Dietary Excess Research Articles

Selenium Status in Diet Affects Acetaminophen-Induced Hepatotoxicity via Interruption of Redox Environment.

Aims: Drug-induced liver injury, especially acetaminophen (APAP)-induced liver injury, is a leading cause of liver failure worldwide. Mouse models were used to evaluate the effect of microelement selenium levels on the cellular redox environment and consequent hepatotoxicity of APAP. Results: APAP treatment affected mouse liver selenoprotein thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) activity and glutathione (GSH) level in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Decrease of mouse liver TrxR activity and glutathione level was an early event, and occurred concurrently with liver damage. The decreases in the GSH/glutathione disulfide form (GSSG) ratio and TrxR activity, and the increase of protein S-glutathionylation were correlated with the APAP-induced hepatotoxicity. Moreover, in APAP-treated mice both mild deprivation and excess supplementation with selenium increased the severity of liver injury compared with those observed in mice with normal dietary selenium levels. An increase in the oxidation state of the TrxR-mediated system, including cytosolic thioredoxin1 (Trx1) and peroxiredoxin1/2 (Prx1/2), and mitochondrial Trx2 and Prx3, was found in the livers from mice reared on selenium-deficient and excess selenium-supplemented diets upon APAP treatment. Innovation: This work demonstrates that both Trx and GSH systems are susceptible to APAP toxicity in vivo, and that the thiol-dependent redox environment is a key factor in determining the extent of APAP-induced hepatotoxicity. Dietary selenium and selenoproteins play critical roles in protecting mice against APAP overdose. Conclusion: APAP treatment in mice interrupts the function of the Trx and GSH systems, which are the main enzymatic antioxidant systems, in both the cytosol and mitochondria. Dietary selenium deficiency and excess supplementation both increase the risk of APAP-induced hepatotoxicity.

Assessing Human Molybdenum Nutritional Status by Analyzing Frequency distribution Properties in the Hair and Whole Blood with a Median Derivatives Bioassay

Abstract Objectives Molybdenum is the essential trace element in human nutrition since it is a part of a pterin coenzyme which is essential for the activity of various oxidases. High doses of Mo are neurotoxic to the human brain. The safe adequate intake of Mo is set at 75–200 µg·g−1, but there is no available long-term biological indicator tissue to assess the Mo nutritional status. The aim of this study was to assess human Mo nutritional status with a median derivatives bioassay. Methods We analyzed frequency distribution of hair Mo (HMo) in a prospective, observational, cross sectional and exploratory epidemiological study of 1073 apparently healthy adults (339 men, M and 734 women, W) from Zagreb, CROATIA. Whole blood Mo (WBMo) was assessed in a population subsample of 143 W and 91 M. Both hair and whole blood, a long- and short-term biological indicator, respectively were analyzed for Mo with the ICP MS at the Center for Biotic Medicine, Moscow, Russia: an ISO certified bioelement (electrolytes, trace- and ultra-trace elements) analytical laboratory. Hair Mo natural frequency distribution was analyzed with the aid of median derivatives bioassay logistic sigmoid curve for men and women separately. The range of values below the linear segment of the sigmoid curve (the adequate Mo intake) was considered to reflect Mo deficiency, whereas the values above that linear range indicate Mo dietary excess. The adequate linear range may be further subdivided into marginal (subclinical), true adequate, and ample region with a 30:60:10 ratio, respectively. Results The linear segment of the hair Mo deposition was distinctly different (ng·g−1) and higher in M (34–75) than W (27–57) with the observed median ♀/♂ ratio 0.82. The marginal (subclinical) interval ranges are M 34–46.3, W 27–36). However, there were no difference in the WBMo confidence intervals between M (455–1380) and W (480–1145); the Median ♀/♂ observed ratio is 0.93. Conclusions Adequate human population Mo nutritional status may be accurately assessed by analyzing hair Mo frequency distribution with the median derivatives bioassay. Apparently, there is gender dependent delay of Mo hair saturation in the men hair. For the first time it was possible to differentiate the subclinical levels of sparsely adequate dietary Mo. Funding Sources Institute for Research and Development of Sustainable Eco Systems, 10,000 Zagreb, Croatia.

SAT-356 Reversible Suppression of Serum 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D in Williams Syndrome

Background: Hypercalcemia has been reported in 5% to 50% of patients with Williams syndrome; however, observations about the role of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in hypercalcemia related to Williams syndrome have been contradictory. Objective: The objective was to investigate the mineral metabolism in an 11-month-old patient with Williams-Beuren syndrome who had hypercalcemia, hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis. Methods: We reviewed test results in an 11-month-old infant with Williams syndrome who developed hypercalcemia following excessive dietary calcium intake that was two to three times higher than recommended for age because he continued receiving a premature formula with high calcium content from birth. Results: Our patient presented with feeding difficulties, daily vomiting, weight loss, and constipation. He had serum total calcium 14.8 mg/dL, phosphorus 4.0 mg/dL, PTH <4 pg/mL, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D <8 pg/mL, 25-hydroxyvitamin D 29 ng/mL, PTH-related peptide 3.7 pmoL/L (expected <4.2), alkaline phosphatase 118 U/L, beta-crosslaps 1257 pg/mL, and urinary calcium/creatinine ratio 1.19. XR Skeletal Survey revealed increased bone density in the metaphyseal regions, in particular, above the knee, distal radius and ulna that may result from hypercalcemia; no evidence of rickets, osteoporosis or congenital osteodystrophy was seen. Renal ultrasound revealed increased echogenicity of the renal medullary pyramids consistent with medullary nephrocalcinosis. Hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria were initially treated with IV fluids and Furosemide IV, and resolved only after Pamidronate 0.5 mg/kg/dose IV x 2 doses. After serum calcium normalized, the patient’s symptoms resolved, PTH recovered to 18 pg/mL (expected 10 - 65), and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D increased to 27 pg/mL (expected 24 - 86). Chromosomal micro-array analysis showed a 1.9 megabase deletion at 7q11.23 that overlapped the Williams syndrome critical region including the ELN gene, consistent with diagnosis of Williams syndrome. Serum calcium remained normal with dietary calcium restriction using a low-calcium formula and complementary foods. Conclusions: PTH-independent hypercalcemia in our patient with Williams syndrome was due to calcium overload resulting from dietary calcium excess in addition to possibly enhanced intestinal calcium absorption. Serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D was undetectable and returned to normal only with resumption of PTH secretion required for its synthesis after hypercalcemia resolved. The balance between bone formation and resorption was shifted to resorption possibly to remove skeletal calcium excess, based on normal alkaline phosphatase (marker of osteoblast activity) and high collagen beta-crosslaps (marker of osteoclast activity). A premature formula with high calcium content should be switched to a full-term formula when risk for rickets of prematurity clears.

Abundance of miRNA during muscle growth is not influenced by dietary protein inclusion levels in neonatal pigs

Postnatal muscle growth requires satellite cell (SC) activation and fusion with existing myofibers. Delay or absence of SC proliferation and differentiation leads to a reduction in muscle hypertrophy. Nutrition during neonatal life impacts developmental growth programing by altering SC activity. Growth as a percentage of body weight is highest during the neonatal period and restricting neonatal nutrition can lead to permanent muscle growth deficits. Reducing dietary intake of protein can improve gut function during weaning, however, this may limit amino acid availability for muscle growth. The feed‐induced protein synthesis response in muscle is highest in the neonatal period and subsequently progressively declines throughout life. The heightened responsiveness of protein synthesis during this period is mediated mainly by the activation of translation initiation factors. Post‐transcriptional regulation of RNA is mediated in part by micro‐RNAs (miRNA) by preventing translation and/or promoting degradation and are known to be important modulators of stem cell activity. Proliferation of SCs is promoted by miR‐133a, while differentiation is promoted by miR‐1, miR‐133b and miR‐206 through repression of Pax7. The objective of this study was to determine miRNA abundance during neonatal muscle growth in response to a protein deficient, adequate, and excess diets in pigs. Twenty‐eight piglets obtained at 1d of age received isocaloric dietary treatments of either an adequate protein diet (A), a 25% deficient protein diet (D), or a 25% excess protein diet (E) over a 17‐day trial. Piglet starting weights were 1.47kg±0.1 kg for D and 1.46±0.1 kg for E and A treatments. Final body weight and ADG were increased in E compared to D pigs (5.60±0.27kg vs 4.75±0.27kg and 0.27±0.01kg/d vs 0.21±0.01kg/d) despite an equal feed intake across treatments. Gene expression in the longissimus dorsi was evaluated by qPCR. There were no differences IGF1, or in myogenic genes MyoD and MyoG despite the increased growth rates of E treatment pigs. The SC marker Pax‐7 did not differ between treatments. Genes associated with lipid oxidation, PPARd and CPT1, were not different between treatments. There were no differences in degradation pathway genes muRF‐1, atrogin‐1, and FOXO despite the reduction in growth of D pigs. The differences in growth response without alterations in gene expression may be due to post‐transcriptional regulation, however, no differences were observed in miRNA expression. The differentiation promoting miRs‐1, 133b and 206 and proliferation promoting miR‐133a were not different between treatments. These data indicate that diets excess in protein increased growth rates which may lead a sustained increase in muscle mass throughout life. While miRNA expression was not different between treatments, miRNAs may still play a role in the differences observed in growth between D and E treatments through their activity and rate of binding to their target mRNAs.

High Salt Diet Affects the Reproductive Health in Animals: An Overview.

Simple summaryHalophytic plants are a promising animal feed source. However, the extreme NaCl2 salt content constraints their use. Excess diet salt adversely affects growth performance and animal’s reproduction worldwide. This review focuses on the impact of high salt intake on growth performance and reproduction ability in animals.Salinity is a reliable issue of crop productivity loss in the world and in certain tropical and subtropical zones. However, tremendous progress in the genetic improvement of plants for salinity tolerance has been made over several decades. In light of this, halophytic plants can be used as animal feeds and have promising features because they are a good feed resource. However, the main constraint of saline pasture systems is the extreme concentration of NaCl salt in drinking water and forage plants for grazing animals. Ecological reports revealed that excess diet salt causes mortality and morbidity worldwide. Animal fed halophytic forages may have adverse effects on growth performance and reproductive function in males and females due to inducing reductions in hormone regulation, such as testosterone, FSH, LH, and leptin. It was indicated that high salt intake promotes circulating inflammatory factors in the placenta and is associated with adversative effects on pregnancy. This review focuses on the scientific evidence related to the effect of high salt intake on growth performance, spermatogenesis, sperm function, and testicular morphology changes in male animals. In addition, the review will also focus on its effect on some female reproductive features (e.g., ovarian follicle developments, placental indices, and granulosa cell function).

Differential effects of the 1,25D3-MARRS receptor (ERp57/PDIA3) on murine mammary gland development depend on the vitamin D3 dose

1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D3) is the most potent biologically active form of vitamin D3. Its actions on the mammary gland include cell growth inhibition and anti-cancer effects. This study’s purpose was to explore the role of the 1,25D3-membrane associated rapid response steroid (MARRS) receptor in the mammary gland using a tissue-specific knockout mouse model and a vitamin D3 dietary intervention. Three genotype groups were created using the Cre/loxp system to knock-down (+/−) and knockout (−/−) the MARRS receptor in epithelial cells of mammary glands (MG). Abdominal MGs were collected from 6-week old female mice (n = 94) on diets of 10,000 IU/kg (excess), 1,000 IU/kg (sufficient) or 0 IU/kg (deficient) of D3. There was a significant interaction between genotype and diet regarding number of terminal end buds (TEBs) (p = 0.001) and ductal coverage of the fat pad (p = 0.03). MARRS -/- mice on the sufficient diet had significantly fewer TEBs (p = 0.001) compared to MARRS +/+ on the same diet, but the opposite effect was seen in mice on the excess diet. There were no effects of genotype on TEBs when animals were vitamin D3 deficient. These results suggest that there is an effect of MARRS on mammary gland development that is dependent on 25(OH)D status, specifically, altering the number of highly proliferative TEBs. Increased numbers of TEBs have been correlated with increased breast cancer risk later in life. Therefore the results of this study warrant further examination of 25(OH)D status and recommendations in adolescent humans to reduce dietary effects on future breast cancer risk.

Effects of a four-week very low-carbohydrate high-fat diet on biomarkers of inflammation: Non-randomised parallel-group study

It is commonly assumed that increased dietary fat and/or caloric excess induces chronic inflammatory processes, since the association between obesity and chronic adipose tissue with systemic inflammation has been shown previously. As far as we know, the reported health benefits of a VLCHF or ketogenic diet have not adequately involved an evaluation of biomarkers of inflammation. This study investigated the effects of a four-week very low-carbohydrate high-fat (VLCHF) diet in healthy young individuals on biomarkers of inflammation. Eighteen moderately trained males (age 23.8 ± 2.1 years) were assigned to two groups. One group switched to a non-standardised VLCHF diet for four weeks, while the second group remained consuming their normal habitual diet (HD). Biomarkers of inflammation (adiponectin, leptin, resistin and interleukin-6) and substrate metabolism (fasting glucose and triacylglyceride concentrations) were analysed from blood at baseline and after four weeks. There was moderate evidence for substantial changes in leptin serum concentrations in the VLCHF group, with small to large decreases compared to the HD group after four weeks (effect size = 0.78, 95% CI 0.42, 0.93, p = 0.008; Bayes Factor10 = 5.70). No substantial between-group change differences over time were found across any other biomarkers. A four-week period of consuming a VLCHF diet in healthy young men was not associated with any considerable changes in markers of inflammation but showed evidence for lowered serum leptin concentrations relative to the HD group.

Knowledge of modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular diseases among university undergraduates in Ibadan, Nigeria

Introduction. Undergraduates in many institutions live a lifestyle that could predispose them to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) including cardiovascular-related. Previous studies on modifiable risk factors (MRFs) against NCDs had focused mainly on adults, whereas young people should be prime targets for prevention programmes. Aim. This study was aimed at investigating knowledge of MRFs against cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) among university undergraduates in Ibadan, Nigeria. Material and methods. A descriptive cross-sectional design was adopted, where 500 undergraduates participated. Data were collected using Focus Group Discussion (FGD) guide and validated questionnaire. Data analyses were conducted using thematic approach and bivariate methods at 5% levels of significance, respectively. Results. Mean age was 22.8 }3.0 years and 51.4% were females. The majority reported that their fathers (82.8%) and mothers (83.0%) had no hypertension history. The FGD revealed that students were knowledgeable of MRFs and preventive behaviours but still engaged in unhealthy lifestyle practices. The MRFs identified included excessive alcohol consumption (85.4%), unhealthy diet (77.6%), physical inactivity (75.2%) and smoking (70.2%). Respondents (56.4%) had good knowledge of MRFs against CVDs; 57.0% had fair lifestyle practices and 54.8% had good knowledge of preventive behaviour against CVDs. Conclusion. Gender was significantly associated with knowledge of CVDs preventive behaviours. Institutional-based lifestyle modification programmes, using peer group education is suggested.

Metabolic Profile of Japanese Black Breeding Cattle Herds: Its Usefulness in the Detection of Abnormal Metabolism Resulting from High Protein Diets

Metabolic profile tests (MPTs) in Japanese Black (JB) breeding cattle from 45 herds with poor reproductive performance revealed that one herd with an abnormal metabolic profile was fed excessive protein diet during parturition. The fullness rate of CP was 229%; as a feed quality improvement measure, the CP was reduced by 1 kg/day (equivalent to 202% of CP requirement). We performed another MPT six months later on a total of 10 cows, and compared the results before and after feed improvement, postpartum day open period, and occurrence of reproductive disorders. The occurrence and developmental conditions of diseases in the calves were also compared. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), total protein (TP), and albumin (Alb) levels were within the reference range, but glucose level (Glu) was lower and 3-hydroxybutyric acid (3-HB) level was higher than the reference range before dietary intervention (n=9). After dietary intervention (n=10), BUN, TP, and Alb levels were within the reference range, but TP level increased significantly (P<0.01). Additionally, Glu level increased significantly (P<0.01) and 3-HB level decreased significantly (P<0.05), returning to the reference range. The postpartum days open tended to decrease after feed improvement. The number of reproductive treatments and treatment expenses for the mothers decreased after feed improvement, but there was no significant difference among the calves before and after feed improvement; there was no significant difference in the mean body weight of calves. Excessive protein feeding might result in a low energy state adversely affecting the reproductive performance. These results show that optimization of dietary energy and protein can improve the reproductive performance and economic efficiency of JB cattle.

The toxicological effect of dietary excess of saccharicterpenin, the extract of camellia seed meal, in piglets

Recently, saccharicterpenin extracted from Camellia oleifera seed meal has become a widely used feed supplement in animal husbandry. In order to assess its safety, this study was designed to investigate the toxicity and histopathological effects of saccharicterpenin on piglets. One hundred-fifty weaned pigs ((Yorkshire×Landrace)×Duroc), 75 males and 75 females with body weight (BW) of (7.35±0.29) kg, were randomly allotted to groups receiving diets supplemented with 0, 500, 1 000, 2 500 or 5 000 mg kg−1 saccharicterpenin for 70 d. The diet with 500 mg kg−1 saccharicterpenin supplementation improved liver glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity, and the diet with 1 000 mg kg−1 saccharicterpenin supplementation improved liver glutathione S-transferase (GSH-S) activity in piglets on d 70 (P<0.05). At 2 500 mg kg−1, saccharicterpenin in the diets reduced average daily feed intake (ADFI) and average daily gain (ADG) of piglets from d 1 to 35, damaged the cardiac tissue and liver on d 35, and decreased white blood cell counts (WBC), activities of catalase (CAT) and GSH-Px, and concentrations of glucose (GLU) and urea nitrogen (BUN) in the blood of piglets on d 70 (P<0.05). In addition, diets with 5 000 mg kg−1 saccharicterpenin supplementation reduced ADFI, ADG and increased diarrhea rates of piglets from d 36 to 70, and decreased hemoglobin (HGB) concentration and activity of CAT in the blood of piglets on d 70 (P<0.05). Moreover, at a rate of 5 000 mg kg−1, saccharicterpenin supplementation increased pancreas index on d 35 and hepatic index on d 70, and damaged cardiac tissue, liver and spleen during the whole experimental period (P<0.05). These results suggested that dietary 500 mg kg−1 saccharicterpenin supplementation had beneficial effects on piglets, but excessive supplementation (2 500 or 5 000 mg kg−1) of saccharicterpenin in the diets could lead to growth retardation, hematological abnormalities and organ injuries.

Corinna Hawkes: champion of effective food policy

As Director of the Centre for Food Policy at City, University of London, UK, Professor Corinna Hawkes leads a team that is focused on finding ways of making existing food policies work better to improve outcomes in areas such as nutrition, health, the environment, people's livelihoods, and the economic aspects of food. “We need to understand the lived experiences of people who are meant to benefit from food policy, as well as better understanding the context for its implementation and evaluation, from a real-life perspective”, explains Hawkes, who is an author of a paper in The Lancet's new Series on the double burden of malnutrition. Dynamics of the double burden of malnutrition and the changing nutrition realityThe double burden of malnutrition (DBM), defined as the simultaneous manifestation of both undernutrition and overweight and obesity, affects most low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). This Series paper describes the dynamics of the DBM in LMICs and how it differs by socioeconomic level. This Series paper shows that the DBM has increased in the poorest LMICs, mainly due to overweight and obesity increases. Indonesia is the largest country with a severe DBM, but many other Asian and sub-Saharan African countries also face this problem. Full-Text PDF The double burden of malnutrition: aetiological pathways and consequences for healthMalnutrition has historically been researched and addressed within two distinct silos, focusing either on undernutrition, food insecurity, and micronutrient deficiencies, or on overweight, obesity, and dietary excess. However, through rapid global nutrition transition, an increasing proportion of individuals are exposed to different forms of malnutrition during the life course and have the double burden of malnutrition (DBM) directly. Long-lasting effects of malnutrition in early life can be attributed to interconnected biological pathways, involving imbalance of the gut microbiome, inflammation, metabolic dysregulation, and impaired insulin signalling. Full-Text PDF Double-duty actions: seizing programme and policy opportunities to address malnutrition in all its formsActions to address different forms of malnutrition are typically managed by separate communities, policies, programmes, governance structures, and funding streams. By contrast, double-duty actions, which aim to simultaneously tackle both undernutrition and problems of overweight, obesity, and diet-related non-communicable diseases (DR-NCDs) have been proposed as a way to effectively address malnutrition in all its forms in a more holisitic way. This Series paper identifies ten double-duty actions that have strong potential to reduce the risk of both undernutrition, obesity, and DR-NCDs. Full-Text PDF Economic effects of the double burden of malnutritionObservations from many countries indicate that multiple forms of malnutrition might coexist in a country, a household, and an individual. In this Series, the double burden of malnutrition (DBM) encompasses undernutrition in the form of stunting, and overweight and obesity. Health effects of the DBM include those associated with both undernutrition, such as impaired childhood development and greater susceptibility to infectious diseases, and overweight, especially in terms of increased risk of added visceral fat and increased risk of non-communicable diseases. Full-Text PDF

Effects of Dietary Selenium Deficiency or Excess on Selenoprotein Gene Expression in the Spleen Tissue of Pigs.

Simple SummarySelenium (Se) is an essential nutrient for humans and many other species including pigs, and it plays an important role in many aspects of biological functions especially in the immune system. The metabolic roles of Se implement its biological function through its incorporation into selenoproteins, that contain a unique amino acid selenocysteine (Sec). Although 24–25 selenoprotein genes have been identified in mammals as the most important immune organ, the expression pattern of selenoproteins in the spleen of pigs regulated by different Se levels remains poorly known. The present study is conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary Se deficiency and excess on the mRNA expression levels of selenoproteins in pig spleen tissues. The results show that dietary Se levels can significantly affect the transcription levels of 14 selenoprotein genes in the spleen of pigs, which can help us to understand the biological functions of Se further and improve the use of Se in livestock production.To evaluate the effects of dietary Se deficiency and excess on the mRNA levels of selenoproteins in pig spleen tissues, 20 healthy uncastrated boars (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire, 10 ± 0.72 kg) were randomly divided into four groups (5 pigs per group). The pigs were fed a Se deficient corn-soybean basal feed (Se content <0.03 mg/kg) or basal feed with added sodium selenite at 0.3, 1.0, or 3.0 mg Se/kg diet, respectively. The experiment lasted 16 weeks. The spleen tissue was collected to examine the mRNA expression levels of 24 selenoprotein genes at the end of the study. Compared with pigs in other groups, those fed with the 1.0 mg Se/kg diet had higher mRNA levels of glutathione peroxidase 1 (Gpx1), glutathione peroxidase 2 (Gpx2), deiodinase type II (Dio2), thioredoxin reductase 3 (Txnrd3), selenoprotein H (Selh), selenoprotein N, 1 (Sepn1), selenoprotein P1 (Sepp1), and selenoprotein V (Selv) in the spleen (p < 0.05). Dietary Se deficiency resulted in lower mRNA levels of Gpx1, Gpx2, glutathione peroxidase 3 (Gpx3), Dio2, thioredoxin reductase 2 (Txnrd2), Txnrd3, Selh, selenoprotein I (Seli), selenoprotein K (Selk), selenoprotein M (Selm), Sepn1, Sepp1, and Selv in the spleen than the other three groups. Dietary Se levels did not affect the mRNA levels of glutathione peroxidase 4 (Gpx4), deiodinase type I (Dio1), deiodinase type III (Dio3), selenophosphate synthetase 2 (Sephs2), thioredoxin reductase 1 (Txnrd1), selenoprotein O (Selo), selenoprotein S (Sels), selenoprotein W (Selw), selenoprotein X (Selx), and selenoprotein 15 (Sel15) in the spleen (p > 0.05). Dietary Se levels can affect the transcription levels of 14 selenoprotein genes in the spleen of pigs.

Predictors of health-promoting behaviour index among employees of different ages across adulthood

Employees who have health problems are often less productive at work. Example of health behaviours are considered costly and risky are smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, poor diet, and lack of physical activity. To control costs and improve health, employers seek solutions that will enhance employee health habits and increase the appropriateness or coordination of their health care. Generation X of Malaysia’s population is expected to increase to 5.6 million, accounting for 15% per cent of the total population in Malaysia. Given the size of these generations, their continued health into older age is essential to ensure the stability of Malaysia’s workforce and economy. Studies on the influence of social support on the health-promoting of employees who maintain close contact with their family and friends associated themselves with better satisfaction. The aims of this study are to assess the predictors of social support on health-promoting behaviour and to develop a health-promoting behaviour index (HPBi) in a representative population. The study was designed as a questionnaire-based, cross-sectional analysis. A sample of 385 respondents comprising of generation X’ers from Kelantan and Terengganu were involved in this study. This study intends to show the effectiveness of Factor Analysis (FA) and Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) for assessing health-promoting behaviour indicator sources. The method of FA has identified five significant index categories- Excellent, Good, Moderate, Low and poor HPBi were generated from FA.

Assessing Barriers to Healthy Eating in Hospitalized Older Adults With Heart Failure: Psychometric Properties of Two Questionnaires

Dietary sodium excess and malnutrition have been associated with poor outcomes in heart failure (HF). Few previous studies have examined the barriers to following a low-sodium, nutritionally robust diet in hospitalized patients with HF. As part of a dietary intervention pilot study, 76 inpatients with HF (age 71 ± 8 years, 30% female, 30% black, 36% Hispanic/Latino) completed 2 questionnaires, the Dietary Sodium Restriction Questionnaire (DSRQ) and the Brief Dietary Psychosocial Scale (BDPS), to assess challenges in following a low-sodium, nutritionally complete diet. We assessed the factor structure of the DSRQ and BDPS with confirmatory and exploratory factor analysis (CFA and EFA). CFA did not support the established 3-factor solution for the DSRQ; instead, EFA indicated that a 2-factor solution (subjective norms/attitudes and perceived behavioral control) provided the best fit for the data. EFA supported 4 separate factors for the BDPS, as in its original derivation. Cronbach's alphas supported internal consistency reliability for both scales (DSRQ: 0.85-0.94; BDPS: 0.72-0.95). In a mixed-ethnicity group of hospitalized older patients with HF, the DSRQ and BDPS have reasonable psychometric properties. These questionnaires may help identify barriers to healthy dietary practices and facilitate nutritional interventions in this high-risk population.

Be Healthe for Your Heart: Protocol for a Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial Evaluating a Web-Based Behavioral Intervention to Improve the Cardiovascular Health of Women With a History of Preeclampsia.

Background: Women with a history of preeclampsia are at greater risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) related morbidity. Despite this knowledge, there is a lack of interventions available for women with a history of preeclampsia for the prevention of CVD. The aim of this pilot randomized controlled trial (RCT) is to determine the acceptability and preliminary efficacy of a web-based behavioral intervention targeted to women with a history of preeclampsia (Be Healthe for your Heart).Method: Australian women aged 18–45 years, with a recent history (≤4 years post diagnosis) of preeclampsia will be recruited for a 3-months, 2-arm parallel group pilot RCT. Participants will be randomized into 2 study arms: (1) Be Healthe for your Heart or; (2) Control, with assessments conducted at baseline, and after 3-months. Be Healthe for your Heart is an intervention delivered online via the program website, with weekly emails to support changes in modifiable CVD risk factors (excess body weight, physical inactivity, poor diet, and stress), using behavior change techniques (e.g., self-monitoring, goal setting). Intervention acceptability (satisfaction, usability, appropriateness, and usage) and impact on absolute full CVD 30-years risk score, CVD risk markers, and modifiable risk factors will be assessed.Discussion: No studies to date have evaluated acceptability and preliminary efficacy of a web-based intervention for the prevention of CVD in this high-risk population with preeclampsia. This pilot trial will inform development of a fully powered RCT if acceptability and preliminary efficacy are demonstrated.

Analisis Metode K-Medoid Pada Kasus Obesitas Balita Menurut Privinsi Di Indonesia

Obesity is a physical condition in the form of excess body fat that accumulates in such a way that it has a detrimental effect on health, which then increases health problems and decreases life expectancy. Obesity in children under five is caused by genetic factors, excessive diet and lack of activity. In contrast to adults, the child's weight in cases of obesity should not be reduced, because heavy shrinkage will simultaneously eliminate the nutrients needed for growth. In this study the data used was sourced from the Central Statistics Agency. The aim of the study was to determine the high and low number of cases of obesity in infants under the province using k-medoids. In Indonesia the high obesity rate consists of 25 provinces and low obesity rates consist of 9 provinces. It is hoped that this research can provide input to the government in improving socialization about the dangers of obesity in infants, so that it can increase the life expectancy of toddlers in Indonesia.

Phosphate, the forgotten mineral in hypertension.

The purpose of this study is to review the current literature related to the role of inorganic phosphate in the pathogenesis of hypertension. An increasing number of publications have revealed a detrimental role of inorganic phosphate, which is commonly used as a flavor enhancer or preservative in the processed food, in promoting hypertension in otherwise healthy individuals. Animal experimental data indicate that dietary phosphate excess engages multiple mechanisms that promote hypertension, including overactivation of the sympathetic nervous system, increased vascular stiffness, impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation, as well as increased renal sodium absorption or renal injury. These effects may be explained by direct effects of high extracellular phosphate levels or increase in phosphaturic hormones such as fibroblast growth factor 23, or downregulation of klotho, a transmembrane protein expressed in multiple organs which possess antiaging property. Dietary phosphate, particularly inorganic phosphate, is an emerging risk factor for hypertension which is ubiquitous in the western diet. Large randomized clinical trials are needed to determine if lowering dietary phosphate content constitutes an effective nonpharmacologic intervention for prevention and treatment of hypertension.

Early Life Iron Excess Enhances Hippocampal Purine Catabolism Through Activation of Xanthine Oxidase in a Nursing Piglet Model (P11-072-19)

ObjectivesOur prior work demonstrated that dietary iron excess in early life results in iron overload in both liver and hippocampus in pre-weanling piglets. Herein, we aimed to identify metabolic processes altered by iron overload in liver and hippocampus. MethodsLiver and hippocampal tissues collected from 21-day old nursing piglets receiving high (HI; 50 mg iron/d · kg body weight), n = 5) or no oral iron supplementation (NI, n = 5) from birth to PD 21 were analyzed for non-targeted metabolomics, using gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Based on profiled changes in hippocampal metabolites, we further analyzed xanthine oxidase (XO), a rate limiting enzyme for purine degradation, for its mRNA, protein and enzyme activity by RT-qPCR, western blot, and ELISA. Results108 and 126 metabolites were identified in hippocampus and liver, respectively. In comparison with NI, HI altered abundance of 15 metabolites in hippocampus (P < 0.05, q < 0.2). Myo-inositol and N-acetylaspartic acid, two abundant metabolites in the CNS with broad implications in neuronal function and myelination, were decreased in response to hippocampal iron overload. Seven metabolites involved in purine and pyrimidine metabolism (e.g., hypoxanthine, xanthine and beta-alanine) in hippocampus were modulated in a coordinated pattern by HI, implicating a shift from purine salvage towards degradation, governed by XO. In support of these findings, up-regulation of XO mRNA expression (2.3-fold, P < 0.05) and activity (fold/stats?) was found in hippocampus but not in liver (P > 0.05). Despite overt iron loading, the hepatic metabolome remained stable (q > 0.2). ConclusionsOur findings suggest that iron overload increases hippocampal purine degradation via enhanced XO expression and activity, deleteriously altering tissue redox balance and ROS production. Purine salvage contributes to ATP production in the CNS, where a global shift from purine salvage to degradation due to HI may compromise energetics in the developing hippocampus. Funding SourcesUC Davis; NIFA.

Assessing Human Iron Nutritional Status by Analyzing Its Frequency Distribution Properties in the Hair with a Median Derivatives Bioassay (P10-109-19)

ObjectivesIron is the essential trace element (TE) in human nutrition, but also the most frequently observed deficient element in the human nutrition. The aim of this study was to assess human iron nutritional status by assessing its frequency distribution in the hair with a median derivatives bioassay. MethodsIn this prospective, observational, cross-sectional, exploratory, and epidemiological study we have analyzed hair Fe (HFe) in 1073 apparently healthy adults (339 men M and, 734 women, W) from Zagreb, Croatia. Whole blood iron (WBFe) was assessed in a subsample of this population in 143 Women and 91 Men. Both hair and whole blood samples were analyzed for iron with the ICP MS at the Center for Biotic Medicine, Moscow, Russia. Hair Fe natural frequency distribution was analyzed with the median derivatives bioassay logistic sigmoid curve for men and women separately. The range of values below the linear segment of the sigmoid curve (adequate intake) was considered to reflect Fe deficiency, whereas values above that range indicate Fe dietary excess. ResultsWomen and men have almost identical amount of HFe (median ♂12.72 μg·g-1 vs median ♀ 12.428 μg·g-1). The physiologically adequate HFe linear segment range of the sigmoid curve was 6.09–32.19 μg·g-1 for Men and 6.11 - 28.23 μg·g-1 for Women. Similarly, both women and men have very similar amount of WBFe (median ♂535.6 μg∙g-1 vs median ♀4880 μg∙g-1). The physiologically adequate WBFe linear range of the sigmoid curve was 386.4–606.1 μg∙g-1 for ♀ and 470.4–631.0 μg∙g-1 for ♂. ConclusionsHuman nutritional status of Fe may be reliably assessed by analyzing its frequency distribution in the hair with median derivatives bioassay. Hair iron is a rare case between the bioelements we have tested thusafar where wholeblood concentrations were higher than that in the hair. Our exploration indicates that the so called iron subclinical deficiency may be adequately quantified. Indeed, continuous subliminal iron supplementation may be a better therapeutic option than current supplementation with high doses associated with the unwanted side effects. Funding SourcesInstitute for Research and Development of Sustainable Ecosystems, Zagreb, Croatia.

Assessing Human Manganese Nutritional Status by Analyzing Its Frequency Distribution Properties in the Hair with a Median Derivatives Bioassay (P10-110-19)

ObjectivesManganese (Mn) is the essential trace element (TE) in human nutrition, but high doses of Mn are toxic to the human mentation and induce brain extrapyramidal system. The main source of manganese is our diet, but there no availale long-term biological indicator for assessing the Mn nutritional status.The aim of this study was to assess human manganese nutritional status by assessing its frequency distribution in the hair with a median derivatives bioassay. MethodsIn this prospective, observational, cross-sectional, exploratory, and epidemiological study we have analyzed hair Mn (HMn) in 1073 apparently healthy adults (339 men, M and 734 women, W) from Zagreb, Croatia. Whole blood manganese (WBMn) was assessed in a subsample of this population in 143 Women and 91 Men. Both hair and whole blood (short-term biological indicator) samples were analyzed for iron with the ICP MS at the Center for Biotic Medicine, Moscow, Russia: an ISO certified bioelements analytical laboratory. Hair Mn natural frequency distribution was analyzed with the median derivatives bioassay logistic sigmoid curve for men and women separately. The range of values below the linear segment of the sigmoid curve (adequate intake) was considered to reflect Mn deficiency, whereas values above that linear range indicate Mn dietary excess. ResultsWomen and men have almost identical amount of HMn (median ♂0.234 μg·g-1 vs. median ♀ 0.208 μg·g-1). The physiologically adequate HMn linear segment range of the sigmoid curve was 0.090–0.749 μg·g-1 for Men and 0.091–0.628 μg·g-1 for Women. Similarly, both women and men have very similar amount of WBMn (median ♂0.0109 μg∙g-1 vs median ♀0.0118 μg∙g-1). The physiologically adequate WBMn linear range of the sigmoid curve was 0.0084–0.0169 μg∙g-1 for ♀ and 0.0079–0.0179 μg∙g-1 for ♂. ConclusionsHuman nutritional status of Mn in the population may be reliably assessed by analyzing its frequency distribution in the hair with the median derivatives bioassay. Our exploration indicates how it is possible to diagnose the subclinical states of both manganese nutritional deficiency and excess. When the Mn nutritional status is expressed in a range format it became possible to study simultaneously the subtle and complex multi-bioelement profile interactions within the adequate range of a bioelement intake. Funding SourcesInstitute for Research and Development of Sustainable Ecosystems, Zagreb, Croatia.