivalent diagnoses like Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder or Post Traumatic Feeding Disorder. Different classes of medications were used in variable doses for different durations which were associated with significant improvement in eating patterns and reduction in fear and anxiety associated with eating. Conclusion: Phagophobia is a serious and potentially life-threatening illness that can cause physical complications and functional impairment in the psychosocial aspect. Pharmacological treatment can be a beneficial and safe option either alone or in combination with therapeutic interventions for children presenting with phagophobia.

Leveraging IoT to Address Separation Anxiety in Preschoolers: A Techno-Psychological Approach

Separation anxiety disorder (SAD) is a prevalent psychological disorder among preschoolers, characterized by excessive fear or anxiety related to separation from a primary attachment figure. The COVID-19 pandemic likely exacerbated the problem due to the transition to online schooling. While some attention has been given to treating SAD, most current solutions are non-technical and based on behavior analytic research which can be costly and time-consuming. Mediated social touch, which uses technology to simulate physical touch and deliver it remotely, has been extensively studied for its potential to promote wellbeing, enhance social connectedness, and improve affective experiences in various contexts. However, no research has focused on the use of such technology to manage SAD in preschoolers. To address this gap, this work presents the design, development, and evaluation of a novel mediated social touch system aimed at managing separation anxiety in preschoolers. Specifically, the study investigates the effectiveness of using IoT in huggable interfaces and game-based applications in improving children’s emotional state and adaptation to the kindergarten environment. Through experiments conducted on a sample of nearly 30 preschoolers, the results have shown that the system is effective in helping preschoolers adapt to kindergarten, with the best results achieved when using the huggable interface and the developed game together. The implications of this study may be beneficial to parents, educators, and mental health professionals who work with preschoolers who experience SAD.

Excessive fear of clusters of holes, its interaction with stressful life events and the association with anxiety and depressive symptoms: large epidemiological study of young people in Hong Kong.

Excessive and persistent fear of clusters of holes, also known as trypophobia, has been suggested to reflect cortical hyperexcitability and may be associated with mental health risks. No study, however, has yet examined these associations in representative epidemiological samples. To examine the prevalence of trypophobia in a population-representative youth sample, its association with mental health and functioning, and its interaction with external stress. A total of 2065 young people were consecutively recruited from a household-based epidemiological youth mental health study in Hong Kong. Trypophobia, symptoms of anxiety, depression and stress, and exposure to personal stressors were assessed. Logistic regression was used to assess the relationships between trypophobia and mental health. Potential additive and interaction effects of trypophobia and high stress exposure on mental health were also tested. The prevalence of trypophobia was 17.6%. Trypophobia was significantly associated with severe symptoms of anxiety (odds ratio (OR) = 1.83, 95% CI = 1.32-2.53), depression (OR = 1.78, 95% CI = 1.24-2.56) and stress (OR = 1.68, 95% CI = 1.11-2.53), even when accounting for sociodemographic factors, personal and family psychiatric history, resilience and stress exposure. Dose-response relationships were observed, and trypophobia significantly potentiated the effects of stress exposure on symptom outcomes, particularly for depressive symptoms. Those with trypophobia also showed significantly poorer functioning across domains and poorer health-related quality of life. Screening for trypophobia in young people may facilitate early risk detection and intervention, particularly among those with recent stress exposure. Nevertheless, the generally small effect sizes suggest that other factors have more prominent roles in determining recent mental health outcomes in population-based samples; these should be explored in future work.

A structural equation model analysis of the relationship between expectant fathers' fear of COVID-19 and their fear of childbirth: The mediating role of maternal fear of childbirth

BackgroundPregnancy and childbirth may provoke various emotional responses in expectant fathers including excessive fear of childbirth. It is not unreasonable to assume that fear of contracting the virus during the COVID-19 pandemic, may have intensified fathers' fear of childbirth. This study aims to determine the mediating role of the expectant mothers’ fear of childbirth in the relationship between expectant fathers’ fear of COVID-19 and their fear of childbirth. MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted on 270 pregnant women and their spouses attending health centers from Aug 2021 to April 2022. Fathers’ fear of childbirth scale (FFCS), Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire (W-DEQ-A), and Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) were used to collect data. To examine the relationships between variables and to develop the final model, we used the structural equation model (SEM). ResultsThe prevalence of severe fear of childbirth in fathers and their female spouses were 40.9% and 22.4%, respectively. The mean score and standard deviation of fear of childbirth in the fathers and their female spouses were 49.2 ± 17.1 and 62.5 ± 29.4, respectively. Results showed that fathers’ fear of COVID-19 was directly (B = 0.44, p = 0.004) and indirectly (B = 0.13, p = 0.015) associated with fathers’ fear of childbirth. Also, women's fear of childbirth was positively associated with fathers’ fear of childbirth (B = 0.45, p = 0.030). In the final model, the values of χ2/df, CFI, PCFI, RMSEA, and SRMR were equal to 2.32, 0.94, 0.76, 0.07, and 0.06, respectively. ConclusionsWe found a high prevalence of severe fear of childbirth in Iranian expectant fathers which means that fathers’ fear of childbirth is a national health concern that needs to be addressed. The findings of the present study indicate that mothers’ fear of childbirth has a mediating role in the relationship between fathers’ fear of COVID and fear of childbirth. Therefore, to alleviate fathers’ fear of childbirth, interventions to reduce fathers’ fear of COVID-19 and women's fear of childbirth should be developed and implemented. The impact of fathers’ mental health on the fear of childbirth in expectant couples should be further investigated.

Early Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Review and Analysis of the Risks and Benefits.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition made up of enduring challenges in social communication and interaction and the presence of repetitive and restricted behavior patterns. Early diagnosis of autism is crucial for timely intervention and improved long-term outcomes. This review aims to explore some of its signs and symptoms, look into some diagnostic tools, and analyze the benefits and risks associated with an early diagnosis of autism. The symptoms of ASD vary from child to child, some of which are: avoidance of eye contact, lack of response to names, excessive fear, and lack of interactive and pretend play. Early identification of these symptoms by caregivers and healthcare providers facilitates the need for diagnosis and appropriate interventions. Some screening and diagnostic tools that have been found to help make the diagnosis are the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers, Revised with Follow-Up (M-CHAT-R/F), the Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ), the Parents' Evaluation of Developmental Status (PEDS), and the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS), amongst others. The benefits of early diagnosis include the opportunity for early intervention, which has been shown to enhance developmental outcomes and improve adaptive skills. Early identification allows for the implementation of specialized interventions tailored to the specific needs of individuals with autism, targeting social communication, language development, and behavioral challenges. Furthermore, early diagnosis enables families to access appropriate support services, educational resources, and community programs, facilitating better coping mechanisms, reducing parental stress, and increasing adult independence. However, early diagnosis of autism also entails certain risks. One significant concern is the potential for labeling and stigmatization, which can impact the child's self-esteem and social interactions. There is a risk of overdiagnosis or misdiagnosis, leading to unnecessary interventions and treatments. Additionally, the diagnostic process can be lengthy, complex, and emotionally challenging for families, requiring comprehensive assessments by multidisciplinary teams. This review highlights the importance of a balanced approach when considering the benefits and risks of early diagnosis. Early identification allows for timely interventions that significantly improve developmental outcomes and quality of life for individuals with autism. To mitigate the risks, it is crucial to ensure accurate and reliable diagnostic procedures, support families throughout the process, and promote societal awareness and acceptance. We also highlighted some future directions in the management of autism, including the use of biomarkers and the use of artificial intelligence and learning for diagnosing ASD.

Kinesiophobia and associated variables in patients with heart failure.

Patients with heart failure (HF) can exhibit kinesiophobia, an excessive, debilitating, and irrational fear of movement. This study aimed to enhance the understanding of kinesiophobia in patients with HF by analysing associations with the following variables: musculoskeletal pain, quality of life, quality of sleep, functional capacity, disability, frailty, sex, and age. In this cross-sectional study, 107 participants were included, with ages ranging from 28 to 97 years (57% men, mean age 73.18 ± 12.68 years). Multiple regression analyses were performed with all variables, including polynomial regressions for variables with a non-linear relationship. Kinesiophobia was significantly correlated (P < 0.01) with musculoskeletal pain, quality of life, quality of sleep, functional capacity, disability, and being at risk of frailty, while age and sex were not statistically significant. Frailty disability and musculoskeletal pain intensity were variables linearly associated with kinesiophobia, while quality of sleep and disability had a non-linear relationship with kinesiophobia. Kinesiophobia needs to be evaluated and better understood in patients with HF to improve physical activity and exercise adherence. This study found that musculoskeletal pain intensity, quality of sleep, disability, and frailty risk have a significant association with kinesiophobia in patients with HF. Our results suggest multi-dimensional associations of kinesiophobia in patients with HF, which require further examination and understanding.

Update on neurobiological mechanisms of fear: illuminating the direction of mechanism exploration and treatment development of trauma and fear-related disorders.

Fear refers to an adaptive response in the face of danger, and the formed fear memory acts as a warning when the individual faces a dangerous situation again, which is of great significance to the survival of humans and animals. Excessive fear response caused by abnormal fear memory can lead to neuropsychiatric disorders. Fear memory has been studied for a long time, which is of a certain guiding effect on the treatment of fear-related disorders. With continuous technological innovations, the study of fear has gradually shifted from the level of brain regions to deeper neural (micro) circuits between brain regions and even within single brain regions, as well as molecular mechanisms. This article briefly outlines the basic knowledge of fear memory and reviews the neurobiological mechanisms of fear extinction and relapse, which aims to provide new insights for future basic research on fear emotions and new ideas for treating trauma and fear-related disorders.

Assessment of Depression, Anxiety and Stress among the Undergraduate Physiotherapy Students

Background: Today, psychological morbidities such as depression, anxiety and stress are most common psychiatrichealth issues worldwide. Stress in medical education especially among the undergraduate students has become aglobal phenomenon nowadays. According to WHO, depression is the most common mental disorder, characterisedby sadness, loss of interest or pleasure, feelings of guilt or low self-worth, low energy and poor concentration anddisturbance in sleep or appetite, Anxiety disorders are characterised by excessive fear and worry and relatedbehavioural disturbances and stress is defined as a state of worry or mental tension caused by a difficult situation.This study is important to identify the risk factors of depression, anxiety and stress among the undergraduatephysiotherapy students, as it affects their health as well as their academic achievements. The aim and objective ofthis study is to assess depression, anxiety and stress among the undergraduate physiotherapy students by usingDASS-21 scale.Methods: This is an observational study was conducted in a Physiotherapy College in Maharashtra. The totalduration of this study was 6 months from October 2022 to March 2023. Data was collected from 43 undergraduatephysiotherapy students from first year to fourth year by using a DASS-21 questionnaire.Conclusion: Psychological illness in the form of depression, anxiety and stress have been reported in substantialproportion of undergraduate. Depression has been reported in 76.74% of students, while anxiety and stresswere found in 86.05% and 83.72% respectively. Organized interventions should be initiated to prevent excessivepsychological illness among undergraduate physiotherapy students.

In-silico Studies on Phthalimide GABA Analogs for Anticonvulsant Activity Against Sodium Channel and GABA-AT

Introduction: GABA is a type of inhibitory neurotransmitter; it blocks or inhibits certain nerve transmission. Our nervous system is calmed by GABA, thus preventing excessive fear or anxiety is a simple and rapid approach to raise and maintain healthy mental health. Some medical conditions associated with a change in the level of GABA are anxiety and mood disorders, schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorder, depression, epilepsy, and seizures. The aim of this study to increase the activity of GABA which can be enhanced by the incorporation of anthracene, phthalimide, benzene, and thalidomide. Materials and methods: Insilico Docking study was carried out by using Auto Dock 4.0 against GABA-AT protein and the binding energy was found out to be -7.61kcal/mol. GABA-Phthalimide substitution, derivatives were designed as they possess a similar degree of anticonvulsant potency due to their phenytoin-like profile. The phthalimide pharmacophores interaction with voltage dependent sodium channels in neurons was investigated. Results and conclusion: This suggests the substitution of GABA as a possible lead compound. Therefore, in the present study, N, N-phthaloyl GABA combine with aniline a Noval compound 4-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)-N-phenylbutanamide is designed with improved anticonvulsant properties.

Closed-loop brain stimulation augments fear extinction in male rats

Dysregulated fear reactions can result from maladaptive processing of trauma-related memories. In post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other psychiatric disorders, dysfunctional extinction learning prevents discretization of trauma-related memory engrams and generalizes fear responses. Although PTSD may be viewed as a memory-based disorder, no approved treatments target pathological fear memory processing. Hippocampal sharp wave-ripples (SWRs) and concurrent neocortical oscillations are scaffolds to consolidate contextual memory, but their role during fear processing remains poorly understood. Here, we show that closed-loop, SWR triggered neuromodulation of the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) can enhance fear extinction consolidation in male rats. The modified fear memories became resistant to induced recall (i.e., ‘renewal’ and ‘reinstatement’) and did not reemerge spontaneously. These effects were mediated by D2 receptor signaling-induced synaptic remodeling in the basolateral amygdala. Our results demonstrate that SWR-triggered closed-loop stimulation of the MFB reward system enhances extinction of fearful memories and reducing fear expression across different contexts and preventing excessive and persistent fear responses. These findings highlight the potential of neuromodulation to augment extinction learning and provide a new avenue to develop treatments for anxiety disorders.

Effects of Test Anxiety on Academic Performance of Under Graduate University Students

Anxiety has been a key topic in psychological research for many decades. It is commonly defined as a state of excessive fear, worry and apprehension accompanied by physiological symptoms relating to the arousal of the autonomic nervous system. The current study was carried out to find out effect of test anxiety on students’ academic performance. The current study was descriptive in nature and survey method was used to collect the data. 1192 students of department of education of three universities (Women University of Azad Jammu &amp; Kashmir Bagh, University of Poonch Rawalakot AJ&amp;K and University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir Muzaffarabad were the population of the study.. 300 students selected randomly were the sample of the study. A researcher adapted standardized questionnaire having five point Likert scale. Data was analyzed by using regression. It is concluded that anxiety before, during and after test has significant effect on academic performance. It is recommended that; friendly environment may be created before conducting the test.

Pengaruh Video Edukasi Hypnobirthing untuk Mengatasi Tokophobia pada Wanita Usia Produktif

Pregnancy is a time awaited by many women. Entering pregnancy, there are many changes that occur both biologically due to hormonal changes, but also psychologically. Pregnancy generally occurs at a productive age before entering menopause. Pregnancy is a difficult phase, so many pregnant women experience excessive fear and anxiety during pregnancy and childbirth, due to many factors, both internal and external. Fear and anxiety are usually more felt in pregnant women with their first child, but in subsequent pregnancies there are still many who experience fear and anxiety. This is very bad if not handled properly, because it can endanger the condition of pregnant women and also their womb. Tokophobia is a common condition characterized by fear experienced by women in relation to the processes of pregnancy and childbirth. Various stakeholders, including healthcare professionals, psychologists, media outlets, and specialized teams, have sought solutions to address tokophobia. One popular approach is hypnotherapy, particularly hypnobirthing, which supports the processes of pregnancy and childbirth. Hypnobirthing involves the utilization of positive suggestions to facilitate and ease the process of childbirth while reducing potential fears experienced by the mother. Educational videos are frequently employed within hypnobirthing, combining auditory and visual elements to provide positive benefits to viewers. Based on research and testing conducted on 15 productive age pregnant women with tokophobia in Pekanbaru, the use of educational hypnobirthing videos has proven to have a positive impact in reducing levels of fear throughout the pregnancy process.

Validation and reliability of the Russian version of the Perinatal Anxiety Screening Scale

BACKGROUND: Anxiety and depressive disorders in women are among the most common in the perinatal period. Timely detection of anxiety symptoms specific to the perinatal period is important for providing the necessary comprehensive psychological and medical care to women. This study assesses the validity and reliability of the Russian version of the Perinatal Anxiety Screening Scale (PASS-R).METHODS: A step-by-step translation of the scale into Russian was carried out. The study involved 609 pregnant women who answered questions in the following scales: PASS, Beck Depression Inventory II, Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale, Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and the Clinical Questionnaire for the Identification and Assessment of Neurotic Conditions. Content validity, factor analysis and internal consistency were assessed.RESULTS: The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin criterion was found to be 0.93, Bartlett’s Test was found to be significant at P<0.0001 (χ2=8184.421) and Cronbach’s α coefficient for the scale was 0.930. PASS-R also significantly correlated with other measures of depression and anxiety (P<0.001). Analyses revealed that the optimal cut-off of the PASS-R score for detecting anxiety was 26. Principal component analysis and oblique (oblimin) rotation, repeated with Varimax rotation, suggested a six-factor structure addressing the following conditions: 1) acute anxiety and trauma; 2) social anxiety; 3) perfectionism and control; 4) excessive worry and specific fears; 5) adjustment (dissociation); and 6) generalized anxiety.CONCLUSIONS: The Russian version of PASS showed reasonably adequate validity and reliability and can be used to screen for anxiety disorder among women in the perinatal period.

Influence of Family Environment on Adolescents Anxiety Disorder

This paper will discuss how the family environment influences adolescents' anxiety disorder in a specific way, such as parenting style, family relationships, and members' attitudes towards sex and orientation. This research relies on studies and papers on Google Scholar and PubMed under the main keywords. All these reasons will negatively affect adolescents with a mental disorder, specifically anxiety disorder, which is typical for teenagers as it can share features of excessive fear and anxiety. We conducted research according to the adolescent age group suggested by WHO as between 10 to 19 in many ways, such as parenting style, family relationships, and attitudes toward sexual orientation. Parenting style refers to how parents communicate with adolescents. This family relationship is how two or more people feel and behave towards other, family members' attitude towards sexual orientation, which is a persons sexual identity about the gene to which they are attracted. If not treated immediately and continuously, anxiety disorder will negatively affect individuals due to its etiology generation by generation.